越冬期间黄颡鱼、大鳍组织器官含脂量变化的研究

通过对嘉陵江北碚江段黄颡鱼，大鳍Hu越冬期间其胃，肠，肝胰脏，肌肉含脂量变化的研究。表明：1．黄颡鱼，大鳍Hu内脏各器官（胃,肠，肝胰脏）含脂量以越立中期为最低，肌肉则相反，表现出越立饥饿期间，该鱼主要利用内脏脂肪作用为主要能量来源而不用大量肌肉脂肪；2，越冬期间，黄颡锺，大鳍Hu内脏各器官（胃，肠，肝胰脏）含脂量与含水量的变化有负相关关系存在。     

草鱼体脂性状的变异特征及相关性

为探究草鱼体脂性状的变异特征及相关性,采用数理统计方法对296尾17月龄草鱼的15个数量性状指标进行综合分析评价。结果显示,草鱼体脂性状(腹脂指数IPF、肝胰脏粗脂肪含量HLC、肌肉粗脂肪含量MLC)具有丰富的变异特征,变异系数范围为21.30%～47.04%。相关分析发现,草鱼3个体脂性状之间呈现显著正相关,表明草鱼脂质沉积在不同组织中具有一定的同步性。进一步的因子与聚类分析显示,观测的15个草鱼数量性状大致分为4类,包括体型因子、体尺因子、脏器指数因子和体脂含量因子,其中IPF归属于脏器指数因子,HLC和MLC二者组成体脂含量因子。多元统计分析发现,草鱼形态性状对3个体脂性状变异的解释量范围为7.45%～24.83%,相较而言,矢状面体型SS可在一定程度上预测体脂性状。研究表明,草鱼体脂性状具备较大的选育潜力,其中IPF整体显示出较好的关联性,可作为代表性目标性状用于育种实践。本研究为草鱼体脂性状选择育种提供了重要参考依据。     

草鱼体组成的数学描述

为了对草鱼体组成进行定量描述,本研究从中外文数据库收集并采纳了51个草鱼营养生理相关研究的数据,数据点约3700个,草鱼体质量为1.52~694.80 g。通过数据整理、相关性分析和线性回归分析,结果显示,草鱼蛋白质含量和内脏重(y,g)与体质量(x,g)间的线性关系分别为y=0.1604x–0.3645,R2=0.994;y=0.1059x–0.3097,R2=0.9875。随着草鱼体质量增加,草鱼脂肪和灰分含量(尤其是脂肪含量)受饲料组成的影响逐渐增加。草鱼全鱼每沉积1 g蛋白质伴随着4.57 g水分保留,而每沉积1 g脂肪会导致水分含量减少0.95 g。草鱼肝脏每沉积1 g脂肪会导致其水分含量减少0.66 g,说明草鱼不同组织沉积脂肪导致的水分损失率不尽相同。本研究亦表明,肠系膜是草鱼脂肪沉积的重要部位,肠系膜、肝脏和肌肉脂肪的积累是全鱼脂肪含量上升的重要原因,全鱼脂肪累积伴随着内脏重的增加。本研究的执行有利于定量描述草鱼体组成规律,为草鱼的生产和销售提供指导作用。     

利用大口黑鲈加工上海熏鱼的工艺及风味特点

上海熏鱼是以青鱼或草鱼为原料,经过浸渍和油爆过程制作出的传统中式菜肴。为解决青鱼养殖量下降和草鱼肌间刺多、土腥味重的问题,弥补加工上海熏鱼的不足,以大口黑鲈替代草鱼制作上海熏鱼,采用单因素试验设计和正交试验设计改良上海熏鱼的加工工艺,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法（SPME-GC-MS）分别测定油爆后的上海熏鱼、用不含香辛料的油爆后浸渍液处理的上海熏鱼及上海熏鱼成品中的挥发性风味活性物质,通过GC-MS的定性定量分析得出上海熏鱼的主要风味化合物,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定呈味核苷酸。结果表明,优化工艺参数为油爆时间6 min,油爆后浸渍液中酱油∶白砂糖=4∶3（鱼块质量的20%∶15%）。3个样品中的挥发性化合物分别有37、47和55种,其中醛酮类、醇类、烃类、芳香类和含氮含硫类物质是上海熏鱼的主要风味化合物。肌苷酸是主要鲜味核苷酸。研究表明,高温油爆过程中发生的美拉德反应、热降解、脂肪酸氧化有助于去除鱼腥味,形成上海熏鱼的特色风味。浸渍和油爆是提高鱼肉制品品质的优良加工工艺。     

