捕捞压力和气候因素对黄渤海带鱼渔获量变化的影响

渔获量的变化不仅受捕捞作用的影响,还与气候变动有关。本研究采用1956 2006年黄渤海带鱼渔获量数据,分析带鱼渔获量变动对捕捞压力和气候因素的响应。带鱼渔获量可分解成变化趋势和年间变动。变化趋势主要由捕捞压力的增加而引起,Fox模型的拟合结果表明,带鱼渔获量与捕捞努力量的回归关系显著(P<0.01)。移除渔获量的年际变化趋势后,渔获量变动与黄海冬季季风、东海夏季季风、黄河流域和黄渤海沿岸降水呈显著的正偏相关(P<0.02),与黄海海表温度、黄海夏季季风、渤海夏季及冬季季风呈显著的负偏相关(P<0.05)。这种相关关系表明,气候因素影响到黄渤海带鱼渔获量的年间变动。陆地降水和径流给黄渤海海域输入了丰富的营养盐;而季风则控制着营养盐的流动及分布,从而影响海域的初级生产力;水温的变化会直接影响鱼类的生长、摄食、产卵及洄游等,影响鱼类种群的变化。黄渤海带鱼渔获量可以用捕捞努力量和气候因素加以拟合(P<0.01),说明气候因素对黄渤海带鱼渔获量有显著的影响。另外,作者认为在全球增暖的背景下,未来黄渤海带鱼渔获量可能会减少,且渔获量的年间波动幅度可能增大。     

捕捞压力和气候变化对东海马面纯渔获量的影响

为了研究捕捞压力和气候变化对东海马面纯（Navodon spp．）渔获量的影响,对1976年～2006年的东海马面纯渔获量进行了分析。东海马面纯渔获量可划分成因捕捞效应所产生的趋势变化和因气候变动所导致的渔获量变动,前者可用Fox模型来拟合。Fox模型拟合结果显示,东海马面纯渔获量与捕捞努力量显著相关（P〈0．01）。移除捕捞压力增长引起的变化趋势后,其渔获量变动与热带气旋影响指数、东海海表温度、东海冬季季风和黄海夏季季风呈显著正偏相关（P〈0．03）,与热带气旋影响指数、黄海冬季季风及长江流域和东海沿岸降雨呈显著负偏相关（P〈0．03）。根据捕捞努力量和气候变量对东海马面纯渔获量进行拟合,结果显示,拟合的渔获量与实际渔获量显著相关（R=0．91,P〈0．01）,说明捕捞压力和气候变化显著影响东海马面纯渔获量的变动。此外,由于未来气候的变化,东海马面鲍渔获量可能出现更大波动。     

东海带鱼渔获量变动原因分析

利用1951~1984年东海带鱼年渔获量和捕捞努力量资料,以及降雨、风速和海表温度等的时间系列,分析了带鱼渔获量年际变化与捕捞努力量及环境因素的关系,并建立了渔获量对捕捞努力量和环境变量的回归模型。带鱼渔获量随捕捞努力量的变化可用Fox模型拟合(R=0·89,P<0·01),1951~1974年期间,渔获量随着捕捞努力量的增长而不断提高,但自1974年后,随着捕捞努力量的持续增长,渔获量开始下降。排除捕捞效应后的带鱼渔获量波动还与环境因素显著相关,分析结果表明,长江流域和东海沿岸地区年降水量、渤海海域年均风速、长江口年均风速、黄海和东海海表温度(2月)、东海中部年平均海表温度及南部冬季月平均海表温度等环境因子都与之显著相关。包含捕捞努力量和环境变量的渔获量模型的回归系数为0·97,其置信水平达到99%以上。运用1951~1984年的回归模型对1985和1986年的渔获量作出了预测,其预测值与实际渔获量的相对误差均小于5%,验证了其可靠性。研究的结果表明,带鱼渔获量变动不仅与捕捞作用有关,同时还受环境因素的影响,是两者综合作用的结果。     

