生态因子对萱藻生长发育影响的研究现状及展望

主要阐述了国内外有关于生态因子对萱藻(Scytosiphon lomentaria)生长发育影响的研究现状,并对有关于萱藻的进一步研究提出了展望。温度、光照、盐度、营养液及抗生素等生态因子均会对萱藻生长发育造成不同程度的影响,温度和光照变化对萱藻生长发育的影响最为明显。萱藻配子体阶段的适宜温度较低,为6～12℃,而孢子体阶段在5～23℃范围内均可生长,生长速度随温度上升而增加;萱藻不同生长阶段的最适光照强度也有所不同,萱藻配子体阶段的最适光照范围为36～54μmol·m^-2·s^-1,较低光强6～30μmol·m^-2·s^-1是萱藻孢子体生长发育的适宜范围,而高光强54μmol·m^-2·s^-1有利于萱藻孢子的附着;盐度、pH对萱藻生长发育影响显著,过高或过低均不利于萱藻生长;不同营养盐、维生素及抗生素对萱藻的生长发育产生的影响不同,在萱藻不同的生长阶段,应根据生长状况及时给予适宜浓度的营养盐或药物添加剂以促进萱藻生长。     

环境因子对海萝藻体生长及成活的影响

研究了温度、光照强度、盐度和营养盐对海萝（Gloiopeltis furcata）藻体生长的影响以及 pH、干露、淡水浸泡对藻体成活的影响。海萝藻体分别培养在不同温度（10℃、14℃、18℃、22℃和26℃）、不同光照强度（2500 lx、4500 lx、6500 lx、8500 lx 和10500 lx）、不同盐度（15.5、18.0、20.5、23.0、25.5、28.0、30.5、33.0、35.5和38.0）和添加不同质量浓度的营养盐[硝酸钠（NaNO3）10 mg·L -1、20 mg·L -1、40 mg·L -1、80 mg· L -1和相对应的磷酸氢二钾（K2 HPO4）1 mg·L -1、2 mg·L -1、4 mg·L -1、8 mg·L -1]21 d。结果表明,海萝藻体生长的最合适温度为10～14℃,光照强度为6500～10500 lx,盐度为18～38;不同营养盐质量浓度对藻体生长的影响不明显。海萝藻体在不同 pH（5.5～10.0）条件下培养10 d,结果显示藻体正常成活的 pH 范围为6.5～9.0。海萝藻体分别经不同时间的阴干、泡淡水、晒干,结果显示阴干24～48 h 或泡淡水24～48 h 以下藻体仍然能够正常成活;阴干3 h 后泡淡水3 h,藻体也能正常成活;在阳光下晒干超过2 h,藻体不能正常成活。     

盐度-光照强度-温度对角毛藻生长及高不饱和脂肪酸含量的影响

为获知盐度—光照强度—温度对半咸水硅藻——角毛藻SHOU-B98生长及高不饱和脂肪酸含量的影响,实验采用L_9(3~4)正交设计探讨其在不同盐度(6、12和18)、光照强度[10、30和50μmol/(m~2·s)]及温度(10、20和30℃)组合条件下的生长及藻细胞ARA、EPA和DHA含量的变化。结果显示,盐度、光照强度、温度三因素对角毛藻SHOUB98的生长及高不饱和脂肪酸含量均有显著影响,且存在因素间的交互作用。角毛藻SHOU-B98在盐度12、光照强度30μmol/(m~2·s)和温度30℃及盐度18、光照强度50μmol/(m~2·s)和温度20℃的组合条件下生长最快,第4天后这2组做藻的生物量显著高于其他组(P0.05)。角毛藻细胞积累不同高不饱和脂肪酸的最佳培养条件也不同,细胞积累ARA的最优培养组合条件为盐度6、光照强度50μmol/(m~2·s)和温度30℃;细胞积累EPA和DHA的最优培养组合条件为盐度18、光照强度50μmol/(m~2·s)和温度20℃。研究表明,角毛藻SHOU-B98生长快且细胞脂肪酸营养价值高的培养条件为盐度18、光照强度50μmol/(m~2·s)和温度20℃的组合。     