优质牧草对提高草鱼品质的研究

牧草占总投饵量60%、配合饲料占总投饵量40%的条件下,养殖的草鱼与全配合饲料养殖的草鱼在肥满度、内脏比、肠脂比、躯壳比、比肠长等多项指标的对比中,都表现为差异显著(P<0.05);特别是后者的肠脂比为4.46%,是前者1.42%的3.14倍。后者鱼肉中脂肪含量为3.70%,是前者1.00%的3.70倍(P<0.05)。说明草食性鱼类的养殖中,大比例提高人工牧草在饲料中的比重,有助于降低鱼肉的脂肪含量,提高鱼肉氨基酸水平,从而达到改善口感、增加鲜味、提高鱼肉品质的目的。     

红鲤四品系的形态差异和种系关系

综合传统形态学数据和框架测定数据，通过多元变量分析，研究了我国红鲤四个品系（兴国红鲤、玻璃红鲤、荷包红鲤及瓯江彩鲤）的形态差异和种系关系。主要结果：（1）可数性状方面，4品系红鲤无显著差异（P〉0．05）。（2）传统可量性状和框架测定数据合在一起，4品系红鲤间有显著差异（P〈0．05）；聚类分析表明，瓯江彩鲤、兴国红鲤及玻璃红鲤三者形态相近，而荷包红鲤与这三种红鲤的形态差异明显。在28项比例变量基础上所作判别分析表明，红鲤4品系问形态差异极显著（P〈0．01），用优选的8项比例变量判别，综合判别准确率达92％；主成分分析表明，4品系红鲤间形态差异主要系躯体前半部差异所致。（3）把传统可量性状数据和框架测定数据结合在一起，使用多种多元变量分析技术，可大大增强鱼类种内不同群体间差异和亲缘关系的研究能力。     

草鱼鱼种对胆碱需要量的研究

用不含胆碱的饲料饲养草鱼鱼种，草鱼鱼种生长减慢，饲料效率降低，肝脏脂肪浸润，血浆总脂，甘油三脂，胆固醇和磷脂含量降低，随着饲料中胆碱含量的添加，草鱼生长和饲料效率改善，肝脏脂肪含量降低，血浆总脂、甘油三脂、胆固醇，磷脂含量回升。当饲料中胆碱添加量达到０．３％以上时，草鱼生长率最高，肝脏脂肪含量，血浆总脂、甘油三脂，胆固醇，磷脂与摄食天然饲料（浮萍）的草鱼基本相同。在本研究条件下，建议草鱼鱼种饲料中     

原子吸收测定鱼体中的铜、铅、镉——干灰化与湿消解法前处理样品比较

本文报道了原子吸收测定鱼体中的铜、铅、镉－干灰化法与湿消解法前处理样品测定数据的比较。结果表明：湿消解法不但防止了样品挥发损失，而且是准确度和精确密度较高的分析方法，同时多次加标平均回收率在99．3％－102．31％之间，均高于干灰化法（63．75－66．25％）。比较分析结果，令人较为满意，适用于批量样品测定。     

稀土在淡水养殖业中的应用研究（下）

稀土在淡水养殖业中的应用研究（下）４．维Ｃ稀土养鱼生物学及生化组成分析测定为了全面评价维Ｃ稀土养鱼的效果，我们进行了维Ｃ稀土养鱼的生物学及生化分析测定工作。生物学可量性状测量结果：草鱼，试验池比对照池生长较好，团头鲂差异不大。从鱼肉营养成分测定来看，...     

草鱼饲料中添加牛磺酸最适添加量

西南农业大学水产学院研究草鱼饲料添加牛磺酸，在饲料中添加0、200、400、600、800、1000、1400、1800mg／kg的牛磺酸，饲养草鱼30d，研究牛磺酸对草鱼的生长效应。研究结果表明：牛磺酸促进草鱼生长（除1800mg／kg添加量外）。添加量为600mg／kg时，特定生长率，饲料转化率和蛋白质效率揭示最佳，饲料中添加牛磺酸后，草鱼体内水分含量下降，体脂增加，蛋白质含量增加。     

