环境因子对微小亚历山大藻Amtk-9生长与产毒的综合影响

微小亚历山大藻是产生麻痹性贝毒的主要生物之一。产毒藻株在不同培养条件下所产生的毒素总量有差异,因此研究环境因子对微小亚历山大藻生长与产毒的综合影响,找到微小亚历山大藻生长和产毒的适宜条件,对麻痹性贝毒在赤潮中是否造成贝类蓄毒有十分重要意义。本文设计了一个四因素三水平的正交实验,研究温度、盐度、营养盐、光照强度等环境因子对微小亚历山大藻Amtk-9生长与产毒的综合影响。结果表明:在实验范围内,微小亚历山大藻Amtk-9生长最佳条件为温度25℃,盐度30,培养基中氮含量为基础f/2培养液配方中氮磷含量的2倍,光照强度10000 lx。最佳产毒条件除了氮磷含量为基础f/2培养液配方中氮磷含量的3倍外,其它条件与生长的最佳条件相同。盐度、营养盐、光照这三个因素的不同水平对微小亚历山大藻Amtk-9指数生长期细胞比增长率、指数生长末期单位细胞含毒量均有极显著影响(F>F0.01)。温度对微小亚历山大藻Amtk-9的生长和产毒则无显著影响(F相似文献   

一株非PSP产毒的亚历山大藻对黑褐新糠虾的急性和慢性毒性影响

报道了一株非PSP产毒的相关亚历山大藻(Alexandrium affine,株AC-1)对甲壳类生物黑褐新糠虾(Neomysis awatschensis)的存活、生长及种群繁殖的研究结果.通过研究发现,该藻对黑褐新糠虾有急性致死作用,96 h LC50为5 000 cells·mL-1.研究该藻各组分:藻液、藻细胞重悬液、藻细胞培养过滤液、内容物对糠虾存活的影响时,发现只有藻液和藻细胞重悬液显著降低了糠虾存活率,过滤液和内容物也有影响,但不显著,表明相关亚历山大藻活体藻细胞的毒性最强.通过对糠虾63 d的慢性毒性实验研究,发现在密度为50 cells·mL-1藻液中,糠虾的繁殖就受到了不利影响.试验进行到63 d结束时,糠虾日最高产虾数、总产幼虾数、总产虾天数都明显减少,初次产虾时间推迟,繁殖中断增加.且该藻对黑褐新糠虾亲虾的存活、生长也有一定的影响,糠虾亲虾的存活率为对照的71%,而体长和体重分别为对照组的87.3%和97.8%,但差异尚不显著(P＞0.05).可见,相关亚历山大藻(AC-1)虽然不产生PSP毒素,但也能对甲壳类生物的种群数量和资源补充产生不利影响.     

海洋尖尾藻对2种海洋微藻的摄食特征研究

为研究海洋尖尾藻对双色藻和齿状纹石藻的摄食特征,分别采用2种海洋微藻为饵料培养海洋尖尾藻,分析海洋尖尾藻对2种海洋微藻的摄食过程、培养液颜色变化特征和摄食规律。结果显示,海洋尖尾藻摄食双色藻时将藻丝一段一段慢慢裹入纵沟,而齿状纹石藻整个细胞同时被裹入纵沟。海洋尖尾藻接种6 h后,对2种海洋微藻的摄食率均为100%。随着海洋尖尾藻细胞初始密度(双色藻培养液中分别为0.8×104、2.4×103和0.8×103个/mL,齿状纹石藻培养液中分别为3.9×103、2.4×103和1.7×103个/mL)降低,其种群在初始密度为3.4×107个/mL的双色藻培养液中达到稳定期所需时间增加,分别为接种后第3、4和6天,双色藻被摄食完毕所需时间也增加,分别为接种后第5、10和15天;海洋尖尾藻种群在初始密度为6.6×105个/mL的齿状纹石藻培养液中达到稳定期所需时间增加,分别为接种后第4、5和12天,齿状纹石藻被摄食完毕所需时间也增加,分别为接种后第6、7和13天。研究表明,海洋尖尾藻对不同大小和体制类型的双色藻和齿状纹石藻的摄食过程不同,培养方式对培养液颜色变化产生影响,饵料藻种类以及饵料藻和海洋尖尾藻最初浓度配比会影响海洋尖尾藻摄食,15 d培养过程中双色藻种群和齿状纹石藻种群均向海洋尖尾藻种群发生了演替。     

