饥饿及恢复投喂对鮸幼鱼生长、耗氧率和排氨率的影响

在水温（12±1）℃和盐度24．3±0．61条件下，研究了饥饿及恢复投喂对鱿幼鱼生长、耗氧率和排氨率的影响。实验设置饥饿5、10、15d及连续饥饿4个水平，并设正常投饵对照组，各组饥饿结束后马上恢复正常投饵，整个实验历时30d，在实验前、饥饿结束时和实验结束时分别测定鮸幼鱼全长、体重、耗氧率和排氨率。结果表明：鮸幼鱼在饥饿状况下存活时间23d。实验结束时，饥饿5d和10d处理组鮸幼鱼全长和体重明显高于投喂对照组（P〈0．05）。在饥饿期间，连续饥饿组鮸幼鱼的耗氧率先下降又上升；排氨率前期显著升高，5d后达峰值，然后逐步下降；鮸幼鱼的O：N比值先下降，10d后达谷值，然后不断升高，20d后迅速升高到30．347。饥饿结束时，各饥饿组与投喂对照组耗氧率和排氨率差异显著（P〈0．05）。实验结束时，鮸幼鱼耗氧率除饥饿5d和10d组差异不显著外，其它各组间差异显著P〈0．05）；排氨率除投喂对照组和饥饿15d组差异不显著外，各组间差异显著（P〈0．05）。饥饿结束时和实验结束时O：N比值差异显著。可见，饥饿后恢复投喂的鮸幼鱼具有补偿生长能力。     

哲罗鱼继饥饿后的补偿生长及其机制

对平均初始体重为80 g的哲罗鱼(Hucho taimen)进行了8周养殖实验,以检验其继饥饿后的补偿生长。实验共设5个处理组,4组鱼分别被饥饿1周、2周、3周、4周后再恢复正常投喂,1组正常投喂作为对照,分别用S1、S2、S3、S4、C表示。实验结果显示:饥饿过程中各饥饿组鱼体重随饥饿时间的延长而逐渐下降,饥饿结束时S2、S3、S4组鱼体重均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),恢复投喂结束时S1、S2、S3组鱼体重与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),S4组鱼体重与对照差异显著(P<0.05)。恢复投喂期间除S1组外其他饥饿组鱼的摄食率和特定生长率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。在饥饿过程中,其耗氧率随着饥饿时间的延长逐渐下降,恢复投喂后逐渐上升,其中S1、S2、S3组在各自恢复投喂后5 d、9 d、12 d恢复到对照组水平,而S4组则在其恢复投喂后24 d恢复到对照组水平。饥饿导致鱼躯干脂肪含量下降,躯干水分和灰分含量升高,蛋白质含量变化不大。恢复投喂结束时各饥饿组鱼躯干水分、脂肪、蛋白质含量与对照无显著性差异(P>0.05);躯干灰分含量除S4组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)外,其余与对照差异不显著(P>0.05)。实验结果表明,人工养殖哲罗鱼饥饿1~3周表现出完全补偿生长,饥饿4周表现出部分补偿生长。恢复投喂期间各饥饿组鱼对食物的利用效率得到明显提高,表明哲罗鱼恢复生长中出现的补偿生长效应主要是通过提高摄食水平和食物转化率共同作用实现的。     

饥饿和恢复投喂对许氏平鲉幼鱼消化酶活性的影响

在水温为17.6±0.2℃条件下,研究了饥饿和恢复投喂对许氏平鲉幼鱼肝脏和肠主要消化酶活性的影响。实验分4组,每组设3个平行,其中A组为对照组,即在实验过程中正常投喂;B组饥饿5d恢复投喂50d;C组饥饿10d,恢复投喂45d;D组饥饿15d,恢复投喂40d。实验结果表明,蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶随饥饿时间的延长其活性下降明显,脂肪酶活性虽有下降趋势但不明显,而淀粉酶则在饥饿初期活性大幅度上升;恢复投喂后除了肠蛋白酶和肝胰蛋白酶外,其他消化酶活性均达到对照组水平。     

