三疣梭子蟹抱卵体重与抱卵量、排幼量及Ⅰ期溞状幼体大小的关系

为分析三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)抱卵体重与抱卵量、排幼量及Ⅰ期溞状幼体大小的关系,以进一步了解其繁殖生物学特征,试验通过抱卵亲蟹单独培育、大小分组的方法,测定亲蟹抱卵体重、卵块重、排幼前后体重、排幼数量、Ⅰ期溞状幼体(Z1)的背棘长、额棘长、头胸甲宽、腹部长和尾节长等指标.结果表明,亲蟹抱卵体重与抱卵量间存在极显著正相关(P<0.01);亲蟹排幼前后体重与排幼量、幼体体重和每克幼体数量存在极显著或显著相关,与排幼数量相关性不显著(r=0.244,P>0.05);幼体体重和每克幼体数量与排幼数量无显著相关关系;Z1幼体的背棘长(F=96.222,P<0.01)、头胸甲宽(F=85.036,P<0.01)、腹部长(F=35.095,P<0.01)和尾节长(F=56.285,P<0.01)均表现为大规格组极显著高于小规格组.背棘长/额棘长和尾节长/腹部长处理间无显著差异;表明亲蟹越大,产卵量越多、Z1幼体的总重量越高、单个幼体的体重越大,每克幼体的数量却越少.亲蟹排幼数量的多少与幼体体重的大小无关(r=0.323,P>0.05).亲蟹排幼前,体重在一定程度上影响Z1幼体的大小,但对其形态影响显著.     

不同近交程度对三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)繁殖性能的影响

以本实验室建立的三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)全同胞家系为研究对象,通过连续观测6代三疣梭子蟹近交家系的抱卵量、排幼量、孵化率、单位体重抱卵量、单位体重排幼量及幼体发育各阶段的变态率6个指标来评价近交对三疣梭子蟹繁殖性能的影响.方差分析显示,在实验亲蟹的规格大小对测量数据无影响的条件下,近交系数每增加10％,各近交代与非近交代F1m在单位体重抱卵量与单位体重排幼量的差异不显著(P＞0.05),这2个指标的近交衰退系数分别为-2.789％～-6.620％和-1.188％～-5.938％;孵化率的差异也不显著(P＞0.05),衰退系数为-1.859％～-7.222％,表明没有明显的近交衰退;由溞状幼体(Z)阶段、大眼幼体(M)阶段到Ⅱ期幼蟹阶段的变态率变化趋势可知,随着近交代数的增加,各阶段的变态率呈下降趋势.     

不同近交程度对三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)繁殖性能的影响

以本实验室建立的三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)全同胞家系为研究对象,通过连续观测6代三疣梭子蟹近交家系的抱卵量、排幼量、孵化率、单位体重抱卵量、单位体重排幼量及幼体发育各阶段的变态率6个指标来评价近交对三疣梭子蟹繁殖性能的影响。方差分析显示,在实验亲蟹的规格大小对测量数据无影响的条件下,近交系数每增加10%,各近交代与非近交代F_(1m)在单位体重抱卵量与单位体重排幼量的差异不显著(P0.05),这2个指标的近交衰退系数分别为-2.789%~-6.620%和-1.188%~-5.938%;孵化率的差异也不显著(P0.05),衰退系数为-1.859%~-7.222%,表明没有明显的近交衰退;由潘状幼体(Z)阶段、大眼幼体(M)阶段到Ⅱ期幼蟹阶段的变态率变化趋势可知,随着近交代数的增加,各阶段的变态率呈下降趋势。     

杂交青虾“太湖1号”抱卵量与体长、体重的关系

测量了杂交青虾"太湖1号"抱卵虾的体长、体重,同时对其抱卵量进行计数,分析得出,杂交青虾"太湖1号"的抱卵量(F)与体长(L)、体重(W)的关系分别为:F=166.11 e0.0498L(相关系数r=0.9277)、F=896.15 W0.8184(相关系数r=0.9284)。     

