黄颡鱼消化系统胚后发育的组织学观察

在水温22-25℃下,利用组织学方法观察了1-15日龄黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)消化系统发育过程.结果发现,破膜后1天,消化道呈裂缝状腔隙,2日龄时食道贯通,卵黄囊很大,为内源营养阶段.3-5 日龄消化道基本贯通,胃腺出现,卵黄变小,被吸收,为肠内-外源营养期.5-6日龄后,卵黄囊被完全吸收,消化系统分化为食道、胃、肠、直肠、肝脏和胰脏等.食道粘膜为复层上皮,富含杯状细胞.颌齿本质加厚,咽齿开始硬化.胃的粘膜上皮为单层柱状土皮,粘膜上皮没有杯状细胞.肠粘膜上皮为单层柱状上皮,肠上皮具杯状上皮细胞.肝小叶分界和肝索明显,进入外源营养阶段.破膜后3天出现独立的胰脏.胰腺外分泌部由许多腺泡组成,破膜后5天出现胰岛,分散存在于外分泌部之间.     

湘华鲮仔、稚鱼消化系统发育组织学观察

采用连续石蜡切片、苏木精-伊红染色技术, 对湘华鲮[Sinilabeo decorus tungting (Nichols)]出膜后 2~80 d 的仔稚鱼消化系统发生进行研究。结果表明, 2 日龄的仔鱼口、咽腔、肠腔、肛门形成, 但口咽腔未贯通; 肝细胞紧紧围绕着前肠周围, 形成肝细胞索。4 日龄, 消化道上皮细胞开始功能性分化; 肝细胞团增多, 填充于卵黄囊与消化道间, 胞质着色较浅初现肝血窦; 消化道贯通, 仔鱼由内源性营养向混合性营养转变。6 日龄口裂加深, 呈“＞” 形, 吻部初具形状, 初现黏液细胞; 咽喉胼胝垫出现角质化, 鳃弓黏膜上皮增厚, 初现黏液细胞和味蕾; 食道肌层变厚, 环形肌为主; 肝细胞间形成大量空泡, 肝细胞变小; 肠表皮出现皱褶和纹状缘, 前肠到后肠皱褶逐渐变短, 杯状细胞增多。9 日龄咽后部的胼胝垫处肌层发达, 胼胝垫对侧的黏膜层开始凹陷形成皱褶; 食管环肌发达, 纵肌不明显; 肠道均分布有杯状细胞, 后肠段最多。10 日龄, 唇部细胞出现角质化趋势, 胼胝垫表面形成梳状突起。13 日龄, 卵黄囊完全消失, 混合性营养转变为外源性营养。37 日龄, 稚鱼肝胰脏、食管组织结构均似成鱼, 发育基本完成。43 日龄, 口咽腔、鳃与肠道组织发育基本完成。本研究将湘华鲮仔稚鱼消化系统的发育分为 3 个阶段, 即卵黄期、混合性营养及外源性营养阶段。研究发现, 湘华鲮消化器官组织结构的发育和变化, 始终是与食性的转变相适应的。湘华鲮其仔稚鱼消化系统组织学研究可为湘华鲮苗种培育中饵料管理提供理论依据, 对提高湘华鲮人工养殖的存活率和生长性能具有重要意义。     

大鳞鲃消化系统早期发育的组织学观察

采用石蜡切片和显微观察的方法对由初孵仔鱼至23日龄的大鳞鲃消化系统发育进行了研究。初孵大鳞鲃仔鱼卵黄囊呈圆球形,消化道位于卵黄囊上方并伸展至卵黄囊后部,由柱状上皮细胞所组成,大部分为细胞索。2日龄时,口裂形成,口咽腔向鱼体后部进一步延伸。4日龄时,大鳞鲃的消化道由口至肛门全部打通,消化道分化为口咽腔、食道、前肠和后肠四部分。5日龄时,整个食道形成黏膜层,杯状细胞迅速增多,开始形成纵向褶皱。7日龄时,肝脏和胰脏的基本结构形成,并在肝脏和胰脏之间出现由单层柱状细胞围成的胆囊。10日龄时,卵黄囊消失,大鳞鲃完全通过摄取外界食物获取营养。10日龄—14日龄,消化道长度增长,褶皱加深,吸收表面积增加。14日龄后,通过大量摄食外源食物,大鳞鲃的体长迅速增大。     