饥饿和再投喂对白斑狗鱼生长性能和生化组成的影响

选用体重196.77±7.60g的白斑狗鱼（Esox Lucius Linnaeus）为研究对象，试验设置饥饿14d、21d、28d、35d、42d组和正常投喂对照组，各组饥饿结束后恢复饱食投喂，试验周期为56d，水温为22～26℃，研究了饥饿和再投喂对白斑狗鱼生长性能、体生化组成和肌肉、肝脏RNA/DNA比值的影响。结果表明：饥饿再投喂后各处理组均出现补偿生长现象，在恢复生长结束后，饥饿14d组体重显著高于对照组（P＜0.05），其他各饥饿处理组体重与对照组无显著性差异（P＞0.05）；随着饥饿时间的延长，饥饿各处理组肌肉的脂肪含量显著下降（P＜0.05），水分含量显著升高（P＜0.05），恢复投喂结束时各饥饿处理组蛋白质和水分含量恢复到对照组水平；在恢复投喂初期各处理组的特定生长率、摄食率和食物转化效率显著高于对照组水平（P＜0.05），随着恢复生长时间的延长，逐渐恢复到对照组水平（P＞0.05）；肌肉和肝脏的RNA/DNA比值均随饥饿时间的延长呈逐渐下降的趋势，在恢复投喂结束时，RNA/DNA比值均在饥饿28d组达到最大值。由此表明饥饿14d组的白斑狗鱼在恢复生长过程中出现了超补偿生长效应，21d组、28d组、35d组和42d组出现了完全补偿生长效应，该补偿效应是由摄食率和食物转化效率升高共同作用的结果。     

饥饿后再投喂对异育银鲫生长和体成分的影响

在(25±2)℃条件下,对体重(15.6±0.84)g的异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)进行了不同时间的饥饿处理和再投喂的恢复生长实验。实验把异育银鲫分为4组,为Ⅰ组(持续投喂48 d)、Ⅱ组(饥饿8 d后再投喂40 d)、Ⅲ组(饥饿16 d后再投喂32 d)和Ⅳ组(饥饿24 d后再投喂24 d),每组20尾鱼,研究再投喂后体重和体成分(粗蛋白、粗脂肪、水分和灰分)的变化。结果显示:与持续投喂组相比,饥饿8 d后异育银鲫体重下降了13.28%,饥饿16 d和24 d后体重分别下降了22.36%和33.03%。短期饥饿(Ⅱ)组,再恢复投喂8 d后能实现完全补偿生长,而中长期饥饿组(Ⅲ和Ⅳ)分别在投喂16 d和24 d后表现为部分补偿生长。在饥饿和恢复投喂过程中其体成分呈现规律性变化:各试验组饥饿后,粗蛋白和粗脂肪显著下降,而水分和灰分含量上升,而再投喂后,各营养成分逐渐恢复。Ⅱ组再投喂8 d后,粗脂肪和粗灰份恢复到对照组水平,蛋白质显著低于对照组水平,水分显著高于对照组;再投喂40 d后,粗蛋白和水分亦恢复到对照水平,Ⅲ组恢复投喂16 d后,粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分不能恢复到对照水平,恢复投喂32 d后,除灰分外,其余成分皆不能恢复到对照水平。Ⅳ组再投喂24 d后,除水分外,其余各营养成分皆不能恢复到对照水平。结果表明,实现异育银鲫完全补偿生长,其饥饿时间以短时间饥饿8 d为宜。     

饥饿及恢复投喂对(鱼免)幼鱼生长、耗氧率和排氨率的影响

在水温(12±1) ℃和盐度24.3±0.61条件下,研究了饥饿及恢复投喂对鱼免幼鱼生长、耗氧率和排氨率的影响.实验设置饥饿5、10、15 d及连续饥饿4个水平,并设正常投饵对照组,各组饥饿结束后马上恢复正常投饵,整个实验历时30 d,在实验前、饥饿结束时和实验结束时分别测定鱼免幼鱼全长、体重、耗氧率和排氨率.结果表明:鱼免幼鱼在饥饿状况下存活时间23 d.实验结束时,饥饿5 d和10 d处理组鱼免幼鱼全长和体重明显高于投喂对照组(P＜0.05).在饥饿期间,连续饥饿组鱼免幼鱼的耗氧率先下降又上升;排氨率前期显著升高,5 d后达峰值,然后逐步下降;鱼免幼鱼的O ∶ N比值先下降,10 d后达谷值,然后不断升高,20 d后迅速升高到30.347.饥饿结束时,各饥饿组与投喂对照组耗氧率和排氨率差异显著(P＜0.05).实验结束时,鱼免幼鱼耗氧率除饥饿5 d和10 d组差异不显著外,其它各组间差异显著P＜0.05);排氨率除投喂对照组和饥饿15 d组差异不显著外,各组间差异显著(P＜0.05).饥饿结束时和实验结束时O ∶ N比值差异显著.可见,饥饿后恢复投喂的鱼免幼鱼具有补偿生长能力.     