草鱼醛缩酶A3'-UTR突变与生长性状相关研究

采用直接测序法筛选草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)醛缩酶A 3'-UTR突变位点,发现其转录终止密码子后58 bp处存在17 bp的插入片段。对草鱼养殖群体的插入突变进行分型,检测到该群体有AA、BB、AB三种基因型,等位基因B在群体中的频率为0.723,处于Hardy-weinberg平衡,多态信息含量是0.32,此突变在所测群体中属于中等遗传变异。利用一般线性模型分析基因型与草鱼群体生长性状(体重、体长、体高、体宽)的相关性,结果表明:醛缩酶A 3'-UTR突变与草鱼体宽和吻长2个生长性状达到显著相关(P<0.05),BB基因型个体比AA基因型个体的体重增加8.37%,在全长、体长、体高、尾柄长等生长性状也表现出比AA和AB基因型个体好。可将醛缩酶A 3'-UTR上的这段插入突变位点作为草鱼生长性状的候选分子标记用于草鱼的选育。     

Estimates of heritabilities and genetic correlations for body composition traits and G × E interactions, in gilthead seabream (Sparus auratus L.)

In this study, heritabilities for body composition traits, their genetic correlations with growth traits and the genotype–environment interaction (G × E) were estimated at 509 days (harvest size) for the first time in gilthead seabream (Sparus auratus L.), from the offspring in two different production systems (cages and tanks) in the Canary Islands. A total of 867 offspring from an industrial mass-spawning of 66 broodstocks were analysed. Parental assignment showed a total of 89 full-sib families (between 1 and 53 descendents per family) and was inferred using the RimA multiplex PCR designed by Navarro et al. (2008) [Navarro, A., Badilla, R., Zamorano, M.J., Pasamontes, V., Hildebrandt, S., Sánchez, J.J., Afonso, J.M., 2008. Development of two new microsatellite multiplex PCRs for three sparid species: gilthead seabream (Sparus auratus L.), red porgy (Pagrus pagrus L.) and redbanded seabream (P. auriga, Valenciennes, 1843) and their application to paternity studies. Aquaculture 285, 30–37.] with 100% success. The G × E interaction was analysed in 61 families present in the two environments and was null for visceral fat and it cannot be excluded for flesh composition traits. The heritability for visceral fat, expressed as a percentage of body weight, was 0.50 ± 0.07. The heritabilities for flesh composition traits, expressed as a percentage of fresh muscle weight, were 0.05 ± 0.03 for fat, 0.09 ± 0.03 for moisture, 0.08 ± 0.03 for ash and 0.02 ± 0.01 for collagen. Genetic and phenotypic correlations among body composition traits were mainly low–medium, except for moisture vs. muscular fat (− 0.98 and −0.61, respectively), moisture vs. collagen (0.85 and 0.45, respectively), collagen vs. muscular fat (− 0.80 and −0.35, respectively), and dressing percentage vs. visceral fat (− 0.92 and −0.51 respectively). Genetic correlations between body composition traits and growth traits were low for weight and length except with collagen for which they were high, and, in general, they were medium–high for condition factor. All these phenotypic correlations were low. These data suggest that selection through growth would improve flesh texture, but could decrease muscular fat in the long term. The latter trait could be improved by selection through moisture which is the flesh composition trait with the highest heritability and is the easiest to measure. The data also suggest that the inclusion of visceral fat percentage in a selection programme would thwart the negative effect of fat concentrated in the visceral cavity and increase the dressing percentage.     

草鱼幼鱼生长性状和肌肉成分的遗传参数估计

为了研究草鱼幼鱼阶段生长性状和肌肉成分的遗传改良潜力。随机采集288尾人工繁育的4月龄草鱼幼鱼,基于12对微卫星标记,鉴定出来自16个家系（8个母本,9个父本）的273尾个体,各家系、母本和父本对应子代贡献率存在极显著差异（P<0.01）。对草鱼3个生长性状（体质量、体长和肥满度）和2个肌肉成分指标（粗蛋白含量和粗脂肪含量）比较发现,3个生长性状和粗蛋白含量在家系和母系半同胞间存在显著差异（P<0.05）,而3个生长性状和2个肌肉成分指标在父系半同胞间差异均不显著（P>0.05）。基于动物模型和限制性最大似然法,草鱼4月龄体质量、体长、肥满度、粗蛋白含量和粗脂肪含量的遗传力估值分别为0.34、0.33、0.17、0.17和0.20,其中3个生长性状遗传力估值统计检验显著（P<0.05）。遗传相关分析显示,体质量与体长之间呈极显著的高度正相关（0.82, P<0.01）,肥满度与体质量和2个肌肉成分之间存在显著的正相关（0.17-0.29, P<0.05）。研究表明,草鱼4月龄生长性状具有较高的选育潜力,并可通过体长选择实现对体质量的遗传改良;推测在草鱼生长改良过程中,可能会伴随肥满度和粗脂肪含量的变化,这应当引起重视。     

Phenotypic and genetic parameters of body and compositional traits in Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.)