接种密度对产油微绿球藻和三角褐指藻生长及油脂性能的影响

微藻生物柴油是新能源开发的热点之一.为了提高微藻作为生物柴油原料的性能,研究了接种密度对两种产油微藻(微绿球藻Nannochloropsis oculata和三角褐指藻Phaeodactylum tricornutum)生长性能及细胞油脂特性的影响.结果表明,两种微藻细胞采收密度或采收生物量与接种密度正相关,而细胞增殖效率与接种密度负相关(P＜0.05).微绿球藻和三角褐指藻细胞油脂含量随接神密度升高而降低,微绿球藻和三角褐指藻分别在接种密度为6.0×106 cell/mL和3.0×106 cell/mL时,其细胞内中性脂比例最高.微绿球藻、三角褐指藻的饱和脂肪酸(SFA)和单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)比例随着接种密度的提高先升高后显著下降(P＜0.05).从生产生物柴油的效率及其品质等因素综合考虑,室验条件下,培养微绿球藻适宜接种密度为6.0×106 cell/mL;三角褐指藻适宜接神密度为2.0×106 cell/mL.     

3种不同规模化培养模式对湛江等鞭金藻生产力及色素含量的影响

为进一步提高湛江等鞭金藻室外规模化培养效率,对管道式光生物反应器、聚乙烯桶和水泥池3种微藻室外规模化培养模式下湛江等鞭金藻的藻密度进行了评估比较.试验将接种藻密度控制为10.0×104 cells/mL,培养周期为16 d.结果显示:管道式光生物反应器培养模式下,生产力相对最高为0.0543 g/L/d、比生长速率为0...     

固定化栅藻对养殖废水的净化效果及生长研究

为探究固定化微藻去除养殖废水中磷酸盐和氨氮的效果,以斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)为藻种,采用海藻酸钠包埋技术,开展了不同栅藻包埋密度(S-1组2.52×10~(4 )cells/mL、S-50组1.26×10~6cells/mL和S-100组2.52×10~(6 )cells/mL)的净化对比试验,同时考察了包埋密度对藻细胞生长的影响。结果表明:包埋密度对磷酸盐和氨氮的去除效果以及藻细胞生长速率的影响显著(P0.05)。包埋密度越高,去除磷酸盐和氨氮的效果越好,S-1、S-50和S-100组对磷酸盐的终末去除率分别为61.11%、83.33%和88.89%,对氨氮的终末去除率分别为39.95%、50.00%和57.53%。S-1、S-50和S-100组栅藻的生长速率K值S-1S-50S-100,即随着藻细胞包埋密度增大,生长速率K值逐渐减小。     

