养殖欧洲鳗鲡Anguilla anguilla（Linnaeus）“狂游病”的病原观察

在欧洲鳗鲡养殖过程中，常发生“狂游病”的大量死亡。本病特点突发性强，传染速度快，引起死亡率高（７０－１００％），本文报道对典型病鳗的超微结构的病原观察结果。     

国内欧洲鳗鲡养殖中存在的主要问题

目前，国内采用饲养日本鳗鲡的传统方法来饲养欧洲鳗鲡，内中存在两个问题：一是鳗病，其中狂游病发病急，死亡率极高，而红头病虽然发病稍缓，但极难治疗，死亡也较严重；二是各阶段的生长速度明显低于日本鳗鲡。本文对这两大问题进行探讨。     

鳗鲡冠状病毒样病毒的细胞分离与培养

实验选用４种鱼类传代细胞，对首次发现的鳗鲡“狂游病”的病原－鳗鲡冠状病毒样病毒进行了细胞分离与培养。本研究在鲤上皮乳头状瘤细胞中复制了鳗鲡冠状病毒样病毒粒子，并经病毒细胞培养物的电镜负染和超薄切片法检查得到了证实。     

鱼苗“跑马病”的防治

鱼苗“跑马病”的防治在５—８月，鱼苗至夏花培育阶段，常常发现鱼苗绕池边狂游，状如跑马，故称“跑马病”。由于鱼群长时间绕池边狂游不止，造成体力过分消耗；使鱼体消瘦，体力枯竭，最后大量死亡。那么引起鱼苗发病的原因是什么呢，应该从三个方面诊断防治：一、因食...     

水产资源与捕捞技术

030740日本水域的欧洲鳗鲡:降海洞游和环境因素=Exotie silver eels An群izta an-guilla in Japanese waters:sea、vard migrationand environmental factors[刊,英]/O ka-muraA,YamadaY,MikawaN.二//栖uac.Living Resources一2002,15(6)一335一341 为摸清引进日本水域的欧洲鳗鲡的生态学,分析了1997的4月至2002年3月间在日本沿海水域捕获的106尾鳗鲡样本的徊游行为。其徊游行为明显与环境因素尤其是光周期、水温、月相位及气压通道有相互关系,且与欧洲水域的种类的行为相似。这些结果表明,移植的欧洲鳗鲡在相似的温和生境中降海徊游,…     

我国欧鳗养殖病害防治技术研究现状

我国具备欧洲鳗鲡养殖的特殊优势，从 1993年投放欧洲鳗鲡白仔苗 20吨发展到 1999年 120吨，使欧洲鳗鲡成为我国养鳗业的主导品种。欧洲鳗鲡养殖的稳步发展，与我国在欧洲鳗鲡养殖技术研究、饲料营养研究以及病害防治技术研究的发展密不可分，尤其是病害防治技术研究的发展，解决了养殖生产中的一些障碍，保障了养殖生产的顺利发展。 　　1.流行病学的调查 自 1991年引进欧洲鳗鲡养殖以来，对欧洲鳗鲡在我国养殖病害的研究报道不断涌现，但系统的研究报道甚少。 1995年中国水产科学研究院下达了“欧洲鳗鲡养殖技术及病害防治研究”项目， 19…     

养殖欧洲鳗鲡狂游病病理变化的电镜观察

养殖欧洲鳗鲡狂游病病理变化的电镜观察ＥＬＥＣＴＲＯＮＭＩＣＲＯＳＣＯＰＩＣＯＢＳＥＲＶＡＴＩＯＮＯＮＰＡＴＨＯＬＯＧＩＣＣＨＡＮＧＥＳＯＦＩＲＲＩＴＡＢＬＥＳＷＩＭＤＩＳＥＡＳＥＡＳＳＯＣＩＡＴＥＤＷＩＴＨＣＵＬＴＵＲＥＤＥＵＲＯＰＥＮＥＥＬ樊海平徐...     

2000年养殖鳗鲡病害发生及处理概况（上）

在 2000年度鳗鲡养殖过程中，病害发生频繁，尤其是一些危害重大疾病的大面积流行，给养殖生产者带来了严重的经济损失，另外，一些新疾病的出现及病原体耐药性的产生，更给疾病的处理带来了困难，本文就上述问题作总结探讨。　　一、鳗鲡狂游性死亡症　　本症为欧洲鳗鲡养殖过程中危害最为严重的疾病，在养殖鳗鲡仅发现于欧洲鳗鲡及美洲鳗鲡，日本鳗鲡不发生。在生产实践中发现，本症传染性极强，因而认为具病原体，而且病原体对寄主有较高的选择性。有关本症的病原体，大多研究认为与病毒有关，迄今发现的病毒有类冠状样病毒、弹状病毒…     

