栉孔扇贝类立克次体自然感染调查及人工感染试验

从 1999年 10月至 2 0 0 1年 3月对导致栉孔扇贝 (Chlamysfarreri)大规模死亡的可疑病原进行了系统调查 ,在栉孔扇贝体内发现 1种细胞内寄生原核生物。根据该原核生物超微形态结构及所形成的包涵体形态特征及染色性质分析 ,初步确定为类立克次体 (Rickettsia likeorganisms ,RLO)。该RLO大小为 (3.6 2 3± 1.4 35 ) μm× (1.343± 0 .32 6 ) μm (n =4 5 ) ,主要寄生在栉孔扇贝的鳃、消化腺的上皮组织中。其感染率和感染强度与水温及栉孔扇贝死亡率呈负相关关系。人工感染试验证明 ,RLO可引起栉孔扇贝感染 ,但不形成大面积明显的组织病理变化。本研究表明 ,RLO对栉孔扇贝不具明显的致病性 ,不是导致栉孔扇贝大规模死亡的主要原因。     

光合细菌(PSB)饲喂海湾扇贝幼体的试验

<正> 光合细菌(PSB)是一种以光为能源,以二氧化碳或有机物质为碳源而营养繁殖的微生物,广泛分布于海洋、河流、土壤及污泥表层。光合细菌具有净化水质的能力,其菌体含有丰富的蛋白质、V_(B12)、叶酸、生长素等生物促生长因子,是鱼、虾、贝幼体的良好饲料。国内外水产界对它极其重视,在水产养殖方面,不少学者进行了研究,但是将其用于海湾扇贝育苗,尚未见报导。此次,我们试以光合细菌为饲料,对海湾扇贝幼体的生长发育和稚贝附着率进行了对比试验。     

方格星虫多次产卵培育及幼体发育效果研究

为研究方格星虫多次人工培育的繁育性能,采用室内产卵培育和滩涂恢复养殖相结合的方法,在繁殖期内对同一批方格星虫进行了3次人工培育产卵试验,对孵出的幼体进行人工培育。结果表明:于6月、7月和8月进行的3次人工培育,雌虫平均产卵3.11×10⁴、2.70×10⁴和1.75×10⁴粒,平均受精率为(84.4±2.8)%、(87.6±1.9)%和(83.4±2.4)%；海球幼体体长日均增长49 μm、65 μm和46 μm,变态成活率(27.3±6.3)%、(32.2±4.6)%和(37.8±5.9)%；随着培育产卵次数增多,亲虫的死亡率升高,相对个体产卵量减少；海球幼体变态率升高,且差异极显著(P<0.01)；变态后稚虫的生长速度与后期海球幼体的大小成正相关。     

提高海湾扇贝室内人工育苗孵化率的技术要点

<正>近年来,海湾扇贝室内人工育苗技术日渐成熟,纤毛盘脱落症等病害基本不再发生,稚贝出苗量也有了很大的提高,但海湾扇贝孵化率仍不稳定,许多育苗单位为获得足够数量的幼虫而培养大量亲贝,从而大大增加了生产成本。如果将孵化率提高稳定在50%以上,不但保证了生产还节约了大量人力物力。笔者结合多年从事海湾扇贝苗种生产的实践经验,对提高海湾扇贝室内     

水净化机在扇贝工厂化育苗中的应用研究

本文介绍以降低种贝培育过程的能源消耗、简化生产管理操作为目的,利用长海县水产育苗场鲍鱼车间稚鲍越冬设备,应用水净化机进行种贝和幼体培育的情况和作用。为了达到当年育苗当年底收获的目的,进行人工促熟(23℃)培育,本项目在对海湾扇贝、栉孔扇贝幼体培育的试验研究过程中,使加温海水用量降低了80%左右,同时,使育苗管理操作也得以简化,提高了育苗机械化生产水平,取得了一定的效果。     

大竹蛏生产性人工繁育试验

2007年对大竹蛏进行了生产性人工繁育试验。对亲本不同批次催产效果、不同规格亲本产卵差异、孵化密度进行了比较,研究了D形幼虫发育与温度的关系以及幼虫发育各阶段生长规律等,结果显示,大竹蛏属分批成熟、分批产卵的潜居性贝类,不同批次个体平均产卵量(36~118)×104cell,个体总产卵量294×104cell。壳长8~10 cm的亲贝产卵量大,催产效果好。受精卵适宜的孵化密度为5~10 cell/mL。在水温21~24.5℃条件下,D形幼虫经8~5 d生长,发育变态为附着稚贝。D形幼虫壳长日生长33.33±4.22μm,1 mm前的稚贝壳长日生长108.33±22.57μm,1~10 mm的稚贝平均旬生长量2.12 mm,10.4~30.6 mm的苗种平均旬生长量为2.02 mm。当水温下降到15℃后,大竹蛏苗种生长滞缓。2007年培育出壳长11.52±0.27 mm的稚贝2 165×104cfu,平均成活率12.1%。     