微小亚历山大藻对近江牡蛎清滤率以及麻痹性贝类毒素(PSP)蓄积的影响

为获知牡蛎对有毒微小亚历山大藻(A. minutum)的滤食以及蓄积PSP毒素的规律性,本实验采用细胞毒性为93.42±2.55×10-6 MU/cell的A. minutum藻投喂牡蛎,以无毒扁藻投喂作对照,首先研究了0.5-3.0×103 cells/mL6个不同浓度的毒藻对牡蛎滤食的影响,然后投喂浓度为1.5×103 cells/mL的毒藻,分别研究15 h短期蓄积和5天长期蓄积对牡蛎体内毒素的影响及规律。结果表明,在0.5~1.5×103 cells/mL毒藻浓度范围内牡蛎清滤率较高,超过1.5×103 cells/mL时牡蛎清滤率显著下降(P<0.01),由此确定后期投喂毒藻的浓度“阀值”为1.5×103 cells/mL;短期蓄积实验牡蛎在0~6 h内将有毒藻滤食尽,其体内PSP毒素在6~12 h间达到最大值149.6±10.5 MU/100 g,随后开始下降。长期蓄积实验过程中,牡蛎的清滤率没有发生显著变化(P>0.01),在蓄积实验的第2天牡蛎体内PSP毒素水平超过国家限量标准(400 MU/100g),在5天实验结束时,牡蛎体内PSP毒素水平高达3069.2±178.2 MU/100 g,高于国家限量标准的7.7倍。实验结果作为PSP在牡蛎中蓄积及代谢的重要基础数据,为研究PSP的脱除及净化提供思路。     

不同温度对微小亚历山大藻生长和藻毒力的影响

<正>水体中的藻类是麻痹性贝毒的主要来源,现已知海洋中有13种单细胞的甲藻类可产生麻痹性贝毒。目前在我国海区已经发现的产毒甲藻主要有3种:塔玛亚历山大藻(Akexandrium tamarense)、微小亚历山大藻(Alezandrium minudum)、链状亚历山大藻(Alexandrium acatenella)。微小亚历山大藻在我国台湾沿海较常见。因此,有必要针对我国沿海的微小     

溶藻细菌A3的溶藻特性

本研究以锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea)、蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)、四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)、条纹小环藻(Cyclotella striata)作为实验藻种,将浓度为107 CFU/ml的菌株A3分别加入到4种微藻的单种藻液、2种藻混合藻液、3种藻混合藻液中,每48 h观察藻细胞形态并统计藻细胞数量,实验周期为10d,以探究菌株A3对4种微藻的溶藻效果.结果显示,在单种藻实验中,加菌组锥状斯氏藻细胞于第1天失去运动活性,细胞拉长变形,第5天细胞壁破裂溶解,第10天细胞密度为7.07× 102 cells/ml,显著低于对照组的2.90× 104 cells/ml (P＜0.05);实验期间,加菌组蛋白核小球藻细胞形态保持完整,第10天藻细胞密度为2.58× 107 cells/ml,显著高于对照组的2.09× 107 cells/ml (P＜0.05);加菌组四尾栅藻细胞形态保持完整,与对照组藻细胞密度无显著差异(P＞0.05);加菌组条纹小环藻细胞于第8天溶解,第10天对照组与加菌组藻细胞密度分别为4.38× 105 cells/ml、1.78×105 cells/ml,加菌组藻细胞密度显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).混合藻实验中,菌株A3对各种微藻的溶藻效果与单种藻实验结果类似,菌株A3对锥状斯氏藻生长具有显著的溶藻作用,对蛋白核小球藻与四尾栅藻无溶藻作用,对条纹小环藻生长具有较弱的溶藻作用.研究表明,菌株A3具有溶藻选择性,对锥状斯氏藻具有显著的溶藻作用,而对其他3种藻无溶藻作用或溶藻作用相对较弱.     

室内袋式和管道式光生物反应器对湛江等鞭金藻生长及生化组分的比较分析

为探索湛江等鞭金藻室内大规模培养的可行性,分析比较了在管道式光生物反应器和聚乙烯袋培养模式下,湛江等鞭金藻生长密度、比生长速率、叶绿素含量及有机物含量的变化情况。试验将接种藻密度控制在10.0×10⁴ cells/mL,培养周期为16 d。结果显示,在管道式光生物反应器培养模式下,藻密度可达1.97×10⁶ cells/mL,显著高于聚乙烯袋培养模式下的藻密度（0.99×10⁶ cells/mL）(P<0.05);两种模式下,湛江等鞭金藻的比生长速率分别达到0.396 7、0.327 5/d;管道式光生物反应器模式下,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素、最高总蛋白、最大可溶性糖的质量浓度分别为0.46、0.44、0.92、107.267 7、9.587 8 mg/L,最大生物量（干质量）为0.160 1 g/L,聚乙烯袋培养模式下,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素、最高总蛋白、最大可溶性糖的质量浓度分别为0.26、0.26、0.52、62.564 5、5.559 1 mg/L,最大生物量（干质量）为0.098 6 g/L,管...     