Abstract. Phenotypic and genetic parameters of body and compositional traits were estimated for a population consisting of 327 two-year-old Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), from 21 full-sib groups. Heritability estimates for body traits, such as fork length, gutted weight, condition factor and visceral weight, were all of intermediate magnitude (0·24–0·45). Heritabilities for carcass component traits, e.g. fat, protein, dry matter and astaxanthin contents, were low to medium (0·0–0·28). Genetic and phenotypic correlations were high between astaxanthin content and body traits, whereas they were medium to low between astaxanthin content and carcass compositional traits such as fat, dry matter and protein contents. The genetic variation in fat and dry matter contents was closely associated with variation in body weight. Selection for higher body weight at 2 years will probably lead to small, but positive, correlated changes in fat content. Our findings suggest that it should be possible to select for higher astaxanthin content in Artic charr to improve their flesh coloration.     

草鱼肠系膜脂肪组织高质量总RNA提取方法的研究

基于传统的酸性酚—异硫氰酸胍—氯仿一步提取法,比较分析多种优化操作步骤,摸索出一种高质量提取体质量为80~150 g草鱼肠系膜脂肪组织总RNA的改良方法。试验结果显示,相较于肝脏、脾脏、肠道等脏器组织,草鱼肠系膜脂肪组织RNA丰度低,且极易在样品前处理阶段出现顽固性降解问题。探索发现,将取样量增至约30 mg,可提升RNA产量以满足常规试验需求。针对降解难题,改良常规的样品前处理技术流程,采用鲜样液氮速冻,冻样直接放入TRIzol试剂中裂解,并即刻进行长时间机械匀浆,时长约3 min等核心操作步骤,可显著降低脂肪组织样品RNA的降解。Agilent生物分析仪检测结果显示,改良方法提取的草鱼肠系膜脂肪组织RNA完整度高,关键RIN值为8.7~9.0。研究推测,长时间机械匀浆所形成的持续剪切冲击力或许有助于TRIzol试剂中的异硫氰酸胍等成分突破油滴阻碍而有效抑制内源性RNA酶。本方法提取的草鱼脂肪组织总RNA质量可满足高通量转录组测序要求。     

Physiological effects of natural olive oil antioxidants utilization in rainbow trout (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Onchorynchus mykiss</Emphasis>) feeding

Olive mill vegetation water (VW) is an olive oil by-product rich in polyphenols has powerful antioxidant effects. In light of the interest on the research of novel natural antioxidants to use in fish feed, the aim of this research was to use VW as a potential substitute for artificial antioxidants in rainbow trout diet as well as checking its effects on the blood chemistry and digestive organ physiology of the fish. The experimental plan was monofactorial, balanced (4 × 3) and the experimental factor considered was the fish diet. Diets were isoproteic (CP 40%) and isoenergetic (18 MJ kg⁻¹ DM) with two inclusion levels of VW (1 and 5%: VW1 and VW5) tested against a control diet. A feeding trial was performed on quadruplicate groups of 200 fish (mean body weight: 44.2 g) fed experimental diets for 94 days. At the end of the trial, the growth performance traits were determined and sampling of blood and different tissues (brain, ovary, stomach, liver, and intestine) were carried out for haematology, endocrinology, histology, and digestive enzyme analysis. The main results of the present experimentation are that VW inclusion in rainbow trout feed slightly affects the productive traits and blood chemistry, while the histological structure of digestive organs and digestive enzyme physiology were not affected.     