三个海湾扇贝群体可量性状对闭壳肌重的通径分析

闭壳肌重是海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)选择育种的目标性状,由于其不易直观测量,使得形态性状对闭壳肌重的影响程度成为各国学者研究的切入点。本文以三个海湾扇贝群体稚贝、幼贝、成贝为试验材料,采用通径分析方法研究了三个群体各可量性状对闭壳肌重的影响效果。结果表明:在三个海湾扇贝群体中各形态性状对闭壳肌重的决定效应存在显著差异。加拿大群体和山东群体各性状相关性水平均为极显著(P0.01),壳宽对闭壳肌重的直接效应均最大,其次分别是软体部重和壳高;大连群体各性状相关性未全部达到极显著水平,其中,软体部重对闭壳肌重的直接效应最大,其次是壳宽。经多元回归分析并逐步剔除对闭壳肌重直接效应不显著的性状,分别确立了海湾扇贝加拿大群体(Y=-2.616+0.580SL+0.084SW)、大连群体(Y=0.659+0.103TW)与山东群体(Y=0.286+0.068SW)的最优回归方程。     

扇贝“青农2号”

正一、品种概况(一)培育背景海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians irradians)原产于美国大西洋沿岸,南起墨西哥湾、北至马萨诸塞州的Cape Cod均有分布,是当地的重要渔业经济种类。我国于1982年从美国引进了这一品种并人工繁育成功(张福绥等,1986)。由于其生长快,养殖周期短(一般春天育苗,当年即可收获,种贝越冬后用于次年春天育苗),深受养殖户的欢迎,引发了我国水产养殖业的一个发展高潮,成为我国北方养殖区的主要扇贝养殖品种(张福绥等,2000),产量在2005年即达到84万吨。然而海湾扇贝本身个体较小(约为5cm～6cm),寿命短(少于2年)(Dall, 1909; Minchin, 2003),而且引进后长期只养不育,导致了商品贝规格越来越小(张国范等,2003)、育苗养殖过程中死亡率高等种质退化问题(张国范等,1999;张维翥等,2005)。据统计,2007年海湾扇贝亲贝死亡率高达70%,已严重制约了我国海湾扇贝养殖业的发展。     

不同单细胞藻类对大扇贝幼体的饵料效果初探

<正>大扇贝(Pecten maximus)雌雄同体,原产地大西洋欧洲近岸海域。通过引进种贝,在室内7～15℃条件下繁育,成功培育出稚贝80万枚。稚贝入海后生长较快,高温季节死亡率较低。初步认定大扇贝适合在北黄海区养殖及底播增殖。     

构杞海区发生赤潮引起海珍品死亡

<正> 1987年8月上旬,浙江省嵊泗县构杞海区发生大面积赤潮,海水比重降至1.015,水色呈红褐色,镜检中发现有大量夜光虫、甲藻相赤潮生物,造成海湾扇贝大量死亡。未分笼养殖的稚贝死亡率高达70%以上,养殖的大、小鲍鱼全部中毒死亡,岩礁上的部分贻贝也发生死亡.从     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Production of diatom–bacteria biofilm isolated from Seriola lalandi cultures for aquaculture application

Controlled incorporation of selected microalgae and bacteria in aquaculture systems can be beneficial because they can act as microbiological control. That is why the characteristics of biofilm generated naturally in Seriola lalandi culture cages were analysed, their potential benefit to the growth of larvae was studied, and their controlled use for improving the larval viability and as a vector to improve incorporation of previously studied probiotic bacteria was tested. According to biodiversity results, these biofilms are composed of a diatom–bacteria mix showing a decrease in biodiversity in laboratory culture conditions being dominated by Navicula phyllepta and bacteria of the family Rhodobacteraceae. This can be produced on mesh substrates incorporated in bioreactors with rapid growth rate and adhesiveness. Preliminary results from the addition of substrates with this specific biofilm in larvae culture systems showed that it is consumed by the larvae without negative effects, while positive effects on the viability of larvae in combination with probiotics were observed. Considering preliminary results, the addition of these specific substrates with diatom–bacteria biofilms could be a good improvement for aquaculture systems and together with the use of probiotics can contribute to maintaining a stable and controlled system improving the viability of the larval fish culture in its early stages.