Enhancing rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus population growth with commercial probiotics

The effect of a commercial probiotic (NanoCrusta, Altacrusta, Mexico City, Mexico) on the growth performance of Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas, 1766, was evaluated. In a first approach, probiotics were supplied in four densities (2.0 × 10³, 1.1 × 10⁵, 2.1 × 10⁵ and 2.1 × 10⁶ cells/ml), alone and in combination with Chlorella vulgaris (1 × 10⁶ cells/ml). The test rotifer did not grow on the probiotic alone. However, when probiotics + C. vulgaris were added, the maximum densities (D_max; ind/ml) and population growth rates (r) observed were higher. In the second experiment, probiotics were supplied at five higher densities (2.1 × 10⁶, 4.2 × 10⁶, 8.5 × 10⁶, 1.7 × 10⁷ and 3.4 × 10⁷ cells/ml) with C. vulgaris and a control treatment with only C. vulgaris (probiotic‐free). Treatments supplied with probiotics between 2.1 × 10⁶ and 1.7 × 10⁷ cells/ml showed significantly higher D_max and r than the control treatment. The results showed a positive effect of probiotic bacteria when supplied with C. vulgaris. The best outcome showed a D_max 2.16 times and an r 1.63 times higher than the density of the control treatment. Growth rates were higher in the treatments with probiotics compared to the control. We conclude that application of NanoCrusta is feasible to improve B. calyciflorus production, but the effects need to be tested in larger scales.     

Delivery of HUFA, probionts and biomedicine through bioencapsulated Artemia as a means to enhance the growth and survival and reduce the pathogenesity in shrimp Penaeus monodon postlarvae

One of the major problems in the shrimp culture industry is the difficulty in producing high-quality shrimp larvae. In larviculture, quality feeds containing a high content of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) and ingredients that stimulate stress and disease resistance are essential to produce healthy shrimp larvae. In the present study, Penaeus monodon postlarvae (PL15) were fed for 25 days on an unenriched Artemia diet (control; A) or on a diet of Artemia enriched with either HUFA-rich liver oil of the trash fish Odonus niger (B), probionts [Lactobacillus acidophilus (C1) or yeast-Saccharomyces cerevisiae (C2)] or biomedicinal herbal products (D) that have anti-stress, growth-promoting and anti-microbial characteristics. P. monodon postlarvae fed unenriched Artemia exhibited the lowest weight gain (227.9 ± 8.30 mg) and specific growth rate (9.95 ± 0.05%), while those fed the HUFA-enriched Artemia (B) exhibited the highest weight gain and specific growth rate (362.34 ± 12.56 mg and 11.77 ± 0.08%, respectively). At the end of the 25-day rearing experiment, the shrimp postlarvae (PL40) were subjected to a salinity stress study. At both low and high (0 and 50‰) salinities, the group fed the control diet (A) experienced the highest cumulative mortality indices (CMI) 935.7 ± 2.1 and 1270.7 ± 3.1, respectively. Those fed diet D showed the lowest stress-induced mortality, and CMI were reduced by 31.1 and 32.3% under conditions of low and high salinity stress, respectively. A 10-day disease challenge test was conducted with the P. monodon postlarvae (PL40–PL50) by inoculating the shrimp with the pathogen Vibrio harveyi at the rate of 10⁵–10⁷ CFU/ml in all rearing tanks. P. monodon postlarvae fed probiont-encapsulated Artemia diets (C1 and C2) exhibited the highest survival (94.3 and 82.3%, respectively) and lowest pathogen load (V. harveyi) in hepatopancreas (5.2 × 10² ± 9.0 × 10 and 4.6 × 10² ± 9.0 × 10 CFU g⁻¹, respectively) and muscle (2.0 × 10² ± 6 × 10 and 1.7 × 10² ± 8.6 × 10 CFU g⁻¹, respectively) tissues. The shrimp that were fed the unenriched Artemia (Control; A) showed the lowest survival (26.33%) and highest bacterial load in the hepatopancreas (1.0 × 10⁵ ± 5 × 10³ CFU g⁻¹) and muscle (3.6 × 10⁴ ± 6 × 10² CFU g⁻¹). The shrimp fed the herbal product (D)-enriched Artemia also exhibited enhanced survival and reduced V. harveyi load in the tissues tested compared to the control diet (A) group. The results are discussed in terms of developing a quality larval feed to produce healthy shrimp larvae.     

