中国水产种业技术创新现状与展望

种业是农业发展的基础,振兴种业是保障国家粮食安全的核心要素,也是保障国家安全的重要举措。种业发展涉及政策、技术和市场等多种因素。我国水产遗传育种技术发展日新月异,但与《种业振兴行动方案》提出的要求尚有差距。本文从育种技术研究、发展与应用等角度阐述了我国水产遗传育种技术发展现状,对照《种业振兴行动方案》提出的目标与任务,从种质资源保护与利用、育种技术创新、种业生产体系建设和种苗监管等方面分析了我国水产育种技术发展存在的短板,认为我国水产养殖用种总体有保障、风险可管控,也存在国内种质资源丰富但遗传改良率不高、科研育种成果多但转化效率不高、种业企业多但核心竞争力不强等3个主要问题。针对短板,本文提出加强种质资源挖掘保存与创新利用技术研究、加强现代育种技术特别是新种质创制的研究及应用、加强生产体系技术标准化应用、加强育种技术商业化应用研究、加强种业市场监管技术支撑等建议,以期为我国水产育种技术创新攻关及种业发展政策制定提供参考。     

多维视角下的水生野生动物保护与利用探析

近期暴发的新冠肺炎使人们谈食色变,针对水生野生动物的保护与利用问题备受社会各界人士的关注。水生野生动物作为一种宝贵的自然资源同时也是生态系统中的重要组成部分,其价值不仅体现在维持生态平衡上,也体现在满足人类养殖开发与利用上。水生野生动物在实现社会经济可持续发展,改善和丰富人民的物质和文化生活中具有不可代替的重要位置。但是,在针对水生野生动物保护与利用之间是存在矛盾的。本文从水生野生动物保护与养殖利用的关系等方面进行阐述,并从水生野生动物野外资源保护和规范水生动物的繁殖与利用等方面进行展望。呼吁社会积极鼓励和宣传水生野生动物合理的驯养繁殖及加工利用事业,引导消费者正确食用安全的驯养产品,进而实现扩大、改善水生野生动物生存空间和环境,实现水生野生动物种群规模不断发展壮大,最终实现水生野生动物资源的可持续性与合理的永续利用。     

中国大鲵种质资源保护与利用研究进展

中国大鲵是全球现生最大的两栖动物,具有重要的科研、生态与经济价值.按照我国现行法律法规,野生大鲵是国家二级保护动物,但人工养殖子二代及之后子代可作为水产品或药食资源加以利用.作为一种我国特有且珍稀的水生动物,在兼具保护与利用的双重特性下,大鲵种质资源现状一直备受关注.然而,尽管有多重保护地位加身,其野生种群现状依然不容...     

水产资源低碳高效利用技术

我国是水产品生产大国,水产品产量连续多年居世界第一位,但加工利用率不高、资源浪费严重、污染较大。提高这些水产资源的利用效率,对减少环境污染、提高加工企业经济效益、提高全民消费水平、实现高效低碳的水产加工业均具有重要意义。对虾加工产生大量的虾头、虾壳废弃物,采用自溶技术高效回收蛋白质等内含物,低碱体系高效回收虾头壳中的甲壳素,污染低,产品附加值高,可实现对虾的低碳高效利用。对虾加工低碳高效利用技术已在多家企业实现产业化,经济效益显著,对其它水产品的低碳加工提供了很好的借鉴作用。论文在此基础上展望了水产品低碳加工技术的发展趋势。     

Addressing Reproducibility in Cryopreservation,and Considerations Necessary for Commercialization and Community Development in Support of Genetic Resources of Aquatic Species

For the past six decades a repeated cycle of developing new cryopreservation protocols or simply reinventing them to counteract a lack of reproducibility has led to hundreds of published studies that have offered little to the establishment of a genetic resources community for aquatic species. This has hampered repository development and inhibited industrial application. Most protocols were developed without standardized approaches, leading to irreproducible studies and questionable or meaningless comparisons. Thus cryopreservation of germplasm in aquatic species would greatly benefit from strategies to facilitate reproducibility. Our objectives were to: (1) identify major sources of irreproducibility across research, small‐scale, repository, and commercial‐scale development levels; (2) provide recommendations to address reproducibility challenges; and (3) offer suggestions on how researchers can directly influence commercial development and application of cryopreservation research. Sources of irreproducibility include lack of standardized procedural approaches, lack of standardized terminology, and lack of reporting guidelines. To address these challenges, we propose implementation of standard operating procedures, support of stock centers and internet content for development of training programs, and strengthening of the role of scientific journals and reviewers in reducing the frequency of irreproducible outcomes. Reproducibility is the foundation for quality management programs and product reliability, and therefore, standardization is necessary to assure efficient transition to commercial‐scale application and repository development. Progress can only be possible through community‐based approaches focused on coalescence and consensus of disparate groups involved in aquatic species cryopreservation and management of genetic resources.     