4组生物饵料对中华绒螯蟹Z↓（4）到大眼幼体生长发育和脂肪酸组成的影响

采用卤幼(Artemia sp.)、强化卤幼、背刺胸刺水蚤(Centropages dorsispinatus)、背刺胸刺水蚤 日本新糠虾(Neomysis japonica)4组生物饵料投喂4组中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)Z4幼体,以大眼幼体的成活率、Z4→大眼幼体变态时间、头胸甲长度和大眼幼体中脂肪酸组成作为评价指标,探讨了4种生物饵料对大眼幼体生长发育及其脂类含量和脂肪酸组成的影响.结果表明:(1)背刺胸刺水蚤(C组)、背刺胸刺水蚤 日本新糠虾(D组)投喂组的中华绒螯蟹幼体可以获得较高的成活率(70%左右),幼体发育时间缩短1～2 d,大眼幼体头胸甲长度显著大于卤幼组(A组)和强化卤幼组(B组)(P＜0.01),各组大眼幼体头胸甲长度由大到小依次为C组、D组、B组、A组;(2)强化卤幼可以提高其总脂、磷脂及DHA含量,背刺胸刺水蚤和日本新糠虾具有较高的AA、DHA和HUFA含量;(3)各组大眼幼体中脂肪酸组成差异显著(P＜0.05),DHA和HUFA含量随着饵料中含量的上升而上升(n=9,P＜0.01),饵料中的DHA含量和大眼幼体的头胸甲长度呈显著正相关(n=9,P＜0.05).由此可见,背刺胸刺水蚤和日本新糠虾可以作为中华绒螯蟹Z4到大眼幼体阶段的优质活饵料,可以提高其成活率和头胸甲长度.     

杂交青虾“太湖1号”和日本沼虾抱卵量的比较

分别对杂交青虾＂太湖1号＂和日本沼虾各40尾进行测量,对其抱卵量进行计数,并利用Microsoft Excel软件进行数据统计、t-检验及回归分析,比较了它们的绝对繁殖力与相对繁殖力。结果表明：杂交青虾＂太湖1号＂的绝对繁殖力与相对繁殖力极其显著高于日本沼虾（P〈0.01）,两种虾的抱卵量与体长、体重呈正相关,单位体长抱卵量与体长、体重也呈正相关,单位体重抱卵量与体长、体重无明显相关性。     

河蟹多茬性抱卵饲育种苗生产技术研究

将１９９３年深秋收购的２７８公斤（３６１４只）未抱卵蟹进行了交尾，雌、雄配比３∶１，在一个１０亩土泥地内进行了露天越冬。１９９４年初春起捕，共收回亲蟹３３３９只，其中雄８８２只，雌蟹２４５７只，越冬成活率为９２％。在３—５月间，经河蟹的反复三茬性抱卵，均获得了成功。分别取得１茬抱卵亲蟹２２５５只，２茬抱卵亲蟹１４８２只，３茬抱卵亲蟹８０４只。三茬共收集孵化后状幼体３５６９３万只，饲育出大眼幼体蟹苗１６５公斤，总成活率为９．２％，取得经营收入达９４．５万元。     