半滑舌鳎消化系统器官发生的组织学

利用形态学和连续组织切片技术，对出膜后1～30d的半滑舌鳎消化系统胚后发育的组织形态学进行了系统观察和研究。研究表明，试验水温为20．0～22．0℃时，孵化后第3天，仔鱼开口摄食，消化道上皮细胞出现分化，肝脏和胰脏开始出现，鱼体开始由内源性营养转向外源性营养。孵化后第5天，卵黄囊完全被吸收，消化道明显分化成口咽腔、食道、胃、前肠和后肠，仔鱼消化系统具备了摄食和消化外源性食物的能力。此后随着鱼体的生长，粘膜层的褶皱增加，消化道上皮细胞进一步分化，肠道分段、盘旋，消化系统从功能和结构上逐步地完善成熟。开口摄食之后，先后发现在后肠出现嗜曙红颗粒，在前肠出现空泡，表明肠上皮细胞吸收了蛋白质和脂肪。继而糖元在肝脏中不断地储存。在出膜后第23天，出现胃腺，标志着稚鱼期的开始。     

军曹鱼消化系统胚后发育的组织学研究

本文利用连续石蜡切片方法对军曹鱼消化系统胚后发育（1～29日龄）进行了光镜观察。结果表明食道前部内侧纵行肌纤维发达，后部球形粘液细胞更丰富；胃腺的分化较晚，在仔鱼后期(即出膜后8天)才见胃腺细胞团。胃幽门部无胃腺，但具发达的肌层。肠上皮的纹状缘出现较早，1日龄时就可见，而且发育较快，3日龄时很发达。 肠后段黏液细胞明显多于前段和中段。肝脏发育较早，但16日龄仔鱼才开始贮存脂质。胰腺为弥散型，2日龄出现。军曹鱼这些结构特点的变化是与其摄食、消化、吸收的功能相适应的，而且，军曹鱼的摄食方式以及食性也随着消化系统的发育而变化。     

暗纹东方鱼屯仔鱼期消化系统的组织学研究

对出膜后1～18 d的暗纹东方鲀仔鱼的消化系统进行了形态学和组织学观察.当水温为23℃时,6日龄仔鱼的上下颌已形成,开始摄食;12日龄仔鱼的卵黄囊已被吸收,此时仔鱼由混合性营养转向外源性营养.描述了消化系统发育过程的组织学结构特征,并采用图像分析比较了卵黄囊与消化器官发育的消长过程.     

暗纹东方鲀仔鱼期消化系统的组织学研究

对出膜后1～18d的暗纹东方鲀仔鱼的消化系统进行了形态学和组织学观察。当水温为23℃时，6日龄仔鱼的上下颌已形成，开始摄食；12日龄仔鱼的卵黄囊已被吸收，此时仔鱼由混合性营养转向外源性营养。描述了消化系统发育过程的组织学结构特征，并采用图像分析比较了卵黄囊与消化器官发育的消长过程。     

南方大口鲇消化管胚后发育组织学研究↑（*）

南方大口鲇在水温（１５．５±０．５）℃条件下孵化后７～１０日龄为混合营养期;３～６日龄,肠上皮细胞分化为吸收细胞、吸收分泌细胞及分泌细胞３种类型。消化管发育初期参与卵黄吸收。前期仔鱼及仔鱼阶段消化管壁结构不完善,机械消化能力弱     

怀头鲇、鲇及其杂交F↓（1）肝、胰脏胚后发育及卵黄吸收方式

利用形态学和组织连续切片技术,对怀头鲇（Silurus soldatovi）、鲇（Silurus asotus）及其杂交F1的肝、胰脏胚后发育和卵黄吸收方式进行对比观察.结果表明,3种鲇出膜后约2天在心脏后方有一肝细胞团,3天后肝细胞团逐步增大,4天后肝分叶.以后随着各种鲇生长速度不同肝、胰脏发育程度也不同.3种鲇的胰脏均为紧凑型,卵黄囊依照先卵黄球、后脂肪的顺序被吸收,3种鲇只有怀头鲇和杂交F1代卵黄吸收方式相同.出膜后4天,各鲇的卵黄均被全部吸收,腹腔上部大部分空间为肝脏占有,同时腹腔内出现结构简单的胃及肠.研究还发现肝脏的发育与卵黄囊密切有关.[中国水产科学,2006,13（3）：460-465]     