Bioaugmentation in the growth and water quality of livebearing ornamental fishes

Bacillus subtilis isolated from the intestine of Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) was incorporated into the rearing water of Poecilia reticulata (Peters), Poecilia sphenops (Valenciennes), Xiphophorus helleri (Heckel) and Xiphophorus maculatus (Gunther) at four different concentrations (5 × 10⁸ cells ml⁻¹, 5 × 10⁷ cells ml⁻¹, 5 × 10⁶ cells ml⁻¹ and 5 × 10⁵ cells ml⁻¹) and its effect on fish growth performance and survival, water quality parameters and bacterial population of water were assessed. The results showed that the addition of bacterial cells in the rearing water resulted in greater survival and a faster growth rate and, hence, greater length and weight increments of the livebearers. The use of a bioaugmentor in the rearing water of the livebearing fishes resulted in significantly lower (P < 0.05) concentrations of dissolved organic matter and total ammonium nitrogen. The counts of motile aeromonads and total coliforms recorded in the water of bioaugmented tanks were also lower than that in the control tank. Bioaugmentation between 10⁶ and 10⁸ cells ml⁻¹ in the rearing water is sufficient in establishing a bioaugmentor and the use of a higher concentration of bacterial cells did not always lead to significantly better results.     

Effect of dietary supplementation with Bacillus subtilis on the growth,performance, immune response and antioxidant activities of the shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of a probiotic bacterium, Bacillus subtilis, on the growth, immune response and antioxidant activities of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Shrimps with an average initial weight of 2.11±0.17 g were randomly assigned to four groups with three replicates. The control group was fed a basal diet, and three treated groups were fed diets supplemented with B. subtilis at doses of 1 × 10⁴, 5 × 10⁴ and 10 × 10⁴ colony‐forming unit (CFU) g^?1 feed respectively. After 40 days of culture, 10 shrimps from each replicate were taken randomly for the determination of immune response and oxidization resistance indices. The results showed that the shrimps fed with B. subtilis at a dose of 1 × 10⁴, 5 × 10⁴ CFU g^?1 feed showed significantly better growth than that of the control diet. The phenoloxidase activities showed a tendency to increase with an increased dose of B. subtilis in diets but there was no significant difference among the three treated groups. In addition, phenoloxidase activities were found to be significantly higher (P<0.05) in the groups treated with B. subtilis than that of the control group. Shrimps treated with 5 × 10⁴ CFU g^?1 feed probiotic bacterium showed the highest lysozyme activity and it was significantly higher (P<0.05) than the other groups. However, there was no significant difference in acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activity across all the groups. The total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in the probiotic‐treated groups were significantly increased (P<0.05) as compared with the control groups. Both maleic dialdehyde concentration and superoxide anion activities in the probiotic‐treated groups were significantly lower (P<0.05) than those of the control. The probiotic did not affect the nitric oxide synthase and the catalase activity in any of the control and treated groups. These results indicated that the probiotic B. subtilis could significantly promote the growth rate of shrimp by increasing the immune function and antioxidant capacity. The most effective dose of B. subtilis in the diet was 5 × 10⁴ CFU g^?1 feed.     