不同饵料对二次抱卵期间中华绒螯蟹生殖性能和HUFA组成的影响

中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)经一次受精便可多次产卵.与其他的虾类一样,在卵巢发育过程中,中华绒螯蟹的肝胰脏需从外界汲取许多能量和营养物质,通过血淋巴转移到卵巢以供胚胎发育和幼体孵化.亲蟹的营养需求可以通过第一次和第二次卵巢发育过程加以研究.第一次抱卵之后亲蟹消耗了大量的营养和能量物质,需要在二次抱卵前的短时间内得到及时补充.通常来说,二次抱卵蟹的产卵力低下,幼体质量差.因此研究饵料对二次抱卵期间中华绒螯蟹生殖性能和幼体质量的影响是很有意义的.本实验分4组,分别以3种天然饵料缢蛏(TC)、沙蚕(TS)、杂鱼(TT)和一种人工饵料(TA)投喂中华绒螯蟹亲蟹,投喂周期为2个月(从初始一次抱卵至二次抱卵结束).天然饵料和人工饵料的日投喂量分别为亲蟹体重的10%和1%～3%,每日下午4点投喂.用PVC板将8m2的玻璃纤维槽隔成4个单元作为试验槽.每个单元底面积为2m2,水深40 Cm.同一槽中的3个单元用做一个试验组的3个重复,每个重复为10只蟹.海水盐度为20 g·L,pH 8.20～8.30,溶解氧为8.40～8.90 mg·L-1,依据水中氨氮和亚硝酸氮的浓度(分别小于1 mg·L-1和0.2 mg·L-1),每2至3天换一次水,水温为15～17℃.实验结束后,对二次抱卵亲蟹的生殖性能(相对饱卵量、卵径和亲蟹成活率)、孵化出的幼体质量(蚤Ⅰ幼体在饥饿状态下的成活率)以及卵、卵巢和肝胰脏的脂肪酸组成进行了测定.结果表明,卵、卵巢和肝胰脏的高级不饱和脂肪酸(HUFA)组成与试验饵料的组成具有很好的相关性,其中卵的DHA与EPA水平、肝胰脏DHA水平与饵料中相应的HUFA水平成正相关(R2＞0.90),说明外界营养物质的吸收和转移对卵巢的二次发育相当重要.统计学分析表明,投喂杂鱼的亲蟹(TT)孵出的蚤Ⅰ幼体对饥饿的耐受力以及投喂缢蛏的亲蟹(TC)的卵径显著高于其他组,各组之间其他指标(相对抱卵量和成活率等)均无显著差异.二次抱卵的中华绒螯蟹的卵、卵巢和肝胰脏中HUFA的水平与试验饵料中HUFA水平具有很好的相关性,说明无论在第一次卵巢发育过程中积聚了多少营养物质,第一次抱卵后消耗殆尽的亲蟹需要从外界食物中汲取大量的能量和营养物质,通过肝胰脏转运到卵巢供二次发育之用.本研究结论与其他作者对其他甲壳类的研究结果是一致的.此外组织器官的HUFA水平不只局限于饵料HUFA水平,还受器官本身对这些脂肪酸特定需求的影响.肝胰脏作为甲壳类动物的脂肪存储器,在饵料中的脂类物质被吸收和利用之前首先将其存储起来.甲壳类动物具有合成更长链的脂肪酸能力,虽然这种能力很有限,但仍能重新合成一定数量的脂肪酸.由于卵巢和卵中的n-3 HUFA,尤其是EPA和DHA含量高于肝胰脏,因此有理由相信它们在中华绒螯蟹繁殖过程中起着非常重要的作用.用人工饵料投喂对中国对虾的研究表明,n-3 HUFA的水平与亲本的生殖性能有很大关系,其中EPA与产卵量有很大的关系,而DHA在胚胎发育早期和幼体孵化起着很大的作用.本实验结果可以推论,EPA和DHA对中华绒螯蟹的卵巢的发育和生殖性能具有相当重要的作用,其中EPA的作用更加明显.遗憾的是本实验没有得出非常明显的相关性结论.应该指出的是本实验所用的不同饵料,不但HUFA含量不同,而且在蛋白质、总脂和微量营养素(维他命、矿物质、胆固醇、磷脂、钙盐等)的组成上差异很大,因此不宜下确定的结论.     

梭子蟹抱卵亲蟹人工暂养管理

<正>梭子蟹亲蟹的暂养是指在每年5月上旬至6月上旬,从自然海区捕获的抱卵蟹到孵化前的饲养。亲蟹的饲养管理也是梭子蟹卵孵化的重要管理环节,这一阶段的管理好坏,直接关系到亲蟹成活率的高低,卵发育的程度,以及获得健壮幼体的多少,是十分重要的管理阶段。现根据笔者近几年的实践谈谈自己的几点看法。1暂养池的处理可采用对虾育苗池,在放养前,暂养池用20×10-6的高锰酸钾进行严格的消毒,池底铺设20 cm     