千年笛鲷幼鱼的饥饿和补偿生长

研究了在22.5～31.9 ℃条件下，千年笛鲷幼鱼在不同饥饿时间（0、2、4、6、9、11 d）处理后再投喂的补偿生长。千年笛鲷幼鱼的体重在短时间（2～6 d）的饥饿后下降不大，9 d以上的饥饿可导致幼鱼的体重明显下降。经过饥饿11 d后，鱼体蛋白质含量明显下降，脂肪含量略有下降，灰分含量有所上升，水分含量明显上升，表明千年笛鲷幼鱼在饥饿过程中主要依靠消耗蛋白质作为能量来源。恢复投喂后，各组的鱼体生化组成均恢复到对照组水平。饥饿11 d组鱼在恢复投喂后全部死亡，半致死时间为10～11 d。结果表明：饥饿2 d组的千年笛鲷幼鱼在恢复生长过程中具有超补偿生长能力，该补偿现象通过提高食物转化率达到；饥饿4 d组幼鱼具有完全补偿生长能力；饥饿6 d组幼鱼仅有部分补偿生长能力；饥饿9 d组幼鱼不具有补偿生长能力；饥饿11 d组幼鱼为饥饿致死。图5表1参13     

饥饿后再投喂对哲罗鱼生长和体成分的影响

在14-18℃条件下,对平均初始体重（35.15±1.06）g的哲罗鱼（Hucho taimen）进行了不同时间的饥饿处理和再投喂的恢复生长实验。实验共设5个处理组,分别为S0组（对照组,持续投喂56d）、S1组（饥饿7天后再投喂49d）、S2组（饥饿14天后再投喂42d）、S3组（饥饿21天后再投喂35d）和S4组（饥饿28天后再投喂28天）,每组30尾鱼,研究再投喂后体重和体成分（粗蛋白、粗脂肪、水分和灰分）的变化。实验结果显示：与持续投喂组相比,饥饿7d后哲罗鱼体重下降了11.52%;饥饿14d后体重下降了17.09%;饥饿21d和28d后体重分别下降了26.24%和36.07%。恢复投喂结束时饥饿7d组体重赶上了对照组,饥饿14d组体重超过了对照组,饥饿21d和28d组体重低于对照组。在饥饿和恢复投喂过程中其体成分呈规律性变化：在各试验组饥饿后,鱼体躯干脂肪含量下降,躯干水分和灰分含量升高,蛋白质含量略有下降。恢复投喂后各营养成分逐渐恢复。     

不同饥饿时间对白斑狗鱼恢复投喂期间生长性能的影响

在水温22~26℃条件下,研究了在不同饥饿时间处理后再投喂对白斑狗鱼(Esox lucius)生长性能的影响,试验设置饥饿14、21、28、35、42 d组和正常投喂对照组,各组饥饿结束后恢复正常投饵,在投喂后以7 d为一个生长阶段,比较各处理组的增重率、特定生长率、摄食率、饲料系数,试验周期为56 d。结果显示,随着饥饿时间的延长,白斑狗鱼的总体重损失率呈逐渐升高的趋势,而各饥饿阶段体重损失率呈下降的趋势;各饥饿处理组恢复投喂后的增重率和特定生长率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且随饥饿时间的延长而逐渐升高,但在恢复投喂后的第35天,S14组(饥饿14 d组)与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05);各饥饿处理组恢复投喂后的摄食率随饥饿时间的延长而显著性升高(P<0.05);饵料系数随饥饿时间的延长而逐渐下降,其中在第14天时,S42组(饥饿42 d组)的饵料系数显著高于其他饥饿处理组(P<0.05),与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05)。在同一饥饿处理组,随着投喂时间的延长,增重率、特定生长率和摄食率均呈显著性下降的趋势(P<0.05),饵料系数呈升高的趋势,其中S14组在第35天时恢复到对照组水平。结果表明:摄食率升高和饵料系数下降是饥饿再投喂白斑狗鱼增重率显著上升的原因,且这种生长倾向随着恢复投喂时间的延长而不断减弱。     

中华鲟幼鱼循环饥饿后的补偿生长和体成分变化

研究中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)幼鱼循环饥饿后的补偿生长和体成分变化。实验设4个循环饥饿组(T1:饥饿1 d,饱食投喂3 d;T2:连续饥饿2 d,饱食投喂4 d;T3:连续饥饿4 d,饱食投喂6 d;T4:连续饥饿7 d,饱食投喂8 d)和1个对照组(T0:每天饱食投喂)。结果显示:在水温21.5～25.4℃条件下,T1组末重和特定生长率均超过对照组,表现为超补偿生长;T2组末重和特定生长率均接近对照组,表现为完全补偿生长,T1、T2组食物转化率均显著高于对照组;T3、T4组实际摄食水平均明显高于对照组,但表现为不能补偿生长。4个循环饥饿组幼鱼肝体比及脏体比均显著高于对照组。各组肌肉蛋白质和脂肪含量下降,同时水分和灰分含量上升;从饥饿2 d组开始,蛋白质和脂肪含量显著低于对照组,且蛋白质含量比脂肪含量下降幅度更大。     

Atlantic Fisheries Technological Conference,Moncton, NB,August 21, 1995

No abstract available for this article.     