拉氏仔稚鱼发育、饥饿不可逆点及适时下塘研究

为探明拉氏■仔稚鱼发育生物学特性及适宜下塘时间,对拉氏■进行了胚后仔稚鱼发育显微观察、仔鱼饥饿试验和仔鱼下塘试验。胚后仔稚鱼发育观察结果显示,水温16～18℃,拉氏■初孵仔鱼全长(4.69±0.37)mm,卵黄囊全长(3.12±0.10)mm,2日龄眼点变黑,5日龄消化道开始贯通,6日龄仔鱼鳔一室开始充气,7日龄脊索末端开始弯曲,仔鱼开口摄食,9日龄卵黄囊消失,12日龄鳔二室形成,21日龄仔鱼鳔二室充气,23日龄仔鱼背鳍、臀鳍开始形成,27日龄仔鱼腹鳍开始形成,至35日龄仔鱼各鳍发育完善。仔鱼饥饿不可逆点试验结果表明,16～18℃,拉氏■仔鱼开口第1天(7日龄)初次摄食率为36.36%,9日龄达最高初次摄食率85.71%,饥饿不可逆时间临界点为仔鱼14日龄,此时仔鱼摄食率为40.91%。仔鱼开口前全长(L)与日龄(t)符合von-Bertalanffy生长方程:L=8.0031[1-e⁽-0.3139(t+2.8093))]。拉氏■适宜下塘试验结果表明,水温14.5～20.1℃,池塘轮虫生物量8.30～18.58mg/L,拉氏■仔鱼最高成活下塘时间、体质量增长的适...     

Ontogeny of the digestive tract in butter catfish Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch) larvae

The ontogeny of the digestive tract was studied histologically in butter catfish Ompok bimaculatus from hatching to 30?days post-hatching (dph). At hatching, the digestive tract of butter catfish consisted of a straight tube with a smooth lumen dorsally attached to the yolk sac. Between 1 and 2 dph, the mouth opened, oral valves were visible and canine-like teeth and taste buds were detected. During this period, intestine was differentiated into the anterior and posterior intestine, and the digestive accessory glands were also developed. Exogenous feeding started at 2?dph, and there was a 2-day mixed endogenous–exogenous feeding period. Most of the yolk sac reserves were consumed between 2 and 3 dph, and by 5?dph, the yolk sac was completely depleted and no longer visible in histological sections. Between 3 and 4 dph, several vacuoles (neutral lipids) were observed in the intestine and also in hepatocytes, indicating a functional absorption of nutrients from food. At 8 dph, differentiation of gastric glands was noticed, and by 9–11?dph, there were abundant gastric tubular glands arranged along numerous longitudinal folds. During the same period, pyloric sphincter appeared as an epithelial fold that separated the stomach from the anterior intestine. From 12 dph to the end of the study at 30?dph, no noticeable histological modifications were observed. The development of gastric glands is considered as the last major events in digestive tract development and their presence designates the end of larval period and the onset of the juvenile period. Hence, it is suggested that, butter catfish larvae have a morphologically complete digestive tract by 12?dph. These findings on the development of the digestive system in butter catfish may lead to a better understanding of the ontogeny and would be useful to improve the larval rearing techniques of this promising catfish species for freshwater aquaculture diversification.     

Activities of digestive enzymes and histology of digestive system during larval development of devil stinger (Inimicus japonicus)

Devil stinger is a valuable demersal scorpaenid fish while the rearing of stinger larvae still relies on live prey. This study was conducted to illustrate the development of the main digestive enzymes and digestive system during larval development of this species to provide evidence for the application of artificial feeds. Enzymatic and histological assays were conducted from 1 day post hatching (dph) to 36 dph in larvae. The result showed that the selected digestive enzyme activities increased significantly after 15 dph. Specifically, the total trypsin activities increased significantly from 18 dph to 33 dph. The total pepsin and amylase activities increased significantly first and thereafter decreased significantly. The lipase activities followed the similar pattern with trypsin. With regard to the histological study, the stinger larvae open their mouth to first feeding at 3 dph and turned into totally exogenous nutritional stage at 6 dph. In addition, mucous membrane, rich in goblet cells, was widely distributed in oesophagus epithelium at 18 dph. The height and amounts of gastric gland in cardia and main body of the stomach increased gradually with the development of stinger larvae after 15 dph. The intestine length of stinger larvae was short, and goblet cell was abundant in anterior intestine after 12 dph, not the posterior intestine. The ontogeny of liver and pancreas started from newly hatched stage, and the differentiation of liver was prior to pancreas. The above findings would provide evidence for the use of artificial feeds from the larval stage of stinger larvae (at least from 21 dph).     