梭子蟹人工育苗抱卵亲蟹的暂养管理

亲蟹的暂养,是指在5月中下旬至6月初,从自然海区所捕获的抱卵蟹,到孵化前的饲养。亲蟹的饲养管理,也是梭子蟹卵孵化的重要管理环节。这一阶段,管理的好坏,直接关系到亲蟹成活率的高低、卵子发育的程度、以及获得健壮幼体的多少。是十分重要的管理阶段。 亲蟹的暂养,可采用对虾育苗池,面积大小可不受限制。在放养前,应采取一系列的消毒措施。池底铺设5—10厘米左右的粗沙。用水处理分别采取:沉淀、沙滤、     

Potential fecundity of an introduced population, Keban Dam Lake, Elazı , Turkey, of freshwater crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus leptodactylus (Esch., 1852)

Potential fecundity of an introduced population, Keban Dam Lake, Elazı , Turkey, of freshwater crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus leptodactylus (Esch., 1852), was investigated in the present study. The results showed that there was not a linear relationship between female size and pleopodal egg number. The results also showed that although there is an increase in the mean pleopodal egg number with an increase in size (carapace length, CL), it is not the most important factor affecting potential fecundity in A. leptodactylus (slope=1.9294). Mean pleopodal egg number was 305.93 (S.E.=8.82) for the size range of 47–76 mm CL (N=96). The maximum pleopodal egg number was 588 for the crayfish in a 72-mm CL. The present study showed that Keban Dam Lake population of A. leptodactylus has more potential fecundity than the other populations in Turkey. The egg-bearing capacity of female A. leptodactylus caught from Keban Dam Lake could improve efficiency in controlled hatchery production of juveniles.     

The effect of dietary n‐3 series fatty acids on the number of pleopadal egg and stage 1 juvenile in freshwater crayfish,Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz

The effect of dietary n‐3 series fatty acids on the number of pleopadal egg and stage 1 juvenile in freshwater crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus was investigated. Crayfish were fed with n‐3 series fatty acids supplemented diets and a control diet for 251 days. Control diet did not comprise additional n‐3 series fatty acids. However, D2, D3 and D4 groups were supplemented with n‐3 series fatty acids at 1%, 2% and 3% level respectively. Results showed the beneficial effects of dietary n‐3 series fatty acids on the production of pleopodal egg and stage 1 juvenile number. At the end of the experiment, pleopodal egg (from 177 to 234) and stage 1 juvenile number (from 167 to 225) increased significantly with increased dietary n‐3 series fatty acid level. In addition, an increase in dietary n‐3 series fatty acids led to an increase in number of pleopodal egg and stage 1 juvenile produced per gram of female crayfish weight. It can be concluded that the reproductive efficiency of A. leptodactylus (i.e., pleopodal egg and stage 1 juvenile number) can be improved in controlled hatchery conditions by adding n‐3 series fatty acid into the diet of this species.     

切除单侧眼柄对不同体质量养殖斑节对虾卵巢发育及产卵的影响

在盐度31、水温28~29℃下,进行了4次卵巢诱导试验,研究了切除单侧眼柄对体质量56.4~105.4g的养殖斑节对虾卵巢发育和产卵的影响及卵巢发育、产卵与体质量之间的关系。结果显示,切除单侧眼柄诱导养殖斑节对虾卵巢发育成熟,成功率(y)与雌虾体质量(x)显著相关(P0.05),雌虾体质量越小,诱导成功率越低,回归方程为:y=133.92lnx-535.63(r2=0.9297)。养殖斑节对虾眼柄手术后,最快10d产卵,部分雌虾能重复产卵。产卵量(y)与雌虾体质量(x)显著正相关(P0.05),雌虾体质量越小,产卵量越小,回归方程为:y=122.22lnx-472.2(r2=0.9738)。雌虾累积死亡率、卵子直径和卵子孵化率与雌虾体质量无显著相关性(P0.05)。建议用体质量80g以上的养殖斑节对虾雌虾作为亲虾。     

The effect of darkness on mating and pleopodal egg production time in a freshwater crayfish, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Astacus leptodactylus</Emphasis> Eschscholtz