Fe~(3+)对鼠尾藻光合呼吸作用和生化组成的影响

研究了不同浓度Fe~(3+)对鼠尾藻光合作用、呼吸作用和体内不同生化组成的影响。结果表明,不同的Fe~(3+)浓度对鼠尾藻真光合速率和呼吸速率均有显著的影响,在0.04 mg/L的Fe~(3+)浓度下鼠尾藻的光合作用能力达到最强,而0.06 mg/L的Fe~(3+)浓度下鼠尾藻的呼吸作用达到最高;不同Fe~(3+)浓度下,鼠尾藻体内叶绿素a浓度和类胡萝卜素浓度变化显著,可溶性蛋白含量和可溶性糖含量变化不显著。     

静止和充气培养条件下光强对龙须菜光合生理效应的影响

为研究充气和光强变化对大型海藻生长的影响,选择了常见的经济海藻龙须菜（Gracilaria lemaneiformis）为实验材料,将静止和充气培养的藻体暴露在 50 μmol/(m2 s)（低光）、100 μmol/(m2 s)（中光）和200 μmol/(m2 s)（高光）下,测定其生长、光合作用以及光合色素含量。结果表明,中光处理的龙须菜相对生长速率最大,光强过低或者过高均会抑制其生长。充气促进低光、中光和高光处理藻体的生长,相对生长速率分别提高26.85%、31.82%和40.56%。充气可使低光处理的藻体光合作用速率和光合效率分别提高8.14%和4.26%,可使高光处理的藻体呼吸作用速率降低20.70%、有效光化学效率（Yield）升高44.16%。这些结果说明,低光对生长的影响主要是由于藻体光合作用受到光限制,而高光对生长的影响是因为藻体呼吸作用增强。充气可以缓解因为光线不足或者高光损伤而对龙须菜生长造成的负面影响。     

温度、盐度和光照强度对鼠尾藻氮、磷吸收的影响

在实验室条件下,研究了不同的温度和盐度组合,温度和光照强度组合对鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)氮、磷吸收速率的影响.结果表明,上述3个环境因子对鼠尾藻氮、磷吸收速率均有显著影响.其中,温度和盐度对鼠尾藻氮、磷吸收速率有极显著影响(P<0.01),二者交互作用也极显著(P<0.01).在盐度20、温度25℃条件下和盐度30、温度30℃条件下,鼠尾藻对氮有较高吸收速率,分别为11.26μmol/[g(dw)·h]和11.01 μmol/[g(dw)·h];在盐度40、温度15～30℃范围内对磷的吸收速率较大,达到1.5μmol/[g(dw)·h]以上.温度和光照对鼠尾藻氮、磷吸收速率均有极显著影响(P<0.01),二者交互作用极显著(P<0.01).在温度15℃和光照强度140～180μE/(m2·s)以及温度20～25℃和光照强度60～100 μE/(m2·s)条件下,鼠尾藻对氮有较高吸收速率,均在9.60 μmol/[g(dw)·h]以上;在温度25℃和光照强度60μE(m2·s)条件下,鼠尾藻对磷的吸收速率达到最大,为1.30 μmol/[g(dw)·h].本研究结果表明,鼠尾藻总体上对水体中的氮、磷均具有较高的吸收速率,且能较好地同时吸收NH4+-N和NO3--N,显示了它对海水环境中营养盐具有较强的吸收能力.     

不同生态因子对皱紫菜生长及生理组分的影响

研究了在不同温度、盐度和光照强度下皱紫菜（Porphyracrispata）生长及藻体生理成分的变化。结果表明,适合皱紫菜生长温度为17～23℃,最适宜温度为17～20℃,在此温度下藻体可以保持较快相对生长速率,温度高于23℃时其生长受到抑制,并出现溃烂现象,说明皱紫菜耐受低温能力要比耐高温能力强。适合皱紫菜生长的盐度范围为25～35,最适宜盐度范围为30～35,在此盐度下藻体可以保持较快相对生长速率,低于15或高于35其生长缓慢甚至受到抑制,并出现发白、腐烂现象,说明皱紫菜的耐高盐能力表现强于耐低盐。适合皱紫菜生长的光照强度为4000～7500lx,光照强度过低时其光合作用降低,而过高则影响藻体的新陈代谢、生长速度及其光泽度,从而影响皱紫菜的品质。     