Anguilla huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009, is a junior synonym of Anguilla luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009

Anguilla luzonensis and A. huangi were each described in 2009 using eels obtained from northern Luzon Island. We examined the taxonomic status of these two groups of eels using morphological and molecular genetic characters. There were no significant differences in two vertebrae counts between eels of A. luzonensis and A. huangi. Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes sequences were obtained and compared among 28 specimens of A. luzonensis, the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi, and one specimen of the other 15 anguillid species. The specimens of A. luzonensis exhibited almost identical sequences, including the holotype, with only a few site differences, and the genetic difference between the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi was within the range of differences of specimens of A. luzonensis. The other anguillid species were genetically very different from A. luzonensis and A. huangi, although A. interioris is a closely related species. It is clear that A. luzonensis and A. huangi are the same species, and according to the principle of priority in zoological nomenclature, A. luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009 is the valid species name, and A. huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009 is a junior synonym of A. luzonensis.     

Surface disinfection of Pacific threadfin, Polydactylus sexfilis, and amberjack, Seriola rivoliana, eggs

The effects of exposing the eggs of Pacific threadfin and amberjack eggs (AEs) to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for 5 min on hatch rate and survival were assessed in a series of experiments using a petri dish model rearing system. Despite significant inter‐batch variation in hatch rate, it was shown that eggs of both species could be safely exposed to up to 11 340 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min. Exposure to 34 230 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min was shown to be lethal to AEs at a late stage of development. In two further experiments, it was demonstrated that Pacific threadfin eggs were resistant to all tested concentrations of a range of polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (PVP‐I) concentrations and contact times (up to 1000 mg L⁻¹ PVP‐I for 10 min). The level of bacteria adhering to the eggs of both species was highly variable. Where eggs were heavily colonized (>10⁴ cfu egg⁻¹), hydrogen peroxide concentrations of at least 11 340 mg L⁻¹, or PVP‐I concentrations higher than 500 mg L⁻¹ for 10 min, were required for effective sterilization. In less colonized batches, rinsing in sterile seawater or exposure to lower (550 mg L⁻¹) concentrations of H₂O₂ was sufficient to result in high apparent levels of surface sterility (<1 cfu egg⁻¹).     

Age,growth, maturity and the overfishing of the iconic sciaenid,Argyrosomus japonicus,in south-eastern,Australia

Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) occur in estuarine and coastal waters surrounding Australia, Africa, India, Pakistan, China, Korea and Japan, where they are important in fisheries. This study identified that mulloway in south-eastern Australia had similar growth rates, but matured at smaller lengths and younger ages, to those in South Africa and Western Australia. Growth of both sexes was similar to about 5 years, after which females grew faster and attained a greater maximum length than males. Female mulloway matured at 4–5 years of age with a L₅₀ of 68 cm, whereas males matured at 2–3 years of age with a L₅₀ of 51 cm. The commercial fishery in New South Wales was characterised by declining catches and a reduction in the proportion of mulloway of mature lengths in landings. During 2002–2005 commercial landings were dominated (83%) by fish within 15 cm of the current minimum legal total length of 45 cm and aged 2 and 3 years (>80%), even though mulloway can attain lengths of 200 cm and live >30 years. Estimates of the rates of instantaneous total mortality ranged between 0.34 and 0.45, whilst the rate of instantaneous natural mortality (M) was estimated to be approximately 0.12. Yield-per-recruit analyses indicated that mulloway in New South Wales are being growth overfished and substantial increases in yield could be achieved by increasing the length at first harvest. Values of the spawning potential ratio were below 0.2 under a range of mortality estimates, suggesting that mulloway are at risk of recruitment overfishing. These results suggest that the spawning stock of mulloway in south-eastern Australia has been depleted and that remedial management action is required to protect this iconic species.     