In the present study, the effect of darkness on the timing of mating and pleopodal egg production in Astacus leptodactylus was investigated. Crayfish were exposed to three different light regimes: natural day light regime (control, mean 10.04-h light/13.96-h dark); 24-h dark (24 h D); 8-h light/16-h dark (8 L:16 D). Experiments were carried out between November 2006 and January 2007 with 36 males and 144 females. The results showed that darkness did not have an effect on the onset of mating and pleopodal egg production in the groups, but it did affect significantly the timing of individual matings; the higher percentage of ovigerous females in the darkness group at the first observation means that on average females under this condition mated and spawned earlier than in the other groups (P < 0.01). The percentage of ovigerous females exposed to constant darkness in the first observation in which crayfish started to mate and spawn was 62.50. These figures for those exposed to 16 D:8 L and control were 43.75 and 37.50%, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the reproduction efficiency (i.e., rate of ovigerous females) of A. leptodactylus can be enhanced under controlled conditions by exposing broodstock to constant darkness in their mating and spawning season.     

A genetics analysis of the performance of three rainbow trout broodstocks

The reproductive performance of three domesticated rainbow trout broodstocks spawning at 2 years of age was analysed using data collected over a period of 5 years. Data were collected for post-spawning body weight, volume of eggs spawned, egg size, egg number and fertility to the eyed egg stage. There were significant differences among the stocks attributable to both genetic and environmental causes. In addition, there were marked differences between year-classes, isolated from each other due to 2-year spawning. The differences appeared to be genetic in origin and demonstrated the effect of sampling the original parents.Heritabilities estimated from full-sib comparisons indicated male weight was more influenced by environmental stress at spawning than was female weight. Heritability estimates for egg volume, egg size and egg number ranged from 0.05 to 0.76 for individual stocks, but when averaged for the three stocks the range was from 0.32 to 0.52. Egg size was found to have the lowest heritability of the three traits. The heritability of fertility was found to be low and was the lowest for the stock with the poorest fertility.Genetic and phenotype correlations among the traits were also estimated. The relationship between body weight and egg volume and size were both positive as was that between egg volume and egg size. It was determined that egg volume was the principal determinant of egg number and that the relationship of number to size could be negative. The latter evidence was obtained by artificially adjusting the egg production traits to a constant female body size. The result suggested that females that produce larger numbers of eggs are likely to produce smaller eggs unless the change is associated with a marked increase in body weight. It is recommended that selection for egg size be included in all selection programs and that egg number be ignored in any selection program designed to increase body size.     

不同性别马粪海胆壳形态性状对体质量的影响效果分析

选取大连塔河湾海域马粪海胆260枚,鉴定性别后测量了壳高(L2)、壳径(L1)和体质量(m)等经济性状,采用相关分析和通径分析方法,定量地分析了不同性别马粪海胆壳形态性状与体质量的相关关系。结果表明,塔河湾海域马粪海胆雌雄比例为1∶1,在壳性状、体质量等经济性状和高径比等生物学性状上雌雄差异不显著(P0.05)。雌雄海胆经济性状间的相关系数均较高,其中壳径与体质量的相关系数均为最大(雌雄分别为0.960和0.956)。通径分析表明,雌雄马粪海胆壳径对体质量的直接影响(雌雄分别为0.723和0.645)均大于壳高(雌雄分别为0.280和0.362),雌雄马粪海胆壳形态性状对体质量有较为一致的影响效果。雄性马粪海胆体质量预测模型为m=1.78L1+1.32L2-75.78(r2=0.948),雌性马粪海胆体质量预测模型为m=2.17L1+1.13L2-89.05(r2=0.944),不分性别马粪海胆体质量预测模型为m=1.96L1+1.22L2-81.72(r2=0.944)。     

The effect of dietary vitamin E on the pleopodal egg number of Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823)

The effect of vitamin E on the pleopodal egg number of Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823) was studied. Crayfish were fed 2% of their total wet weight daily with vitamin E supplemented diets and a control for 70 days. The vitamin E content of the control diet, diet 1, diet 2 and diet 3 were 20 mg kg^–1, 40 mg kg^–1, 80 mg kg^–1 and 160 mg kg^–1 respectively on a dry weight basis. Vitamin E levels of the control and experimental diets were analysed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Results showed that diets containing supplemental vitamin E were associated with an increase in the number of pleopodal eggs. The best result was obtained with diet 2 containing 80 mg kg^–1 supplemental vitamin E.     