短时间高盐处理对脆江蓠光合生理生化指标的影响

脆江蓠(Gracilaria chouae)藻体脆性大,短时间高盐海水浸泡可使其软化,有利于规模夹苗生产。采用实验生态学方法研究短期高盐胁迫对脆江蓠光合生理及生化组成的影响,以探讨高盐对其光合系统的损伤及其恢复效果。实验设置 5 个盐度梯度(40、45、50、55、60),自然海水作为对照(盐度 33),分析盐度处理 1 h 内脆江蓠的失水率及藻体软化程度;同时研究了高盐处理 0.5 h 及不同恢复时间(12 h、24 h)对脆江蓠 pH 补偿点、光合作用荧光特性、光合作用产氧量(RO)和光合色素组成等光合生理生化指标的影响。结果表明,脆江蓠在盐度 50~55 的海水中浸泡 0.5 h 效果较好,此时藻体软化,并且经过 24 h 恢复后,藻体光合作用参数可恢复到对照组水平,该处理条件可以用于脆江蓠生产。高盐(盐度 40~60)处理脆江蓠 0.5 h,随盐度增加,脆江蓠 RO 值呈波动下降(P<0.01)、pH补偿点和光合效率 Y(II)值逐渐降低(P<0.05)。PE 含量随盐度增加而增加(P<0.01);恢复 24 h 后最大光合效率 Fv/Fm和 Y(II)值基本恢复正常水平(P>0.05), Chl a、Car、PE 和 PC 含量均恢复到与对照组无显著性差异水平(P>0.05)。本研究旨在为提高脆江蓠规模化养殖夹苗效率提供理论依据。     

球等鞭金藻培养条件的响应面法优化

为探究球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)的最优培养条件,采用实验生态学方法和响应面法,以球等鞭金藻的比生长速率为指标,设置不同温度、盐度、接种量单因素实验及Box-Benhnken(BBD)模型多因素交叉实验。结果表明:1)在一定温度、盐度及接种量范围内,球等鞭金藻的比生长速率随着各因素的增大,呈先升高后下降的趋势;2)通过响应面BBD模型优化出球等鞭金藻的最佳培养条件为:温度26.38℃、盐度26.61、接种量1.29×10~6个·mL~(-1),此时的球等鞭金藻的比生长速率最大,为0.44 d~(-1)。     

不同培养条件对长紫菜叶状体生长及生理响应的研究

为探索长紫菜在不同培养条件下的生理响应,研究了在不同温度、盐度和光照培养条件长紫菜叶状体的生长及生理响应,主要测定藻体的生长、光合色素、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶活性等生理指标的变化。结果表明,在培养温度为17～20 ℃时,长紫菜藻体可以保持较高相对生长速率,当温度高于23 ℃时,其生长明显受到抑制,藻体发红并出现溃烂;长紫菜叶状体在盐度25～35下可以保持较快生长,在低于盐度25的条件下,藻体的光合色素、可溶性蛋白、丙二醛(MDA)的含量以及过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均产生显著的变化,并观察到藻体变薄、发白、腐烂现象;在光照为3 000～6 000 lx时,藻体生长速率较为稳定,藻体在光照为9 000 lx条件下的叶绿素a含量低,可溶性蛋白和MDA含量以及POD活性都出现显著增高,并观察到发红及溃烂现象。因此,适合长紫菜叶状体生长的温度为17～20 ℃,盐度为25～35,光照在6 000 lx左右。     

卤虫胚胎和无节幼体超低温冷冻保存的研究↑（*）

用玻璃化液作为低温保护剂，对卤虫胚胎和无节幼体进行超低温冷冻保存实验。通过实验筛选出５种适宜卤虫胚胎保存的玻璃化液，找出了影响胚胎成活的降温温层和升温温层，使胚胎经－１９６℃保存后的成活率稳定在９０％。建立了较为完善的卤虫胚胎冷冻保存的程序。卤虫无节幼体经超低温冷冻保存后，获得３－５％的成活率。     

EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITY AND MALE AND FEMALE EYESTALK ABLATION ON REPRODUCTION OF Penaeus stylirostris AND P. vannamei