把不确定性引入生物学参考点F0.1和Fmax的估计以评估东海带鱼渔业资源

东海带鱼(Trichiurus haumela)是东海区重要经济鱼类之一,目前还没有研究在生物学参考点F0.1和Fmax的估计中引入不确定性并在此情况下对东海区带鱼渔业资源进行量化评估。文章应用蒙特卡罗模拟方法研究了渔业数据中不同水平的不确定性和不同初次捕捞年龄对F0.1和Fmax估计的影响,用其与现在的捕捞死亡系数Fcur做比较,初步评估了东海带鱼渔业资源。计算结果表明,高水平的不确定性将会增加在F0.1和Fmax估计中的差异,从而使其被定义为过度捕捞的可能性减小。经过比较表明,F0.1比Fmax是一更好的参考点,且东海区带鱼渔业明显处于过度捕捞状态。不同初次捕捞年龄下单位补充量渔获量的变化情况的研究表明,增大初次捕捞年龄可以减小现在的捕捞死亡率大于参考点死亡率的概率,从而增大初次捕捞年龄可以改善现在捕捞过度的资源状况。     

海南岛带鱼上岸渔获量分析与管理建议

带鱼是南海最重要的渔业捕捞对象之一。本文应用上岸渔获调查法,统计分析了2010年秋季至2013年夏季带鱼渔获量变化和季节差异,比较了拖网、刺网和钓业三种作业方式中带鱼产量所占比例的季节差异。结果表明：各季节带鱼上岸渔获量按渔获量大小排序依次为秋季>冬季>春季>夏季。三种作业方式中,拖网是捕捞南海带鱼最主要的作业方式,拖网渔业的季节变化主导了上岸带鱼渔获量的季节变动。拖网捕捞强度高、渔获选择性差导致带鱼资源出现被捕捞过度迹象。本文建议采用功率合并方法将中小吨位拖网渔船功率指标用于新建大吨位灯光罩网渔船,以优化海区捕捞作业结构,提高中上层鱼类资源的开发力度。同时,建议制定严格的渔船管理制度,结合油价补贴政策开展南海渔船渔捞日志收集工作,进一步完善南海渔业资源的监控管理体系,为带鱼资源的养护、评估与可持续开发提供科学参考依据。     

从近年越冬鱼群捕捞状况展望东,黄海小黄鱼的资源动向

小黄鱼(Pseudosciaina pclyactis Bleeker)分布于朝鲜半岛两岸和渤、黄、东海等海域,是以东、黄海为作业渔场的日本以西底拖网渔业所捕捞的重要鱼种之一。小黄鱼获量在1960年达到9.3万吨历史最高记录,占该年总渔获量的30%,但此后资源趋向恶化,加上从60年代后半期起由于狭鳕鱼糜制品制品进入市场,以及以西底拖网渔业的主要捕捞对象由石首鱼类、蛇鲻类、带鱼和海鳗等鱼种转向鱼价高的鲷类和比目鱼类,致使小黄鱼渔获量     

自然环境变动对北部湾渔业资源的影响

根据1949~1985年广西渔获量、捕捞努力量,以及降雨、风速和盐度等统计资料,分析了自然环境的变动对广西渔获量年际变化的影响,由于捕捞努力量的难以转换性,采取以时间系列代替捕捞努力量的变动,并建立了渔获量对时间序列和环境变量的回归模型,以此来反映北部湾渔业资源的变动情况。分析结果表明,渔获量波动与时间序列显著相关,还与广东沿岸平均降雨量、北部湾沿岸平均降雨量、涠洲岛盐度以及香港季候风等环境因素显著相关。包含时间序列和环境变量的渔获量模型的回归系数为0·93,其置信水平达到99%以上。研究的结果说明,除捕捞因素外,环境因素的变动对北部湾渔业资源的波动有显著的影响。     

