移动床生物膜反应器处理低浓度氨氮养殖废水试验

采用移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)处理低浓度氨氮养殖废水,在不同水力停留时间(HRT)和不同曝气条件下,分析MBBR处理人工模拟的低浓度氨氮(2 mg/L左右)养殖废水的进出水氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮的浓度变化,探讨HRT和曝气量对MBBR处理低浓度氨氮养殖废水的影响,并以实际鲟鱼养殖废水(氨氮浓度0.5～1.5 mg/L)和其他研究成果进行验证和比较.结果显示:MBBR的最优HRT为6～8 min,最优曝气量为180 L/h,相应的氨氮去除率为70％ ～ 75％,氨氮去除负荷为560～700 g/(m3.d),填料生物膜厚度为26～38 μm;膜表层结构多样,物种丰富,膜生长良好.该反应器对处理低浓度氨氮养殖废水具有的高效能力.     

移动床生物膜反应器藻类反应器联用消除水体氮盐的设计

为解决循环水养殖生产中硝酸盐积累问题，以凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)循环水养殖系统为例(养殖负荷5 000 kg),设计了一种移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)—藻类反应器联用系统作为生物处理单元用以消除养殖水体中无机氮。根据物质平衡原理确定生物处理单元进水流量为453.3m³/h, MBBR尺寸为4 m×4 m×2.8 m(4个),藻类反应器尺寸为6 m×6 m×2.8 m(4个),MBBR水力停留时间(HRT)为0.3 h,藻类反应器HRT为0.36 h,系统新水更新量为0.97m³/h,循环次数为22次/d,系统硝酸盐氮可维持在70 mg/L以下的安全质量浓度范围内。构建中试系统进行验证，发现MBBR-藻类反应器联用相比MBBR,总氮的去除率由3.9%提高至42.8%;藻类可通过光合作用吸收水体磷酸盐，联用系统对总磷的去除率高达66.8%,藻类特定生长率达到3.86～10.35%/d,联用系统有效缩短了去除同量氮磷所需水力停留时间。本研究可为循环水养殖系统中硝酸盐原位消除技术及生物处理单元的建立提供理论参考，助推水...     

水力停留时间对养殖污水固相反硝化处理效果的影响研究

为考察水力停留时间(HRT)对不同硝酸盐氮(NO3--N)浓度的养殖污水脱氮效果的影响,建立以聚己内酯(PCL)为碳源和生物膜载体的固相反硝化反应器,经历20 d培养,反应器成功启动。试验结果表明,当进水NO3--N浓度分别为100 mg/L以下、150 mg/L、200~300 mg/L时,反应器的最佳HRT分别为4、5.5和6 h,出水NO3--N浓度达到最低值,分别为17.9 mg/L、23.9 mg/L和34.1~47.4 mg/L,同时溶解性有机碳(DOC)没有大幅增加。反应器对氨氮(NH4+-N)亦有一定的去除效果,在反应器启动运行后,出水NH4+-N浓度明显下降,且在不同进水NO3--N及HRT下均稳定在5 mg/L左右,出水亚硝酸盐氮(NO2--N)一直维持在0.14 mg/L以下;同时,反应器对养殖污水中的溶氧(DO)和p H变化有一定抗性,缓冲能力较强。本研究对水产养殖脱氮的实验室研究和实际运行、管理具有参考意义。     

无机碳源对生物絮团降氮及沉降性能的影响

利用异位生物絮团反应器,分别在有机碳源存在(第Ⅰ阶段,持续21 d)和有机碳源缺失(第Ⅱ阶段,持续21 d)阶段,比较研究了无机碳源(NaHCO_3)浓度为0.0 (对照组),0.5,1.0和1.5 g/L的模拟养殖废水对反应器生物絮团降氮及沉降性能的影响。结果显示,第Ⅰ阶段对照组出水氨氮浓度显著高于其他处理组,但总体上呈先下降后稳定的趋势,各组亚硝态氮和硝态氮均有少量积累;生物絮团生物量及沉降速度对照组显著低于处理组,处理组之间差异不显著。第Ⅱ阶段各组出水的氨氮、亚硝态氮浓度无显著差异,对照组硝态氮浓度高于各处理组,氨氮浓度迅速下降;此阶段生物絮团的生物量、沉降速度有所下降,NaHCO_3浓度为1.0 g/L处理组表现出较好的沉降效果;粒径分布也趋向均匀。整个实验阶段,不同浓度无机碳源处理条件下,氨氮的去除效率均达到97.8%以上,亚硝态氮无显著积累,处理组生物絮团沉降速度和生物量显著高于对照组。研究表明,添加无机碳源可提高生物絮团降氮性能,增强其沉降速度;移除有机碳源后,生物絮团反应器可维持氨氮去除能力,但引起硝态氮积累,生物絮团生物量减少;有机碳源缺失时,无机碳源(≥0.5 g/L)有助于生物絮团反应器保持其氨氮去除能力。     