This 97-day study, conducted during midwinter using a recirculating water system, was designed to evaluate the effect of light intensity and male and female eyestalk ablation on reproduction of P. vannamei and P. stylirostris. Four light intensities were established using various levels of fluorescent lighting (bright, 14.7 μEm^-2s^-1; moderate, 4.4 μEm^-2s^-1; dim, 0.6 μEm^-2s^-1; and dark, 0.0 μEm^-2s^-1) and the fifth consisted of artificial lighting supplemented with natural light through a translucent skylight (skylight, 4.7–9.3 μEm^-2s^-1). Unilateral eyestalk ablation was performed on all male P. vannamei in one of each pair of tanks within a treatment. In addition, half of the females in each tank were unilaterally ablated. Ovarian maturation, spawning, molting rate, and survival were monitored daily within each tank. Growth and gonad development were measured at termination. The optimum light intensity for P. stylirostris appeared to be lower than that for P. vannamei. P. stylirostris matured and spawned more frequently in the skylight and dim treatments than in the moderate, dark, and bright treatments. P. vannamei matured and spawned more frequently in the skylight, bright, and moderate treatments than in the dim and dark treatments. Natural light supplementation beneficially affected reproduction of both species. Male eyestalk ablation increased gonad size and doubled mating frequency of P. vannamei in comparison to unablated controls. This is the first documentation of increased penaeid shrimp reproduction by unilateral eyestalk ablation of males. Even more significant may be recognition that male gonadal development is a limiting factor in reproduction of shrimp in captivity.     

MONO- AND POLYCULTURE OF Penaeus vannamei AND P. stylirostris IN PONDS

Polyculture of fish has been shown to be an effective means of increasing production beyond that achieved in monoculture, but little research has been conducted to evaluate the effect of polyculture on production of shrimp species. This research was designed to investigate performance of Penaeus vannamei (v) and P. stylirostris (s) in monoculture (treatments 100v and 100s) as well as in polyculture at various species ratios (75v:25s, 50v:50s, and 25v:75s) at a constant density of 1.8 × 10⁵ /ha. Shrimp were stocked into fifteen 0.1-ha ponds at the Texas A&M University Mariculture Facility for 123–134 days. Results indicate a higher mean survival rate (73 vs 22%) but lower mean growth rate (0.09 vs 0.14 g/day) of P. vannamei than P. stylirostris. Survival rates of neither species differed significantly among treatments. Final weight of each species significantly decreased with increasing density of the same species but significantly increased with increasing density of the other species. Best growth of both species occurred in the 75v:25s treatment. Observed differences in distribution and diel activity of the two species within ponds may partly explain the compatability of these two species in polyculture. Production rates (range, 690 to 2,180 kg/ha) and value (range, US$2,720 to US$5,740/ha) among treatments generally increased with increasing composition of P. vannamei; however, no significant difference in mean value was detected between the 100v and 75v:25s treatments. As a secondary objective of this study, performance of shrimp (25v: 75s treatment) in a single-phase pond system was compared to that in a three-phase (nursery, intermediate, and grow-out) system. Survival, growth, production, and value were found to be similar between systems.     

细鳞鱼属的研究和河北北部的细鳞鱼

分布在黑龙江、新疆、图门江、秦岭、河北北部的细鳞鱼,它们的主要性状如:侧线鳞数、鳃耙数、幽门盲囊数、鳍条数及斑点的大小等,差异不明显,均为Brachymystax lenok(Pallas)种。Nichol和Pope曾报导和记录过河北北部及热河地区可能有细鳞鱼的分布。1975年笔者从汤河上游采到了标本,并对塞罕坝的细鳞鱼进行了生态研究。     

红螺菌科光合细菌的分离、培养及其作为鱼虾类饵料添加剂的初步研究

红螺菌科细菌，其细胞内含有菌叶绿素a或b和各类胡萝卜素，能进行不放氧的光合作用。其大多数种类能以有机物作为光合作用的供氢体兼碳源，故在自然界里被有机物污染的地方它们广泛存在，在净化环境中起着重要的作用。由于它们在不同的条件下能以不同的代谢方式，高效地降低污水中的BOD．     