真鲷幼鱼消化道组织学研究↑（*）

６月龄真鲷（Ｐａｇｒｏｓｏｍｕｓｍａｊｏｒ）幼鱼通过解剖,切片、染色和显微摄像,结果表明：整个消化道从解剖水平可以分为口、口咽腔、食道、胃、肠及直肠等６个功能区。口部有犬齿、臼齿和不规则的粒状齿;口腔内有咽（含咽齿）及鳃耙,鳃耙形成了对食物颗粒的屏障,面向食管保护鳃丝;短的食管起源于咽腔,终止于胃,两者间没有明显的解剖上的差别;Ｙ型的胃分为贲门部、幽门部和胃盲囊３部分。组织学观察可见：胃由单层柱状上皮细胞组成,在贲门区和幽门区的上皮层下面,具有相似细胞组成的胃腺;有４个幽门盲囊,幽门盲囊与肠组织结构基本一致。胰腺管和肝管从幽门盲囊的基部生出。肠道短,肠道前部起源于幽门括约肌之后,在肠瓣处变窄,使整个肠道分为肠和直肠两部分;肠与直肠相比粘膜上有较多的褶皱;肠道上皮由柱状上皮细胞和粘液分泌细胞组成,粘膜下层有致密的结缔组织和大量嗜酸性颗粒的细胞。     

褐菖鲉消化道的组织学和组织化学

褐菖鲉消化道的组织学和组织化学=Study on histology and histochemistry of digestive tract in Sebastiscus marmoratus[刊，中]/石戈（浙江海洋学院海洋科学学院，浙江 舟山 316004），王健鑫，刘雪珠，王日昕//水产学报.－2007，31（03）.－293～302 利用光镜技术对褐菖鲉消化道进行了组织学和组织化学研究。组织学研究表明：褐菖鲉消化道由口咽腔、食道、胃和肠4部分组成。口咽腔较大，上下颌，犁骨及腭骨均有细齿带,粘膜由复层鳞状上皮组成，并含有大量黏液细胞和少量杯状细胞；食道粗而短，上皮组织包括扁平上皮层区域和单层柱状上皮层区域，上皮含有大量杯状细胞和黏液分泌细胞，粘膜层的固有膜中含有腺体；胃呈Y型，包括贲门、胃体和幽门3个区域，胃粘膜由单层柱状上皮组成，在贲门和胃体部的粘膜层中有厚的结实层，上皮有大量的胃小凹和胃腺组织；胃幽门部括约肌明显，幽门上皮不含胃小凹；胃与肠相接处有8～9个指状幽门盲囊，其形态学和组织学特征与前肠类似；肠道上皮由单层柱状上皮细胞组成，丰富的微绒毛形成明显的纹状缘，上皮中含有大量杯状细胞，肠道系数为0.54。组织化学研究显示：幽门、幽门盲囊和肠上皮细胞顶端胞质和纹状缘具碱性磷酸酶活性；幽门盲囊及肠道上皮细胞顶端胞质中检测到酸性磷酸酶活性；在贲门部和胃体部的固有层以及幽门上皮还检测到酯酶活性，且酯酶定位于幽门柱状上皮细胞胞质的上半部。整个消化道的粘膜层中存在许多粘液细胞：食道上皮含大量酸性粘液细胞，胃上皮细胞均含有中性粘液，而肠道由前向后中性粘液物质逐渐减少，酸性粘液物质逐渐增多。组织学和组织化学的结果表明褐菖鲉食道有润滑和微弱的消化作用，胃有消化脂类和吸收糖类的功能；幽门和盲囊有较强的吸收脂类的功能；前肠、中肠和后肠有活跃的细胞内消化和吸收功能，整个消化道结构与其肉食性功能密切相关。图3参29     

条石鲷消化道的形态学和组织学

采用解剖和光镜技术研究条石鲷消化道的形态学和组织学。条石鲷消化道包括具有发达颌齿的口咽腔，食道，胃，小肠和直肠。食道上皮组织可分为两个区域－头部和尾部，头部区域由扁平上皮层构成，尾部区域的上皮组织由单层柱状上皮细胞所构成，上皮含有大量 杯状细胞和黏液分泌细胞.胃呈V形，其粘膜上皮由单层柱状上皮组成，贲门部和胃体部上皮下有发达的胃腺组织。小肠上皮为具微绒毛的单层柱状上皮，肠道粘膜固有层中有管状肠腺存在；直肠上皮为单层柱状上皮，缺乏粘膜肌。小肠和直肠上皮中均分布有较多的杯状细胞，肠道系数约为0.78。在整个消化道中发现有四种杯状细胞。本文研究了条石鲷消化道的显微结构，并探讨了其消化道的组织学和解剖学特征与其杂食性的适应。     