东海带鱼生殖和补充特征的变动

根据1986—2000年对东海和南黄海渔获带鱼的生物学基础调查，利用世代分析方法计算了东海带鱼的资源数量，分析了东海带鱼生殖和补充特征的变动状况，同时研究了环境与带鱼补充量变动的关系。结果表明，随着捕捞压力的增大，东海带鱼的最小成熟体长、产卵亲体的平均体长、平均体重组成进一步缩小，个体繁殖力提高而卵径变小；实行伏季休渔后，东海带鱼的补充群体数量大幅度增加，单位亲体的补充量比伏休前增加45％～60％，证明了伏季休渔的生态效益；带鱼补充群体数量与亲体数量、海中温度、伏休时间成正比。目前东海带鱼的亲体数量仍显不足，应进一步减少对带鱼的捕捞强度。     

西北太平洋灯光围网主要渔获物组成及渔场变动研究

西北太平洋公海灯光围网渔业是中国近年新兴的一种远洋渔业,具有一定开发潜力,掌握灯光围网的渔获物组成及渔场变动情况对于西北太平洋的渔业管理和开发具有一定意义.文章根据2014—2019年西北太平洋公海灯光围网渔业统计资料,对渔获量、单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)以及主要的渔获物组成进行统计分析,同时采用渔获量重心法和聚...     

关于加强我国东海渔业资源管理的探讨

我国在东海的捕捞渔获量占我国海洋捕捞渔获量的40％以上,由于受相邻国家200海里专属经济区的影响,在东海的作业渔场面积将相应受到限制,当捕捞强度仍处居高不下的情况下,如何对东海经济鱼类资源进行合理捕捞、长期保护,避免鱼类资源衰竭的现象发生将是渔业工作者在即将进入21世纪面临的一大课题,笔者根据多年实践与东海鱼类资源的现状试作初步的探讨。     

Climate and stock influences on the spread and locations of catches in the northeast Atlantic mackerel fishery

The poleward movements of northeast Atlantic (NEA) mackerel (Scomber scombrus) catches, possibly linked to climate change, are causing a major international disagreement over quotas. We present an analysis of spatially resolved catch data from 1977 to 2013 that shows how a northward shift is only part of the change in the fishery. There was a 30‐yr trend for declining catches per ICES rectangle (0.5° latitude by 1°‐degree longitude) until 2011–2013. Catches also moved further offshore, to areas of deeper waters. Segmented regressions suggested discontinuities in the temporal pattern of change in catch‐related variables. In particular, the number of ICES rectangles fished rose sharply around 1987. Generalized additive models (GAMs) suggest that much of the movement of fishing activity to areas of deeper water can be associated with variation in the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). GAM models had a lower predictive error than linear or simple autoregressive models of change in catch‐related variables. Although climate indices can be linked to some of the changes in catch, it may be difficult to extrapolate future patterns in the catch: some of the GAM smoothers are non‐linear, and the oceanographic processes linked to climate index values are not homogenous across the area occupied by mackerel. A practical implication of the reported changes in catch since 1977 is that vessels are now reportedly fishing further offshore, which has implications for fuel consumption and profitability of the fishery.     

Dynamics of floodplain fisheries in Bangladesh, results of 8 years fisheries monitoring in the Compartmentalization Pilot Project

Floodplain fisheries were monitored from 1992 until 2000 in the Compartmentalization Pilot Project in Tangail, Bangladesh. In permanent floodplains about 165 ± 28 kg ha^?1 of fish was caught annually. For seasonal floodplains, this figure was 83 ± 23 kg ha^?1 yr^?1. The fish catch exhibited a strong seasonal variation, with the highest catch in October, when the floodwater recedes towards the river, and the lowest catch during the dry season in April/May. The annual catch varied with the extent of flooding, with high catches in wet years and low catches in dry years. The extent of flooding was quantified through a Flood Index. Plotting the annual yields against this Flood Index provided a significant relation (P < 0.05), confirming the existence of a flood pulse. The fishing effort (f) and the catch‐per‐unit‐effort (CPUE) were significantly related (P < 0.05), whereby the fishing effort increased with increasing CPUE. The results are discussed within the frame of fisheries management in Bangladesh and highlight the need for long‐term data for proper evaluation of fisheries projects and the development of management schemes, and the difficulty of applying standard surplus production models in floodplain fisheries.     