养殖鳗鲡鳃的寄生虫——细体似指环虫寄生数的季节变化

1969年以后，由於日本鳗鲡(Anguilla iaponica)的种苗不足，输入了欧洲鳗鲡的种苗之后，马上就得到了养殖业的使用，因在各地养殖场发生了似指环虫(Pseudodactylogyrus)的鱼病，尤其是欧洲鳗鲡亦免不了遭到生命的危害。似指环虫原来就已经寄生在我国的鳗鲡(日本鳗鲡)的体上，     

鳗鱼“狂游病”的发病情况及防治（续）

鳗鱼疾病和任何生物的疾病一样，都要认真地贯彻“以防为主、防重于治、防治结合”的方针，不然一旦发病，治疗就比较困难了，狂游病尤其是这样。     

福建省主要海水养殖鱼类疾病及其防治

本文通过对福建省沿海海水养殖鱼类发生的疾病种类、主要发病鱼类、疾病主要症状、流行情况及防治方法进行调查，总结出福建省海水养殖鱼类近三年共发生24种疾病，其中病毒性疾病2种，细菌性疾病4种，寄生虫性疾病11种，不明原因疾病7种。这些疾病中危害较大的主要是病毒病、弧菌病和本尼登虫病。     

Detection and antigenic characterization of salmonid alphavirus isolates from sera obtained from farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

A simple method of detecting the presence of the salmonid alphaviruses (SAVs), salmon pancreas disease virus (SPDV) and sleeping disease virus (SDV), from serum samples is described. Using a 96-well tissue-culture plate format, test sera are diluted in medium and added to chinook salmon embryo (CHSE-214) cells. After incubation for 3 days at 15 degrees C, plates are fixed and stained using a monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based immunoperoxidase (IPX) detection system, and virus-infected cells are observed microscopically by white light. Application of this screening test, which is now used routinely in our laboratory in conjunction with an IPX-based virus neutralization (IPX-VN) test for detecting antibodies to SAVs, has resulted in the recovery of 12 additional isolates from salmon sera and four additional isolates from trout sera. A low level of antigenic variation was detected when these SAV isolates were investigated by indirect immunofluorescence using a panel of mAbs raised to reference SPDV and SDV isolates.     

Salmon gill poxvirus,a recently characterized infectious agent of multifactorial gill disease in freshwater‐ and seawater‐reared Atlantic salmon

Gill diseases cause considerable losses in Norwegian salmon farming. In 2015, we characterized salmon gill poxvirus (SGPV) and associated gill disease. Using newly developed diagnostic tools, we show here that SGPV infection is more widely distributed than previously assumed. We present seven cases of complex gill disease in Atlantic salmon farmed in seawater and freshwater from different parts of Norway. Apoptosis, the hallmark of acute SGPV infection, was not easily observed in these cases, and qPCR analysis was critical for identification of the presence of SGPV. Several other agents including Costia‐like parasites, gill amoebas, Saprolegnia spp. and bacteria were observed. The studied populations experienced significant mortalities, which increased to extreme levels when severe SGPV infections coincided with smoltification. SGPV infection appears to affect the smoltification process directly by affecting the gills and chloride cells in particular. SGPV may be considered a primary pathogen as it was often found prior to identification of complex gill disease. It is hypothesized that SGPV‐induced gill damage may impair innate immunity and allow invasion of secondary invaders. The distinct possibility that SGPV has been widely overlooked as a primary pathogen calls for extended use of SGPV qPCR in Atlantic salmon gill health management.     

条斑紫菜缩曲症的研究↑（*）

本文通过对海区调查,运用切片染色技术等实验方法和电镜观察,研究了条斑紫菜的缩曲症,并对患缩曲症的条斑紫菜进行了初步的品质分析,结果表明,缩曲症虽然在外形上与癌肿病十分相似,但是其病变部位没有出现巨大细胞或多核现象等癌肿病的特有病症。研究还表明,由于缩曲症普遍存在于栽培紫菜的中、后期,且造成紫菜品质低劣,因而对紫菜质量的影响较大。     

Investigation of co‐infections with pathogens associated with gill disease in Atlantic salmon during an amoebic gill disease outbreak

Gill diseases are a complex and multifactorial challenge for marine farmed Atlantic salmon. Co‐infections with putative pathogens are common on farms; however, there is a lack of knowledge in relation to the potential effect co‐infections may have on pathology. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and potential effects of Neoparamoeba perurans, Desmozoon lepeophtherii, Candidatus Branchiomonas cysticola, Tenacibaculum maritimum and salmon gill poxvirus (SGPV) during a longitudinal study on a marine Atlantic salmon farm. Real‐time PCR was used to determine the presence and sequential infection patterns of these pathogens on gill samples collected from stocking until harvest. A number of multilevel models were used to determine the effect of these putative pathogens on gill health (measured as gill histopathology score), while adjusting for the effect of water temperature and time since the last freshwater treatment. Results indicate that between 12 and 16 weeks post‐seawater transfer (wpst), colonization of the gills by all pathogens had commenced and by week 16 of marine production each of the pathogens had been detected. D. lepeophtherii and Candidatus B. cysticola were by far the most prevalent of the potential pathogens detected during this study. Detections of T. maritimum were found to be significantly correlated with temperature showing distinct seasonality. Salmon gill poxvirus was found to be highly sporadic and detected in the first sampling point, suggesting a carryover from the freshwater stage of production. Finally, the model results indicated no clear effect between any of the pathogens. Additionally, the models showed that the only variable which had a consistent effect on the histology score was N. perurans.     