草鱼D-loop多态性与幼苗生长性状的关联分析

为了探索草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mt DNA)多态性对生长性状的影响,鉴于mt DNA的母性遗传特征,本研究基于2011年繁殖用的20尾母本的D-loop序列信息,与通过亲子鉴定获得的853尾40日龄子代的体长、体质量进行关联分析。结果显示,草鱼6种D-loop单倍型对生长性状表型差异具有极显著影响(P0.01);其中,单倍型为Hap16的子代的体长最大,并显著大于单倍型为Hap4的子代的体长(P0.05);单倍型为Hap18和Hap16的子代的体质量较大,依次大于其他单倍型子代的体质量,并显著大于单倍型为Hap4的子代的体质量(P0.05)。此外,草鱼D-loop序列各变异位点基因型对生长性状的影响水平不同;其中,Site01、Site06和Site07等3个位点对体长的差异存在显著影响(P0.05),Site06和Site07等2个位点对体质量的差异存在显著影响(P0.05)。研究表明,草鱼D-loop序列变异对子代生长性状具有显著影响,推测在草鱼生长性状改良的选育进程中,可以利用mt DNA多态性信息进行辅助选择。     

Gene expression of fatty acid-binding proteins, fatty acid transport proteins (cd36 and FATP) and β-oxidation-related genes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed fish oil or vegetable oil

Relative gene expression pattern of fatty acid transport proteins (FATP and cd36), intracellular fatty acid-binding proteins (FABP3, FABP10 and FABP11), β-oxidation-related genes [carnitine palmitoyl transferase II (CPTII), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β (PPARβ), acyl-CoA oxidase (AOX), long-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase (FACS), acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (dehydrogenase)] and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) was assessed by RT-qPCR in Atlantic salmon muscle (red and white), liver, heart, myosepta and visceral fat. FABP11, a FABP isoform not previously described in Atlantic salmon, was highly expressed in visceral fat and myosepta and at the lower level in red muscle, white muscle, myosepta and heart. Furthermore, Atlantic salmon were fed either a diet containing fish oil (FO) or a complete replacement of FO with a vegetable oil blend (55% rapeseed oil, 30% palm oil and 15% linseed oil; VO) for the production cycle (27 months from start of feeding and until ∼4.5 kg mean weight). The expression of genes related to β-oxidation, fatty acid uptake and transport in the white muscle indicate ( n  = 3) significant down-regulation in VO fed Atlantic salmon and correlated with previously reported white muscle triacylglycerol stores and β-oxidation. FABP11 in visceral fat and myosepta was also down-regulated in VO fed fish.     

Olive oil by-product as a natural antioxidant in gilthead sea bream (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sparus aurata</Emphasis>) nutrition

The aim of the study reported here was to evaluate the efficiency of a natural antioxidant substance in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) feeds. An olive oil by-product, olive mill vegetation water (VW), contains polyphenols, which have a strong antioxidant activity. A 147-day growth trial was conducted (monofactorial balanced, 4 × 3) with diet as the experimental factor. Two diets [isonitrogenous (crude protein 40%) and isoenergetic (gross energy = 18MJ kg⁻¹ on a dry weight basis] were formulated with 1 and 5% of VW (VW1, VW5); the control diet did not contain VW. A total of 600 juvenile gilthead sea breams (mean body weight 114.1 ± 5.7 g) were utilised. Production parameters and somatic indexes were calculated at the end of the growth trial. Antioxidant activity in fish fillets was investigated using TBARS and DPPH assays. A number of haematological parameters and digestive enzyme patterns were measured in fish in the middle and at the end of the experiment. The TBARS values showed slight delays in the development of oxidation in the fillet of fish fed with VW. There was no statistical difference between fish fed with the experimental diet and the control group, except for maltase activity, which increased with increasing VW in the feed. We found that the use of VW in a gilthead sea bream diet did not have any detrimental effects on gilthead sea bream production and physiological parameters and slightly improved the conservation of the fish fillets.     

Comparison of growth, fillet yield and proximate composition between Stirling Nile tilapia (wild type) (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus) and red hybrid tilapia (Florida red tilapia×Stirling red O. niloticus) males

A comparison was made of some productive traits of Stirling Nile tilapia (wild type) (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus) and red hybrid tilapia (Florida red tilapia× Stirling red O. niloticus) males during a 98‐day grow‐out period. Twenty‐two males from each genetic group with initial weights of 139.0 g for O. niloticus and 207.3 g for the red hybrid were placed in triplicate tanks. The fish were fed with a feed containing 36.8% crude protein. Survival was 97.0% for the red hybrid and 83.3% for O. niloticus. Daily individual weight gains were 2.95 and 2.50 g and final body weights were 473.0 and 348.8 g for the red hybrid and O. niloticus respectively. Fillet yield was similar for both the species, with 33.4% for the red hybrid and 32.0% for O. niloticus. Fresh fillet lipid content was perceptibly less in the red hybrid (0.33%) than in O. niloticus (2.07%). Some benefits of a red low‐fat tilapia genotype are discussed.