乳山湾泥蚶繁殖期及蚶苗的生长与分布

本文报道了对山东乳山县乳山湾泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)的繁殖期、蚶苗的生长和分布等所调查的结果。调查表明，7月初、7月中旬和8月上旬是乳山湾泥蚶的繁殖盛期；蚶苗入冬时的壳长可达5毫米左右，甚至超过8毫米，蚶苗生长的适宜温度是23-28℃，其月增长可达1．3-1．4毫米；蚶苗的分布与潮位呈明显的负相关，蚶苗集中在低潮线至中潮区下部的狭长地带，在这地带潮位越高蚶苗个体越大；蚶苗分布与底质的关系密切，当底质中直径为190微米的颗粒占65-85％时，蚶苗的分布量较大。文中对采苗预报和采苗时间的确定等提出了建议。     

卤虫无节幼体和日本绒螯蟹合浦亚种蚤状幼体的冷冻保存

本文研究了葡萄糖、蔗糖和甘油三种冷冻保护剂在不同浓度下对卤虫无节幼体的冷冻保护作用。研究表明用２０％甘油进行保护，无节幼体在－３０℃下耐受９－１０分钟，存活率高达８６．４％，对照组冷冻至－３０℃则全部死亡。本文还研究了浓度为２０％的甘油、ＤＭＳＯ和甲醇对日本绒螯蟹合浦亚种　状幼体的冷冻保护作用，结果表明用２０％甲醇保护的蚤状幼体当冷冻至－２４℃时存活率仍有７５．３％。     

甜菜碱和二甲亚砜对麦穗鱼的诱食活性及麦穗鱼摄食行为的研究

分别采用液体迷宫和固体诱饵实验方法研究了DM(二甲亚砜,下同)和甜菜碱对麦穗鱼的诱食活性,并对麦穗鱼的摄食行为进行了观察。结果表明,0.01％的DM对麦穗鱼有诱食活性,在饵料中添加0.5％的甜菜碱时鱼的咬饵次数最高。麦穗鱼摄食行为的引发和继续是在视觉、嗅觉、味觉的共同作用下完成的,此外,麦穗鱼对饵料的形状和颜色也有较强的选择性。     

MATURATION,REPRODUCTION, AND GROWTH OF Penaeus vannamei AND P. stylirostris FED NATURAL DIETS

A variety of natural foods have been reported to induce ovarian maturation of penaeid shrimp. In this study, conducted from 19 June to 11 September 1980, four single-food diets (clams, shrimp, squid, and worms) and one composite diet consisting of all four foods were fed to Penaeus vannamei in 3.7-m diameter indoor circular tanks. The shrimp, averaging 28 g, were stocked at a rate of 6.9 m^-2 with a 1:1 male to female ratio. Unilateral eyestalk ablation was performed on half of the females in each tank. Tanks received one turnover of water volume daily and the water temperature and salinity averaged 27.0°C and 28.6 ppt, respectively. Daily photoperiod was maintained at 13 hours of light. Ovarian maturation, spawning, molting rate, and survival were monitored daily and growth and gonad size were measured at termination. The composite diet was the best overall diet, while squid was the best single-food diet, followed by shrimp, worms, and clams. No maturation of unablated females was observed with the exception of one female that developed to stage 3. Although the size of the shrimp was considered marginal for spawning, 5 mated females were observed, but only one (squid treatment) produced viable nauplii. After termination of this study, all shrimp were fed the composite diet for 41 days. During this period, ovarian maturation and spawning occurred in the previously unproductive treatment receiving only clams, and growth rate of shrimp in all previously single-food treatments increased 4 to 7 fold. The composite diet was also fed to two tanks of P. stylirostris (mean initial weight = 45.4 g) for a period of 118 days. During that time, 50 spawns were obtained with up to 3 spawns per female. A total of 4.3 × 10⁵ P. stylirostris nauplii were produced.     

COMPARISON OF LIPIDS AND NITROGENOUS EXTRACTIVES OF DANUBLAN WELS AND CHINESE CATFISH

ＣＯＭＰＡＲＩＳＯＮＯＦＬＩＰＩＤＳＡＮＤＮＩＴＲＯＧＥＮＯＵＳＥＸＴＲＡＣＴＩＶＥＳＯＦＤＡＮＵＢＬＡＮＷＥＬＳＡＮＤＣＨＩＮＥＳＥＣＡＴＦＩＳＨＸｕｅＣｈａｎｇｈｕｏ（ＯｃｅａｎＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＱｉｎｇｄａｏ，２６６００３）ＷａｎｇＪｉａ...