Marine and coastal protected and conserved areas strategy in Brazil: Context,lessons, challenges,finance, participation,new management models,and first results

1. In the last two decades, Brazil has advanced significantly with the expansion and improvement of its national system of protected areas. Until recently most of the expansion was concentrated in the Amazon region (with useful lessons). It also had an uneven ecological representation of coastal and marine ecosystems, concentrated in coastal waters. Despite significant advances, the levels of funding, staff and stakeholders' engagement remain relatively low for such a vast system.
2. Within the past few years, key elements of a new strategy for protection of coastal and marine areas have started to emerge, combined with some participatory processes and a focus on expansion of the total area protected (from <1.5% protection of the country's marine area). These included: a renewed focus on priority areas for conservation; attention to national and international commitments and targets; clarity about the need for partnerships and funding; better engagement of Brazilian society and stakeholders; new, and more collaborative, models of protected areas management and conservation; and openness in the relationships with wider society.
3. Significant results of this effort have started to appear: new large mosaics of oceanic protected areas were created; Amazon mangroves were recognized by the Ramsar Convention; new mangrove protected areas were created, besides other ones proposed; project proposals are under development with partners for better funding and sharing of responsibility; and there is a better engagement with stakeholders. The building of the Brazilian Blue Initiative is underway.
4. The implementation of the proposed 15‐year marine strategy is at its onset: partnerships need to be strengthened and substantial funding is required. It will only be possible to manage the larger system of protected areas if there are more collaborative and innovative models for protected areas and conservation management. These should include partnerships with civil society, local and traditional communities and the private sector, as well as greater engagement of scientists and research institutions, stronger and more qualified tourism, volunteer work, etc. Further innovative funding mechanisms will also be needed along the way.

     

驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察

对驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼的形态特征进行了详细的观察与研究,描述了从受精卵到仔、稚、幼鱼各发育期的时间和形态特征变化。结果表明,在水温25-26℃、盐度30的海水中,受精卵历时27 h 25 min完成整个胚胎发育过程,经历从卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚到肌节形成、各器官的逐渐形成、变化、完善等一系列的胚胎发育和变化过程;根据其卵黄囊消长情况、鳞片的覆盖状态、体色发生的不同变化以及第二背鳍和腹鳍的消长,将胚后发育分为仔、稚、幼鱼3个阶段。在水温22-26℃、盐度29-31、DO≥5 mg/L的条件下,2-3 d仔鱼卵黄囊消失,开口摄食;生长发育至31 d,仔鱼已变态进入稚鱼期;培育至57 d,稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长与收缩等石斑鱼类早期发育的共性生长特征及其体表特性体色变化特征为驼背鲈胚后发育过程中最明显的特征。     

Factors influencing the abundance of the common bully, Gobiomorphus cotidianus McDowall, in small, North Island, New Zealand, lakes

Adult common bullies, Gobiomorphus cotidianus McDowall, are small (total length =  30–120 mm), benthic fish commonly found in the littoral zones of New Zealand lakes where they are a major prey species for trout and eels. Differences in their relative abundance (CPUE) were determined between 21 shallow North Island lakes. Mean CPUE ranged from 2 to >  1000 fish net^{− 1} night^{− 1} and was inversely related to water transparency. The abundance of bullies was not reduced in lakes containing rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), but was reduced in all lakes containing self-recruiting populations of eels, Anguilla spp. Mean densities of planktonic larval bullies in the limnetic zone were also inversely related to water transparency. Since low water transparency is related to increased trophic status for these lakes, the abundance of bullies is likely to be related to lake productivity, rather than turbidity.     

Effects of Mosquitofish,Gambusia affinis,on Channel Catfish,Ictalurus puncatatus,Production Ponds

Mosquitofish, Gambusia sp., have been spread throughout the world to biologically control mosquitoes. However, the fish has gained a reputation as an invasive species and has been implicated in displacing native aquatic species. Gambusia affinis are native to the southeastern United States and commonly occur in commercial channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, production ponds. We investigated effects of mosquitofish presence on zooplankton populations, water quality, disease occurrence, and fish production in experimental ponds. There were no differences between ponds with or without mosquitofish in numbers of calanoid copepods, cyclopoid copepods, total copepods, Bosmina sp., Ceriodaphnia sp., Moina sp., Daphnia sp., or total cladocerans. There were also no differences in copepod and cladoceran sizes. Copepod nauplii were more numerous during the summer months in ponds with mosquitofish. There were no differences in water quality variables (soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH) or phytoplankton density between ponds stocked with and without mosquitofish. Catfish production and disease occurrence were also similar between ponds with and without mosquitofish. Although mosquitofish may cause problems when stocked outside their native range, there does not appear to be any adverse effects of mosquitofish presence in catfish production ponds.     

Annual Meeting of the Pacific Fisheries Technologists,Red Lion Inn,San Diego,CA, February 18-21, 1996

No abstract available for this article.