循环水养殖系统生物滤器负荷挂膜技术

循环水养殖系统启动运行前往往需要经过一段时间的生物膜预培养,使生物膜达到成熟稳定,从而保证系统的水质净化功能。本研究通过养殖试验,研究了生物滤器负荷挂膜的技术方法,以期实现生物膜的快速成熟和系统的快速启动。为此,构建了6组循环水系统组成的养殖车间,建成后立即投入试验生产。试验为期120 d,养殖种类为红鳍东方鲀,初始放养平均体重(632.5±2.26)g。期间,红鳍东方鲀平均增重29.91%,养殖成活率98.7%,养殖密度由(19.34±1.89)kg/m3增加到(32.17±3.40)kg/m3,投饵率由0.2%增加到0.5%–0.7%,每日换水量由50%逐渐减至10%。结果表明,在生物膜的生长期,通过对投饵量及新水补充量的有效调节,可以把养殖水体中的氨氮和亚硝氮浓度控制在安全范围以内,以保证养殖鱼类的生长。生物膜在50天左右达到完全成熟,此后便可依靠生物膜的净化作用将氨氮浓度控制在0.5?1.2 mg/L、亚硝氮浓度控制在0.2?0.5 mg/L、pH值控制在6.5–7.5、COD值低于4 mg/L、细菌总数控制在800–2100 cell/ml的安全范围内。利用生物滤器负荷挂膜技术,在合理调控水质指标的条件下,循环水养殖系统建成后可以立即投入生产,实现生物滤器挂膜与养殖生产的同步进行。     

墨瑞鳕循环水养殖系统中不同生物膜反应器水处理效率及微生物群落对比分析

固定床生物膜反应器(fixed-bed biofilm bioreactor, FBBR)和移动床生物膜反应器(moving- bed biofilm reactor, MBBR)在养殖水体氨氮(NH4+-N)和亚硝酸氮(NO2–-N)污染控制中已有较为广泛的研究,然而相关研究大多是在实验室完成的,目前尚缺乏实际生产的循环水养殖系统(recirculating aquaculture system, RAS)中FBBR和MBBR水体净化效能的对比研究。因此,本研究将FBBR (弹性毛刷滤料)和MBBR (PVC多孔环滤料)并联接入实际生产的墨瑞鳕(Macculochella peeli) RAS中,实现二者的同步连续运行(35 d),考察了其出水水质变化和微生物群落结构。出水水质变化表明,FBBR和MBBR中氨氧化能力的形成快于亚硝氮氧化能力,硝化能力渐趋成熟,可以有效控制养殖水体中的NH4+-N和NO2–-N浓度,但会导致养殖水体中硝酸氮(NO3–-N)积累和pH下降;单因素方差分析表明,FBBR出水中NH4+-N、NO2–-N、NO3–-N浓度和pH与MBBR出水无显著差异,两反应器的硝化效率相似。FBBR和MBBR在微生物群落上的相同点在于：优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria) (相对丰度分别为69.42%和86.92%),优势菌纲为γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria) (40.71%和63.36%)和α-变形菌纲(α-Proteobacteria) (26.58%和21.74%),优势菌属为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter) (27.50%和53.29%);硝化菌由亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)和硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)构成;硝化螺菌属的相对丰度远高于亚硝化单胞菌属,两反应器中可能存在完全氨氧化菌。两反应器在微生物群落上的不同点在于FBBR微生物群落的丰富度和多样性以及硝化菌的相对丰度均高于MBBR。本研究可以为RAS养殖水体净化提供技术支撑,助推循环水养殖模式的推广应用。     

文摘

正用于海水鱼养殖池除氮的DHS-USB循环水系统开发了由降流式挂海绵(DHS)反应器与上流式污泥床(USB)反应器组合构成的一个除氮循环水系统。将该系统应用于一个海水鱼养殖池,用以评价其除氮能力并确定脱氮反应的最佳C/N比。随着该系统的启动运转,海水鱼养殖池中的硝酸盐氮浓度保持在30 mg/L以下,而总氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮浓度则维持在0.1 mg/L以下。最佳脱氮率约为1.2。     