Influence of stock levels, fishing effort and environmental factors on anglers' catches of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and sea trout, Salmo trutta L.

Abstract. Monthly catches of Atlantic salmon, Salmosalar L., and sea trout, Salmo trutta L., by anglers in a west of Ireland fishery were analysed. Data were available for 50 months from the years 1971 to 1981. The most important single determinant of catch was found to be fishing effort measured in boat-days. An additional 10 boat days were found to correspond to a catch of almost 6 salmon and 23 sea trout. The relationship between catch and stock was weaker, though a relatively high catchability of sea trout at low stock levels was recorded. Slock levels, fishing effort and environmental factors accounted for much, but not all, of the variation in catch from month to month and from year to year. Most of the effect of rainfall, sunshine and water level was attributable to variations in fishing effort associated with these factors.     

Temperature-dependent activity of brackish water yellow eels, Anguilla anguilla L.

Abstract. Female yellow eels, Anguilla anguilla L., were caught with fyke nets in the brackish water bight Hallangspollen, Norway during 1983 and 1984. Fishing was performed continuously for a variable number of days (defined as the fishing period), and the nets were monitored at uneven intervals during the fishing period. The eel activity, expressed as catch per unit effort (CPUE), was positively correlated (R²= 0·74; P < 0·001) with water temperature (defined as a regression of temperature variation during the fishing period). The multiple regression model of CPUE on water temperature was improved by including the number of fishing days in each fishing period in the regression model (R²= 0·91; P < 0·001). With high fishing efforts the predicted CPUE decreased below that which was predicted by the temperature model alone.     

延长拖网伏季休渔期的渔业资源养护效应

海洋伏季休渔制度是当前中国最主要的渔业资源管理制度之一,并在实践中得到不断调整与完善,新的海洋伏季休渔制度已于2017年发布实施。为论证新制度延长拖网休渔期的渔业资源养护效应,本研究依据2015—2017年每年5月东海区拖网大面定点调查资料,利用Ricker动态综合模型,从拖网的渔获结构特征和带鱼(Trichiurus japonicus)的种群动力学过程视角开展了相应的量化分析研究。研究结果表明, 5月拖网利用主体为带鱼和小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis),带鱼和小黄鱼的性成熟比例分别为92.04%～95.57%和13.82%～29.55%,幼鱼比例分别为74.94%～88.90%和0.03%～4.19%;带鱼种群经过4.5个月的休渔,其单位补充量资源量、单位补充量渔获量和平均渔获质量与3.5个月休渔期相比较,分别增加了7.04%、8.96%和20.78%。以上结果表明,提前并延长拖网休渔期,东、黄海主要经济渔业资源带鱼与小黄鱼的产卵群体和幼鱼得到进一步保护,资源增殖效果随着休渔期的不断延长而增加,新制度的休渔时间设置更趋合理。但由于开捕后的带鱼与小黄鱼渔获仍主要以当龄鱼为主,有必要同时配套执行现已颁布的最小网目尺寸和开捕标准等其他渔业资源管理措施,以确保伏季休渔制度主导下的渔业资源养护效果能真正得到巩固,渔业资源的种群结构能够得到切实好转与不断合理化。     

The effects of the net fishery closure on angling catch in the River Hvítá, Iceland