The effects of dietary probiotic Bacilli (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis) on growth performance,feed efficiency,body composition and immune parameters of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) postlarvae

The present study investigates the effects of dietary commercial Bacilli probiotic (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis) on the growth performance, feed efficiency, body composition and immune parameters of Litopenaeus vannamei. The L. vannamei postlarvae were supplied and acclimated (in 500‐L tanks) to laboratory conditions for 14 days. The shrimps were fed with diets containing 1 × 10⁴ and 1 × 10⁸ CFU/g probiotic Bacilli for 60 days. At the end of the feeding trial, growth performance parameters, body composition, serum biochemical parameters and the hemocytes count were evaluated. Shrimps fed diets supplemented with 1 × 10⁴ and 1 × 10⁸ CFU/g probiotic Bacilli showed improved weight gain, total length, specific growth rate, FCR and survival compared with the control group. The body composition studies revealed higher dry matter, crude protein and ash in shrimps fed with 1 × 10⁴ and 1 × 10⁸ CFU/g probiotic Bacilli. Also, dietary administration of 1 × 10⁴ and 1 × 10⁸ CFU/g probiotic Bacilli decreased serum glucose and cortisol levels. However, significantly increased total protein, lysozyme and hemocyte cell count were noticed in shrimps fed 1 × 10⁴ and 1 × 10⁸ CFU/g probiotic Bacilli. In general, the findings of this study proved that oral administration of 1 × 10⁴ and 1 × 10⁸ CFU/g commercial probiotic Bacilli improved growth performance, feed utilization and immune parameters in whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei).     

Dietary supplementation effects of Pediococcus acidilactici as probiotic on growth performance,digestive enzyme activities and immunity response in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

This study was carried out to assess the effects of Pediococcus acidilactici on zebrafish (Danio rerio). Different levels of P. acidilactici including 0, 1 × 10⁶, 2 × 10⁶, 4 × 10⁶ and 8 × 10⁶ colony‐forming unit per g of the diet (cfug^?1) were examined in fish with 120 ± 10 mg weight for 60 days in a completely randomized design. The results showed that the best growth indices were recorded in group 4 × 10⁶ cfug^?1 (p < 0.05). The highest number of total viable count and lactic acid bacteria of intestine were found in group 4 × 10⁶ cfug^?1 (p < 0.05). The maximum activity of digestive enzymes including amylase, lipase, protease and alkaline phosphatase was observed in group 4 × 10⁶ cfug^?1. The highest activity for superoxide dismutase was recorded in group 4 × 10⁶ cfug^?1 while catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase showed the highest activity in group 8 × 10⁶ cfug^?1. The most growth inhibition zone of Aeromonas hydrophylla, Flavobacterium columnare, Vibrio anguillarum and Edwardsiella tarda was found in group 4 × 10⁶ cfug^‐1 (p < 0.05). Therefore, P. acidilactici as a probiotic improved growth and immunity of the zebrafish and could be used by zebrafish farmers.     

The effect of cell density on biomass and fatty acid productivity during cultivation of Rhodomonas salina in a tubular photobioreactor

The microalga Rhodomonas salina is widely used in aquaculture. There is a need for optimization of the growth of the microalgae and its content of essential fatty acids. Here, the fatty acid profile of Rhodomonas in relation to cell density during cultivation in a tubular PBR is investigated. It is expected that cell density is an important factor in controlling productivity and fatty acid content of the microalgae because cell density is important in determining light availability due to the self‐shading of the algae. The carbon productivity as a function of cell density is described by a saturation curve. The carbon productivity and the productivity of total fatty acids are lowest at the lowest cell density, and independent of cell density at higher cell densities. The relative contribution of the two poly‐unsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) increases with increasing cell density and saturates at 1 × 10⁶ cells/ml. We conclude that large‐scale production of Rhodomonas in this tubular PBR should take place at cell densities of 1 × 10⁶ cells/ml, while there are indications for increasing difficulties in maintaining steady‐state production in this PBR at higher cell densities.     