Alphavirus infections in salmonids--a review

The first alphavirus to be isolated from fish was recorded in 1995 with the isolation of salmon pancreas disease virus from Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in Ireland. Subsequently, the closely related sleeping disease virus was isolated from rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), in France. More recently Norwegian salmonid alphavirus (SAV) has been isolated from marine phase production of Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout in Norway. These three viruses are closely related and are now considered to represent three subtypes of SAV, a new member of the genus Alphavirus within the family Togaviridae. SAVs are recognized as serious pathogens of farmed Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout in Europe. This paper aims to draw together both historical and current knowledge of the diseases caused by SAVs, the viruses, their diagnosis and control, and to discuss the differential diagnosis of similar pathologies seen in cardiomyopathy syndrome and heart and skeletal muscle inflammation of Atlantic salmon.     

中华绒螯蟹“腹水病”及“抖抖病”并发病病原的研究

于1998～1999年对中华绒螯蟹主要细菌性疾病“腹水病”、“抖抖病”并发病病原进行研究。结果表明经细菌学鉴定6株病原菌，其中5株为嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)，1株为拟态弧菌(Vibrio mimicus),用细菌人工感染蟹，其LD     

中华鳖疖疮_红脖子_赤斑病并发症的病原研究

从患疖疮、红脖子、赤斑病并发症的病鳖肝脏分离到多株细菌,其中一株经人工感染证实为病原菌,又经３０ 多项形态、生理、生化特性测试,鉴定为嗜水气单胞菌,其主要特性为短杆状（０ ．３６ ～０ ．７１μｍ ×１ ．０ ～１ ．４μｍ） ,革兰氏阴性,极端单鞭毛,无荚膜,不产生芽孢,具运动性,ＯＮＰＧ反应、精氨酸双水解酶、吲哚、Ｖ－ Ｐ 反应、明胶酶、氧化酶、七叶灵均阳性,发酵葡萄糖、甘露醇、蔗糖和Ｄ－ 阿拉伯糖产酸,赖氨酸脱羧酶、鸟氨酸脱羧酶、柠檬酸盐利用、Ｈ２Ｓ、脲酶、吲哚丙酮酸（ＩＰＡ） 均阴性。对银鲫的ＬＤ５０ 为９ ．１７ ×１０５ ＣＦＵ 尾,对小白鼠的ＬＤ５０ 为１ ．５９ ×１０７ ＣＦＵ 只。生长最适温度、盐度和ｐＨ 值范围分别为２５ ℃～３５ ℃、５ ～１５ 、６ ．５ ～７ ．５ 。对环丙沙星、氟嗪酸、丁胺卡那霉素、氯霉素、强力霉素、四环素、卡那霉素、氨曲南、乙基西羧霉素、头孢呋新、氧哌嗪青霉素、头孢噻肟、头孢三嗪、头孢噻甲羧肟等药物高度敏感     

Kaolinitic clay protects against Flavobacterium columnare infection in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque)

Columnaris disease, caused by the bacterial pathogen Flavobacterium columnare, continues to be a major problem worldwide in both wild and cultured freshwater finfish. Despite the far-reaching negative impacts of columnaris disease, safe and efficacious preventatives and curatives for this disease remain limited. In this study, we evaluated the potential of kaolin (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄), a type of clay, for the prevention of columnaris disease. Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), fingerlings were experimentally challenged with Flavobacterium columnare in untreated water or with water containing kaolin (1 g L⁻¹). Over the 7-day course of study, kaolin treatment led to significantly (P < 0.001) improved survival (96%) as compared to untreated fish (78% survival). Histological examination of the gills revealed that kaolin-treated fish had substantially less gill damage than untreated controls. Quantitative PCR analysis of gill tissue revealed that kaolin significantly reduced F. columnare adhesion (measured at 1 h post-challenge) and colonization (24 h post-challenge). Incubation of kaolin with F. columnare in vitro demonstrated that kaolin reduced the number of F. columnare cells in culture supernatants, presumably through the formation of physical complexes through adsorption. In summary, kaolin can improve survival, reduce gill pathologies and reduce bacterial attachment to key tissues associated with columnaris disease in channel catfish by binding to F. columnare.