5种渔药对生物絮团去除氨氮效果影响的初步研究

为探究添加渔药是否会影响生物絮团氨氮去除能力,在淡水生物絮团反应器中加入常用剂量的氟苯尼考(0.45 mg/L)、多西环素(1.5 mg/L)、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶(4.8 mg/L)、磺胺嘧啶(4.5 mg/L)和恩诺沙星(15 mg/L) 5种常用渔药,分析生物絮团去除20 mg/L氨氮过程中的氨氮、亚硝态氮、硝态氮的质量浓度变化,比较各试验组中的菌群结构。试验结果显示：5种渔药在设定剂量条件下对氨氮的去除效果无显著影响,添加氟苯尼考和多西环素的反应器中亚硝态氮质量浓度和持续时间明显高于对照组,磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、磺胺嘧啶和恩诺沙星的反应器中亚硝态氮质量浓度和持续时间明显低于对照组;添加磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、氟苯尼考、多西环素的反应器中多样性指数和丰度与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),磺胺嘧啶和恩诺沙星的反应器中菌群多样性明显高于对照组(P<0.05),物种丰度明显低于对照组(P<0.05);5种渔药中,15 mg/L恩诺沙星对菌群结构的影响最明显,其次为1.5 mg/L多西环素和0.45 mg/L氟苯尼考,4.8 mg/L磺胺间甲氧嘧啶和4.5 mg/L磺胺嘧啶则影响最小。本...     

生物絮凝系统构建过程对吉富罗非鱼免疫酶和生长的影响

以循环水养殖为对照组,研究了生物絮凝系统构建过程对初始体质量为(24.17±2.49)g吉富罗非鱼(GIFT,Oreochromis niloticus)免疫酶活性和生长的影响。试验时间30 d。结果表明,生物絮凝构建过程中养殖水体中氨氮、亚硝氮呈现先上升后快速下降的趋势,氨氮质量浓度最高(60.98±7.23)mg/L,亚硝氮质量浓度最高(117.34±15.50)mg/L;实验组罗非鱼的肝胰脏、头肾、血液中碱性磷酸酶、溶菌酶以及总超氧化物歧化酶的活性与对照组均无显著差异;实验组罗非鱼特定生长率、肝体比、丰满度、蛋白质效率显著高于对照组(P0.05),饲料系数显著低于对照组(P0.05),增重率比对照组要高27.88%(P0.05),表明生物絮凝系统构建过程中吉富罗非鱼没有产生明显的应激反应,且生物絮凝养殖系统中罗非鱼的生长要优于循环水养殖系统。     

滨海型盐碱地封闭循环水养鱼池塘水质变化的研究

2007年在天津市水产研究所淡水试验站开展了滨海型盐碱地封闭循环水养鱼池塘水质在整个养殖周期中变化规律的研究。结果表明:氨态氮的浓度随养殖的进行逐渐升高,在养殖后期达到了4mg/L左右;亚硝态氮的浓度随养殖的进行在0.04~0.20mg/L之间波动变化;活性磷含量在养殖中期高于养殖前期和后期,最高值为0.55mg/L,最低值为0.10mg/L;pH值在整个养殖过程中先升高再下降最后又升高,最高值为9.34,最低值为7.65。研究还发现,在整个养殖过程中,覆膜池塘的氨氮、亚硝态氮、活性磷含量和浮游植物种类及生物量都高于不覆膜池塘。     

Effects of formaldehyde on nitrification in biofilters of small‐scale recirculating systems

Florfenicol (Aquaflor®) is the only U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drug for treating diseased fish reared in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). Treating diseased fish in RAS is challenging because of the potential to damage nitrifying bacteria in the biofilters. Impaired nitrification can lead to concentrations of ammonia and nitrite that compromise fish welfare. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a FDA‐approved parasiticide and fungicide, Parasite‐S^® (formalin), on biofilter nitrification. Stable biofilters were exposed once to 0, 9.25, 18.5, 37, or 55.5 mg/L formaldehyde. Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and nitrite nitrogen were monitored daily before and throughout the study to quantify biofilter function. Formaldehyde concentrations ≥37 mg/L increased TAN and nitrite nitrogen concentrations, and nitrification did not recover to pre‐exposure concentrations up to 8 day postexposure. On the basis of those results, a second trial was conducted. Stable biofilters were exposed once or on four consecutive days to 9.25 or 18.5 mg/L formaldehyde. Biofilters repeatedly exposed to formaldehyde showed signs of impairment and had variable recovery relative to single exposures. Results of this study may help identify formaldehyde concentrations that can be safely applied to RAS when treating diseased fish.     