Morphological and histological changes in digestive tract development during starvation in the miiuy croaker

A histological method was used to describe the ontogenetic development of the digestive tract of laboratory-reared miiuy croaker (Miichthys miiuy) and to evaluate the effects of short-term food deprivation on the morphology and histology of the digestive tract. Larvae and juveniles were maintained at 24 °C in a thermostatically controlled system. Three starvation experiments were conducted during different developmental stages: 1–7 days after hatching (dah; prior to benthic swimming); 26–35 dah (during settling); and 42–53 dah (after benthic swimming). According to the structural changes in the ontogenetic development of the digestive tract, three stages were observed. The first stage was from hatching to 3 dah; the digestive tract was undifferentiated in newly hatched larvae and then showed remarkable morphological changes and differentiation. During this period, larvae depended on endogenous nutrition. The second stage (4–20 dah) was a critical period in which larvae transitioned from endogenous feeding to exogenous feeding and the digestive tract fully differentiated into the buccopharynx, oesophagus, stomach, anterior intestine and posterior intestine. Goblet cells and vacuoles appeared in the digestive tract, and pharyngeal teeth and taste buds developed. During the third stage (20–36 dah), the gastric glands developed and the stomach differentiated into the fundic, cardiac and pyloric regions. At 25 dah, pyloric caeca developed and mucosal folds and spiral valves were clearly distinguishable. After 30 dah, the digestive tract did not undergo any noticeable differentiation, indicating the complete development of the digestive system. The wet weight and SGR (specific growth rate) of miiuy croaker larvae and juveniles greatly decreased when they were deprived of food, and compensatory growth was observed in re-feeding juveniles. The livers of starved larvae and juveniles were atrophied and dark coloured, the intestines were transparent and thin, and the stomach cubages were reduced. The histological effects of starvation were mainly evident in the degeneration of cells in digestive organs, as seen in the shrinkage and separation of cells and the loss of intercellular substances in the liver, pancreas, intestine and stomach. These changes became more severe with increased duration of starvation. In addition, the histological structure of the digestive tracts of starved larvae and juveniles partly recovered after re-feeding, and the effects of starvation on miiuy croaker were age dependent.     

宁夏鲇属鱼类一新纪录种——兰州鲇形态学特征描述

2003年3月至2004年5月,在黄河宁夏段采集到一批鲇鱼标本。经鉴定,为鲇属(Silurus)宁夏一新纪录种———兰州鲇(Silurus lanzhouensis)。兰州鲇(S.lanzhouensis)与小背鳍鲇(S.m icrodorsalis)、鲇(S.asotus)、大口鲇(S.m eridionalis)、昆明鲇(S.m ento)、抚仙鲇(S.graham i)相似,但也有显著区别。兰州鲇犁骨齿带左右分离,与小背鳍鲇、鲇、大口鲇犁骨齿带连续相区别;兰州鲇臀鳍鳍条77-86、脊椎骨数目63-68,可与昆明鲇臀鳍鳍条61-72、脊椎骨52-56,抚仙鲇臀鳍鳍条68-74、脊椎骨58-59相区别。此外,兰州鲇卵色为黄色,可作为与黄河中生活的鲇相区别的鉴别特征之一。     

Histology of the developing digestive system and the effect of food deprivation in larval green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris)

The histological development of the digestive tract in hatchery-reared green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris) larvae and the effects of food deprivation on the digestive system organization were studied from hatching until 31 days post-hatching (dph). At hatching, the larval digestive system consisted of two rudiments: a large endodermal yolk sac and a primordial hind-gut. During the endogenous feeding phase, the wall of the yolk sac differentiated into the stomach (glandular and non-glandular regions) and the anterior and intermediate intestine, while the hind-gut primordium differentiated into the spiral valve and rectum. At the onset of exogenous feeding (15 dph at 16 °C), the organization and cytoarchitecture of the digestive system in green sturgeon larvae was generally similar to those of juveniles and adults. Larvae deprived of food exhibited a progressive deterioration, with subtle pathological changes observed after 5-d starvation: shrinkage of digestive epithelia, tissue degeneration, and necrosis were observed at 10–15 d of starvation (30 dph). No changes were observed in the mucous secretion of different regions of the digestive tract of food-deprived larvae. The histological analysis of the larval digestive system may be used to evaluate the nutritional condition of larval green sturgeon in their nursery habitats in spawning rivers, which are affected by dams and flow diversions.