铜仁锦江日本沼虾形态性状对体重的回归分析

随机抽取贵州铜仁锦江河段的日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)46尾(雌雄各50%),对其体长、头胸甲长、胸高、胸宽、尾长、额剑上刺数、额剑下刺数和体重等16个性状进行测量。采用逐步回归法分析体重与形态性状的关系。结果表明,日本沼虾群体的3个性状、雌性群体的1个性状、雄性群体的2性状与体重的相关系数达到了极显著水平(P0.01)或显著水平(P0.05),是影响体重的主要指标;影响雄性群体体重的主要形态性状为头胸甲长和头胸甲高,影响雌性群体体重的主要形态性状为体长,建立的最优多元回归方程也显著不同,Y=-3.368+0.114X2-0.009X4+0.172X11,Y♀=-1.921+0.086X2,Y♂=-3.178+0.120X3+0.243X5(Y为体重,X2为体长,X3为头胸甲长,X4为头胸甲宽,X5为头胸甲高,X11尾肢宽外);逐步回归法分析为日本沼虾的选种和育种提供理想的测度指标与参考模型。     

光合选育系中华绒螯蟹形态性状对体质量的影响分析

随机选取光合选育系成体中华绒螯蟹500只,雌[(95.27±14.60) g]、雄[(145.03±23.46) g]各250只,逐一测量头胸甲长( x 1 )、背甲后半长( x 2 )、体高( x ₃ )、额宽( x_( 4) )、第1侧齿宽( x ₅ )、第3步足长节长( x ₆ )、第3步足前节长( x_( 7) )和第4步足指节长( x ₈ )共8个形态学指标及其体质量( y )。采用相关分析和通径分析,计算形态性状对体质量的相关系数、通径系数和决定系数,进而剖分各性状的影响程度。试验结果表明,光合选育系中华绒螯蟹各参数变异系数体质量均最大,雄蟹为16.17%,雌蟹为15.32%,各形态性状中体质量具有较大的选择潜力。各形态性状间头胸甲长与背甲后半长相关系数最大,雄蟹为0.830,雌蟹为0.893。各形态性状与体质量的相关性中,头胸甲长的相关系数最大,雄蟹为0.806,雌蟹为0.954。各形态性状对体质量都是间接影响大于直接影响,对体质量的间接影响依次为雄蟹头胸甲长>第3步足长节长>额宽>体高,雌蟹为头胸甲长>第3步足长节长>体高>额宽。各形态性状单独对体质量的决定程度头胸甲长最大,雄蟹为32.1%,雌蟹为53.8%,两两性状共同对体质量的决定程度第3步足长节长和头胸甲长的协同作用最大,雄蟹为20.2%,雌蟹为14.8%,头胸甲长和第3步足长节长对于体质量是重要的决定性指标。体质量与形态性状间的最优回归方程:雄蟹, y =-224.598+3.826 x_( 1 )+1.846 x ₆ +2.866 x ₄ +2.14 x ₃;雌蟹, y =-166.408+3.734 x _(1 )+0.754 x_( 6) +0.817 x _(3 )-1.014 x_( 4) 。     

Effects of Egg Size Differences on Juvenile Weight between and within Lots in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

Effects of egg size on weight and growth of juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were investigated within and between lots, using a genetic variant with "golden" phenotype as a marker. Analysis of between-lots variation corroborated earlier findings that egg weight influence on the juvenile body weight disappears after a few months of life. In contrast, within-lot effects of egg size were greater and persisted over a longer time. Egg size did not affect subsequent survival or specific growth of the juvenile trout. The genetic marker caused some detrimental pleiotropic effects on eyed egg yield and juvenile body weight, but not on juvenile survival or specific growth.