NH3-N浓度对太湖竺山湾水体及沉积物中硝化作用的影响

通过模拟培养试验,比较不同浓度非离子态氨(NH3-N)条件下,富营养化湖泊———太湖竺山湾水体及沉积物中硝化作用2个过程,即氨氧化和亚硝酸盐氧化的发生情况。结果表明,在试验设置的NH3-N浓度范围内,水体和沉积物中氨氧化速率都随着NH3-N浓度的升高显著增加(LSD检验,P<0.05),亚硝酸盐氧化速率却呈阶段性变化。水体中NH3-N浓度大于0.35 mg/L时,亚硝酸盐氧化速率开始显著降低(LSD检验,P<0.05),而氨氧化速率与亚硝酸盐氧化速率的比值从NH3-N浓度为0.15 mg/L开始随着NH3-N浓度的升高而显著增加,说明水体中亚硝酸盐氧化过程在NH3-N浓度为0.15 mg/L时已受到部分抑制;沉积物中亚硝酸盐氧化速率在NH3-N浓度大于0.65 mg/L时开始降低(LSD检验,P>0.05),而氨氧化速率与亚硝酸盐氧化速率的比值从NH3-N浓度为0.35 mg/L开始随着NH3-N浓度的升高而显著增加,说明沉积物中亚硝酸盐氧化过程在NH3-N浓度为0.35 mg/L时已受到部分抑制。太湖竺山湾水体中的NH3-N浓度为0.19 mg/L,已达到对亚硝酸盐氧化过程的抑制范围;沉积物间隙水中NH3-N浓度为0.16 mg/L,还未对亚硝酸盐氧化过程产生抑制效果。     

The effect of low pH on physiology,stress status and growth performance of turbot (Psetta maxima L.) cultured in recirculating aquaculture systems

We evaluated the effect of low pH and low and high total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations on the physiology, stress status and the growth performance of turbot in RAS. Two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, turbot (466 g) were grown at control (pH 7.5; TAN ~0.5 mg/L) or low pH and high TAN (pH 5.7; TAN ~50 mg/L) for 55 days. In Experiment 2, turbot (376 g) were grown at control (pH 7.5; TAN ~0.5 mg/L), low pH and low TAN (pH 5.7; TAN ~5 mg/L) or low pH and high TAN (pH 5.7; TAN ~50 mg/L) for 59 days. In Experiment 1, final body weight, feed intake and growth were significantly lower and FCR significantly higher in turbot exposed to low pH and high TAN. In Experiment 2, only growth was significantly lower in turbot exposed to treatment low pH and high TAN as compared to fish in the control treatment and low pH and low TAN. Osmoregulation and stress indicators measured were within normal levels. In conclusion, turbot grew equally well in a water pH of 7.5 or 5.7 provided a low TAN. In contrast, low pH combined with a high TAN impaired turbot performance.     

不同pH和滤料对硝化细菌消氨效果的影响

为了解在不同pH和滤料条件下硝化细菌对氨氮(NH_4~+-N)和亚硝酸盐氮(NO_2~--N)的去除效果,通过试验,探讨了5.0~10.0等6个pH梯度以及陶环、珊瑚石、生物刷和生物球等4种滤料的消氨效果。在pH 8.0~9.0时,至试验第7天氨氮去除率分别达99.86%、98.95%,明显高于pH 6.0、7.0和10.0组(去除率分别为66.18%、71.43%和70.51%)。在pH 7.0~9.0时,亚硝酸盐氮浓度的增加小于氨氮浓度的下降,特别是在pH 9.0时两者浓度变化差异明显。生物刷、陶环、珊瑚石和生物球分别在试验的第3、4、6、7天,氨氮去除率达100%。陶环组和珊瑚石组,NO_2~--N质量浓度在达到最高值(9.60 mg/L和10.00 mg/L),之后开始逐步下降。生物刷组和生物球组在达到最高值(9.55 mg/L和11.00 mg/L)之后基本维持不变。结果表明:硝化细菌适宜碱性的环境条件(pH 8.0~9.0),水体pH 9.0最有利于硝化细菌对NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的去除。不同滤料对硝化细菌去除NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N有不同的影响。陶环对硝化细菌去除NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N都有良好效果,生物刷只对去除NH_4~+-N有良好效果,珊瑚石只对去除NO_2~--N有良好效果。多种滤料配合使用有利于产生优势互补的效果。     