Between 1991 and 2000, angling associations on the tributaries of the River Hvítá leased net fishery rights in the Hvítá mainstem, with the aim of eliminating net fishery harvest and improving the rod catch. The rod catch and net catch in the Hvítá system were significantly correlated (r = 0.94; P < 0.001) over the 10‐year period prior to (1981–1990) closure of the net fishery. The rod fishery in the tributaries of the River Hvítá was also significantly correlated to the rod fishery in selected groups of rivers in west (r = 0.80; P < 0.01) and north (r = 0.73; P < 0.05) before the closure. Significant increases (P < 0.01) were observed in rod catches in the Hvítá tributaries between 1991 and 2000 after the closure, while rod catches in control regions decreased. Based on evaluation of rod catch trends before and after the closure, it was estimated that the net fishery lease increased rod catches in the tributaries between 1773 and 2175 fish (28–35%). The increase in rod catches also suggested that the rod fishery may be taking 39–52% of the estimated previous net catch. The high price paid annually for the net fishery lease just to eliminate net fishing (€135 000) reflects the high value of rod caught salmon compared with salmon caught by the net fishery.     

Variation in the population density of adult sea-trout, Salmo trutta, in 67 rivers in England and Wales

Abstract– Analysis of annual rod and commercial catches of adult seatrout demonstrated strong positive relationships between large-scale spatial variance (S²_s, variation in catches between rivers for each year) and spatial mean density (x?_s, mean catch per year), and also between temporal variance (S²_t, variation in catches between years for each river) and temporal mean density (x?_t, mean catch for each river). Both relationships were described by a power function, s²=ax^-b. For spatial variability, there were no significant differences between power functions for both rod and commercial catches from the North West, Welsh and South West regions. As the power b was not significantly different from two, relative spatial variability (measured by coefficients of variation (CV)) was fairly constant between years. Significantly higher values of b were obtained for the Wessex (GM b= 2.233) and North East (GM b=2.824) regions, and therefore the increase in CV with mean annual catch was significant but slight for Wessex rivers and marked for North East rivers. For temporal variability, there were no significant differences between power functions for both rod and commercial catches from all 5 regions and therefore a common power function was fitted to the data from all 67 rivers. As the power b was significantly less than two (GM b= 1.729), relative temporal variability (measured by CV) decreased significantly with increasing mean catch per river. Some limitations and implications of this analysis are discussed. Similar results from different regions for both rod and commercial catches suggest that such data do reflect adult population density, in spite of the different methods used to catch the sea-trout, variations in fishing effort and failures to report catches. The analysis of temporal variability provides a basis for classifying the major sea-trout rivers according to their mean annual catch and their relative variability in catches between years (using the CV).     

Tuna and swordfish catch in the U.S. northwest Atlantic longline fishery in relation to mesoscale eddies

To analyze the effects of mesoscale eddies, sea surface temperature (SST), and gear configuration on the catch of Atlantic bluefin (Thunnus thynnus), yellowfin (Thunnus albacares), and bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) and swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in the U.S. northwest Atlantic longline fishery, we constructed multivariate statistical models relating these variables to the catch of the four species in 62 121 longline hauls made between 1993 and 2005. During the same 13‐year period, 103 anticyclonic eddies and 269 cyclonic eddies were detected by our algorithm in the region 30–55°N, 30–80°W. Our results show that tuna and swordfish catches were associated with different eddy structures. Bluefin tuna catch was highest in anticyclonic eddies whereas yellowfin and bigeye tuna catches were highest in cyclonic eddies. Swordfish catch was found preferentially in regions outside of eddies. Our study confirms that the common practice of targeting tuna with day sets and swordfish with night sets is effective. In addition, bluefin tuna and swordfish catches responded to most of the variables we tested in the opposite directions. Bluefin tuna catch was negatively correlated with longitude and the number of light sticks used whereas swordfish catch was positively correlated with these two variables. We argue that overfishing of bluefin tuna can be alleviated and that swordfish can be targeted more efficiently by avoiding fishing in anticyclonic eddies and in near‐shore waters and using more light sticks and fishing at night in our study area, although further studies are needed to propose a solid oceanography‐based management plan for catch selection.