FOOD AND FEEDING STRATEGIES IN CULTURE OF LARVAL AND EARLY JUVENILE PURPLE-HINGE ROCK SCALLOPS,Hinnites multirugosus (GALE)

The purple-hinge rock scallop is receiving increasing interest as a candidate for commercial mariculture. Hatchery culture of juveniles is prerequisite since natural recruitment of juveniles is variable and not dependable as a source of stock. Success in carrying larvae through metamorphosis has been limited. Critical to larval culture is a sound understanding of optimal food and feeding strategies. Growth and survival were examined in early larvae fed six algal diets at four separate concentrations. The data clearly illustrate the superiority of both Isochrysis galbana and a Tahitian (T) strain of Isochrysis. Feed concentrations of 1 × 10⁵ cells/ml were found to be optimal for these species of Isochrysis. An I. galbana diet supported 80% survival through metamorphosis. The other algae examined included Mono-chrysis lutheri, Rhodomonas sp., Carteria pallida, and a 1:1:1 mixture of Rhodomonas, Monochrysis, and Isochrysis. All these diets supported 5–6% survival, and the growth was only slightly better than starvation controls. A similar study was done with early juveniles (1 mm dia). The diets included: I. galbana, M. lutheri, Thalassiosira pseudonana (3H), T-Isochrysis sp., and Phaedactylum tricornutum. As with the larvae, superior growth and survival occurred with diets of both species of Isochrysis. Cell concentrations between 1 × 10⁵ and 2 × 10⁵ cells/ml were optimal. The other diets supported minimal growth. In the feeding runs of both larvae and early juveniles, cell densities in excess of 5 × 10⁵ cells/ml were detrimental.     

Effects of stocking density on the growth performance,digestive enzyme activities,antioxidant resistance,and intestinal microflora of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) juveniles

In this study, effects of stocking density on the growth performance and physiological responses of blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala juveniles were evaluated. The fish (average body weight, 25.76 ± 2.25 g) were randomly stocked at densities of 30F (30 fish/m³), 60F, 90F and 120F in 12 cages (1 m × 1 m × 1 m) in a concrete pond, with three cages for each density, for a period of 6 weeks. The higher stocking densities had a negative effect on individual growth performance. The results indicated that serum cortisol, triglyceride, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and malondialdehyde activities; and Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas and Vibrio numbers in the intestinal microflora increased significantly as the stocking density increased. In contrast, the viscerosomatic index, hepatosomatic index survival rate; serum glucose, total cholesterol, lipase, protease, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities; and Clostridium, Bacteroides, Lactococcus, Lactobacillus and Bacillus numbers in the intestinal microflora decreased significantly. The 90F and 120F groups showed obvious enlargement of the lamina propria and goblet cell damage, indicating that the gut showed inflammatory responses. The specific growth rate and weight gain rate increased significantly as the stocking density increased from 30 to 60 fish/m³, but decreased significantly when the stocking density was over 60 fish/m³.     

Large-scale turbidostat culture of marine microalgae

A simple and inexpensive device is described which maintains cultures of marine microalgae at predetermined cell densities by the automatic control of harvesting and replenishment of the culture volume with fresh medium. Cultures were maintained at a range of cell densities in 80-litre internally illuminated vessels and the daily cell production yield was evaluated.Maximum yields of 0·8–1·0×10¹² cells day^?1 of Isochrysis aff. galbana Green and 0·8–1·2×10¹¹ cells day^?1 of Tetraselmis suecica (Kylin) Butch. were obtained at culture densities of 15–17×10³ cells μlitre^?1 and 19–21×10² cells μlitre^?1, respectively. Turbidostat cultures of Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve could not consistently be maintained above 5–7×10³ cells μlitre^?1.