Effects of ammonia on growth and molting of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae reared under two salinity levels

ABSTRACT

Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae were exposed to 0, 6, 13, and 19 mg/L total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) treatments. After 45 days, shrimp weight and length were lowest under TAN concentrations of 13 and 19 mg/L (P ≤ 0.05). Maximum weight gain was observed in control and 6 mg/L treatments. Mortality was highest (80.55 ± 4.80%) under 19 mg/L reared in 35 ppt salinity. Average intermolt periods of PLs exposed to 0, 6, 13, and 19 mg/L TAN were 11.5 ± 0.7, 10.8 ± 1.3, 9.4 ± 1.0, and 8.7 ± 0.6 days under 35 ppt and 11.1 ± 0.5, 10.7 ± 0.6, 10.1 ± 0.5, and 9.5 ± 0.2 days under 45 ppt salinity. Although TAN increased postlarvae molting frequency, its negative effects on the shrimp growth and survival of PLs was directly linked to its concentration and exposure duration. Higher salinity reduces the effects of ammonia and increases the survival.     

不同浓度氨氮对5种沉水植物生长的影响

通过试验研究,筛选出能够耐受高浓度氨氮的沉水植物,构建有效的生态系统并改善湖泊水质,对黑臭水体治理具有现实意义。探讨了苦草(Vallisneria natans)、穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)、黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)和小茨藻(Najas minor)5种沉水植物对氨氮的耐受性,每种沉水植物均设置氨氮浓度为0、4、8、12、16 mg/L共计5个梯度,研究其生长情况和生理指标的变化。结果显示,在4～16 mg/L氨氮持续胁迫至第14天时,苦草叶绿素和可溶性蛋白的生成受到抑制作用逐渐加大,4、8、12、16 mg/L氨氮试验组中的叶绿素含量与对照组相比,第14天比第7天分别减少44%、57%、16%和39%,可溶性蛋白含量分别减少62%、24%、29%和49%,而MDA含量在第14天分别显著降低为第7天的35%、7%、65%和41%,表明苦草未受到不可逆伤害。在4 mg/L氨氮持续胁迫下,第14天时,穗花狐尾藻和黑藻的MDA含量分别显著增加为第7天的207%和178%,小茨藻植株死亡,而金鱼藻的叶绿素和可溶性蛋白均未有显著变化,且MDA含量显著减少为第7天的80%,表明只有金鱼藻未受到氨氮的不可逆毒害。在8～16 mg/L氨氮持续胁迫下,穗花狐尾藻、黑藻、小茨藻和金鱼藻的植株则全部死亡。研究表明,氨氮浓度≤4 mg/L时,苦草和金鱼藻能够生长;氨氮浓度≤16 mg/L时,苦草能维持较长时间的生存。从耐氨氮和黑臭水体治理过程水质特征考虑,苦草可作为黑臭水体治理中水生态系统构建的先锋沉水植物。     

蛋白分离器对循环水养殖水质理化因子的调控作用

通过测定5个关键水质理化因子,研究蛋白分离器对南美白对虾养殖水质的调控作用。结果表明:使用蛋白分离器后,水体的pH值维持在8.0～8.3,养殖水体中氨氮最高达到0.917mg/L,亚硝酸盐最高达到0.324mg/L,DO含量在3.775～6.300mg/L,COD含量峰值为14.27mg/L。     

Activated sludge denitrification in marine recirculating aquaculture system effluent using external and internal carbon sources