水产品副产物蛋白回收和高值化利用研究进展

水产品由于其丰富的营养价值,在世界范围内的需求量持续增加。然而,水产品消费与加工过程中产生的大量副产物,带来了严重的资源浪费和环境污染等问题。鉴于此,水产品加工副产物依据其不同特性已经被开发应用到诸多领域。其中,水产品副产物蛋白因其独特的功能特性与较高的经济附加值,在实际生产中得到了广泛的回收和利用。因此,本文综述了现阶段广泛用于回收水产品副产物蛋白的物理学、化学和生物学方法,同时,介绍了鱼类、甲壳类和贝类副产物蛋白高值化利用的研究进展,并对水产品副产物蛋白未来的发展趋势进行展望,旨在进一步提升水产品副产物资源的综合利用潜力,促进我国水产品加工业高质量发展。     

A discussion of the use of the sustainability index: ‘ecological footprint’ for aquaculture production

This paper critically reviews the theoretical and practical implications of adopting the original ‘ecological footprint’ concept as an index of the sustainability of aquaculture production systems. It is argued that the concept may provide a reasonable visioning tool to demonstrate natural resource dependence of human activities to politicians and the public at large. However, due to its inherent weaknesses, the ‘ecological footprint’ fails to provide a cohesive analytical tool for management. From an ecological perspective, its two-dimensional interpretation of complex ecologically and economically interacting systems is one major weakness. From an economic perspective, the ‘footprint’ fails to recognise factors such as consumer preferences and property rights which have a major influence on the allocation and sustainable use of resources. The interactions among social, ecological and economic factors are discussed in an attempt to foster a broader inter-disciplinary view of criteria required for a sustainable use of aquatic resources.     

江苏省内陆水域国家级水产种质资源保护区建设现状及展望

水产种质资源是水生生物资源的重要组成部分和渔业发展的物质基础,属于国家的重要战略资源,划定水产种质资源保护区是保护水产种质资源及其栖息环境的重要措施之一。文章概述了江苏省内陆水域国家级水产种质资源保护区建设过程及现状,总结了水产种质资源保护区的水域类型、面积大小及保护对象种类,指出水产种质资源保护区建设和管理中存在的一些问题,并就水产种质资源保护区的未来发展提出了措施建议。     

中国国家级水产种质资源保护区分布格局现状与分析

近十年来,中国开展了国家级水产种质资源保护区体系建设,已在包含湖泊、水库、河流、河口和海洋等不同水域先后建成523处保护区。根据国土类型、水域类型、地理分区、行政区划、水系或海域划分等对国家级水产种质资源保护区进行统计分析,表明现有国家级水产种质资源保护区存在水域类型分配、空间布局和主要保护对象设置等方面的不足。内陆水域保护区数量远多于海域保护区数量,而河流型保护区平均面积则显著小于海洋型保护区平均面积,各类型保护区布局有待优化;内陆水域水产种质资源保护区主要分布在中东部以及长江、黄河、黑龙江、淮河、珠江等流域,西南和华南地区相关水系分布较少,保护区空间分布有待改善;黄颡鱼、鳜、翘嘴鲌、鲤、中华鳖等物种被30处以上保护区设为主要保护对象,尚有69种国家级重点保护经济水生动植物未被国家级水产种质资源保护区作为主要保护对象,保护区主要保护对象设置的合理性有待加强。国家级水产种质资源保护区总体上经历了"从无到有、从有到多"的过程。面对生态文明建设的新形势和新要求,国家级保护区建设必须从数量增长型向质量优化型转变。对存在的不足,需要研究与水产种质资源保护相适应的管理对策,制定发展规划与生态红线,达到资源保护与利用的协调发展,以实现国家级水产种质资源保护区的优质、健康发展。     

河湖水生态系统服务价值核算研究及应用展望

科学有效地界定河湖水生态系统服务价值评估体系与评估指标，促进河湖水生态的可持续发展、合理制定水资源价格、为河湖水生态系统服务价值评估提供参考，同时也为河湖水资源纳入国民经济核算体系提供借鉴，为绿色经济核算提供有力的依据。从河湖水生态系统服务功能、评估体系和评估方法等方面总结了国内外研究进展，分析了现有河湖水生态系统服务体系和评估方法的优缺点。优化后的河湖水生态系统服务评估体系包括供给服务、调节服务、文化服务和支持服务4大类以及水资源供给、水质净化、科研教育和固碳能力等19项指标，优化了水资源供给、提供水产品、水质净化、防洪减灾、休闲娱乐、生物多样性保护等6个指标的评估方法。下一步要制订GEP核算技术标准，建设市场化、多元化的生态产品交易体系，将水资源开发、利用及保护情况、水资源管理生态环境效益等指标纳入审计范围，建立以水生态系统为整体、以维护河湖生态系统健康为总目标、以定量评判和可操作性为抓手的新的河湖长制考核体系。     

我国水产生物种质资源信息平台发展现状与建议

近年来水产种质领域从国家层面到省级层面陆续建立了多个种质资源信息平台,通过标准化的数据加工处理建立起了完整、实用、方便、高效的水产种质资源信息系统,使种质资源数据管理更加科学化、规范化。文章对我国当前水产种质资源信息平台现状进行了梳理,简要介绍了几个重要的国家级平台和部分省级平台,分析了信息平台的数据来源、类型等,并对水产种质资源信息平台后续发展提出了建议。     

Imperilled species in aquatic ecosystems: emerging threats,management and future prognoses

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水库渔业的发展与水域环境的保护是相互对立统一的辩证关系.渔业养殖是综合利用供水水库水资源的重要内容.阐述了二龙山水库的渔业优势条件和可能造成水质污染不合理的渔业养殖方式.在坚持环境保护优先的前提下,提出了二龙山水库以放养鲢、鳙为主的生态渔业发展方向和健康养殖之路,从而更好地保护库内鲢、鳙生物总量的涵养与水体生态平衡.     

By-Products and Seafood Production in Japan

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水产动物育种分析与管理系统的开发和应用

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湄公河上游沙湾拿吉-桔井区域水生态功能分区研究

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