Stringent environmental legislation in Europe, especially in the Baltic Sea area, limits the discharge of nutrients to natural water bodies, limiting the aquaculture production in the region. Therefore, cost-efficient end-of-pipe treatment technologies to reduce nitrogen (N) discharge are required for the sustainable growth of marine land-based RAS. The following study examined the potential of fed batch reactors (FBR) in treating saline RAS effluents, aiming to define optimal operational conditions and evaluate the activated sludge denitrification capacity using external (acetate, propionate and ethanol) and internal carbon sources (RAS fish organic waste (FOW) and RAS fermented fish organic waste (FFOW)). The results show that between the evaluated operation cycle times (2, 4, and 6 h), the highest nitrate/nitrite removal rate was achieved at an operation cycle time of 2 h (corresponding to a hydraulic retention time of 2.5 h) when acetate was used as a carbon source. The specific denitrification rates were 98.7 ± 3.4 mg NO₃⁻-N/(h g biomass) and 93.2 ± 13.6 mg NO_x⁻-N/(h g biomass), with a resulting volumetric denitrification capacity of 1.20 kg NO₃⁻-N/(m³ reactor d). The usage of external and internal carbon sources at an operation cycle time of 4 h demonstrated that acetate had the highest nitrate removal rate (57.6 ± 6.6 mg N/(h g biomass)), followed by propionate (37.5 ± 6.3 mg NO₃⁻-N/(h g biomass)), ethanol (25.5 ± 6.0 mg NO₃⁻-N/(h g biomass)) and internal carbon sources (7.7 ± 1.6–14.1 ± 2.2 mg NO₃⁻-N/(h g biomass)). No TAN (Total Ammonia Nitrogen) or PO₄^3- accumulation was observed in the effluent when using the external carbon sources, while 0.9 ± 0.5 mg TAN/L and 3.9 ± 1.5 mg PO₄^3--P/L was found in the effluent when using the FOW, and 8.1±0.7 mg TAN/L and 7.3 ± 0.9 mg PO₄^3--P/L when using FFOW. Average sulfide concentrations varied between 0.002 and 0.008 mg S^2-/L when using the acetate, propionate and FOW, while using ethanol resulted in the accumulation of sulfide (0.26 ± 0.17 mg S^2-/L). Altogether, it was demonstrated that FBR has a great potential for end-of-pipe denitrification in marine land-based RAS, with a reliable operation and a reduced reactor volume as compared to the other available technologies. Using acetate, the required reactor volume is less than half of what is needed for other evaluated carbon sources, due to the higher denitrification rate achieved. Additionally, combined use of both internal and external carbon sources would further reduce the operational carbon cost.     

Potential applications of indirect electrochemical ammonia oxidation within the operation of freshwater and saline-water recirculating aquaculture systems

The paper addresses two potential applications for electrochemical ammonia oxidation within the operation of recirculating aquaculture systems, in which nearly complete removal of N species is required. In one described application, a physical–chemical ammonia oxidation method is suggested to entirely replace conventional biological treatment methods (i.e. nitrification/denitrification). The second described method is suggested as a final polishing step for removing ammonia from effluents of denitrification reactors supplied with intrinsic organic matter, prior to the discharge of the water. Empirical results and cost assessment are reported for the second alternative, while the first, which was recently published, is discussed with respect to improvements, operational conditions and field tests required to induce its commercial application. The polishing alternative was shown capable of efficiently removing TAN in the effluents of RAS denitrification reactors fed with intrinsic organic solids. The cost for treating denitrification reactor effluents with TAN concentration of 10 mgN/L was estimated at 6.67 cent/m³ of discharged water. Since the chloride ion concentration in seawater and in most brackish waters is high, combining the intrinsic organic carbon denitrification process with subsequent ammonia polishing by electrochemically produced active chlorine may be a competitive approach for the removal of nitrogen species from seawater and brackish water RAS.     

不同流向对曝气生物滤池处理对对虾养殖污水效果的影响

采用上流式和下流式曝气生物滤池处理凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)养殖污水,连续进行30 d,分析出水水质,并观察系统运行情况和装置污染状况。研究了养殖污水中化学需氧量、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮、无机氮及活性磷酸盐6项指标的去除效果。实验结果表明:从养殖污水主要污染物指标的去除效果和稳定性上看,上流式优于下流式曝气生物滤池。在系统进水化学需氧量质量浓度为7.62～8.20 mg/L、氨氮质量浓度为0.62～0.65 mg/L、硝酸盐氮质量浓度为0.54～0.59 mg/L、亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度为0.23～0.27 mg/L、无机氮质量浓度为1.40～1.47 mg/L、活性磷酸盐质量浓度为0.24～0.29 mg/L,水温为25℃～30℃时,上流式曝气生物滤池对养殖污水中6项指标的去除率分别为:45.2%、88.9%、58.5%、78.8%、75.3%和25.1%。可见,对氨氮的去除效果最佳,亚硝酸盐氮和无机氮次之,化学需氧量和硝酸盐氮的去除效果较差,活性磷酸盐去除率最低。