微卫星评价栉孔扇贝雌核发育二倍体纯合性

采用筛选获得的5对多态性微卫星引物对栉孔扇贝（Chlamys farreri）减数分裂雌核发育家系A和家系B、有丝分裂雌核发育家系A和家系B各30个个体、双亲及对照组40个个体进行了遗传变异分析，并对减数分裂和有丝分裂雌核发育后代的纯合性进行了比较。电泳结果表明，5对微卫星引物在减数分裂雌核发育和有丝分裂雌核发育个体中均能稳定重复地扩增出相应的序列；各雌核发育家系中均有部分个体出现父本基因，表明精子遗传物质失活不彻底，雌核发育组中存在正常受精个体；有丝分裂雌核发育二倍体在所有检测位点全部纯合，减数分裂雌核发育二倍体在部分位点纯合，但未发现在所有位点全部纯合的个体，在CFMSP007、CFMSP075、CFMSM009、CFMSM014和CFMSM020位点，杂合子比例分别为0．3400、0．3611、0．4884、0．4750和0．7500，平均杂合子比例为0．4829。研究结果显示，栉孔扇贝有丝分裂雌核发育二倍体均为纯合子，如精子的灭活率达到100％，有丝分裂雌核发育二倍体一代即可实现纯合，如再进行一次减数雌核发育即可建立纯系；减数分裂雌核发育二倍体由于具有较高的重组率，其与母本的遗传同质性较高。     

大黄鱼（♀）与鮸（♂）杂交的遗传分析

用大黄鱼（♀）和鮸（♂）进行属间杂交，获得了56.25%的受精率，45.24%的孵化率和0.65%的鱼苗成活率。对杂交亲本与子代进行了微卫星和AFLP标记的比较分析，结果表明：4个微卫星位点（LYC0003，LYC0006，LYC0007，LYC0008）都可扩增出清晰的亲本差异条带，26个F1个体中均未出现雄鱼特有条带；4 对选择性扩增引物（E-ACC/M-CAG, E-AAC/M-CAT, E-AAC/M-CTA, E-AGC/M-CTC）共检出326个AFLP条带，143条母本特异性条带中有132 条出现在子代中，94 条父本特异性条带中只有18 条出现在子代中，子代中另出现了33 条非亲条带。F1个体之间的遗传相似系数为0.891，与母本、父本间的遗传相似系数分别为0.853、0.271；F1个体之间的遗传距离为0.116，与母本、父本间的遗传距离分别为0.159、1.307，表明杂交子代与母本大黄鱼之间具有极高的遗传同质性，属异精雌核发育个体。     

大黄鱼♀与黄姑鱼♂杂交F1家系初孵仔鱼的AFLP分析

为了评估大黄鱼♀与黄姑鱼♂杂交F₁在良种培育与遗传学研究中的应用潜力,利用AFLP标记研究了双亲基因在2个杂交F₁家系(HF1和HF2)初孵仔鱼中的传递和分离方式。8对AFLP选择性扩增引物在两对亲本中分别检出478和446个片段。在HF1中,检出片段包括215条母本特异条带(FSB)、165条父本特异条带(MSB)和98条双亲共有条带(MuB),其中,121条(56.3%)FSB、115条(69.7%)MSB和93条(94.9%)MuB传递给了全部后代,其余片段在后代中发生分离。FSB和MSB分离位点的平均显性表型频率之间没有显著性差异。AFLP标记在HF2的传递与分离和HF1相似,只是分离位点的比例较HF1低,而且检出了2个非亲位点。此外,在HF1和HF2中都出现了较高比例的偏离孟德尔定律的分离位点。这些结果表明,大黄鱼♀×黄姑鱼♂杂交F₁初孵仔鱼中同时含有来自双亲的基因;虽然计算结果显示杂交F₁在遗传上略偏向于母本,但是父源基因和母源基因没有明显的选择性丢失;母本特异位点多态比例与大黄鱼种内杂交F₁相当。研究结果为大黄鱼♀×黄姑鱼♂杂交F₁的开发与管理提供了科学依据。     

牙鲆减数分裂与有丝分裂雌核发育的遗传差异

利用同一尾牙鲆亲鱼的同一批卵子诱导减数分裂雌核发育二倍体和有丝分裂雌核发育二倍体,同时用牙鲆精子做人工授精制备普通二倍体,作为对照组。利用10对微卫星引物对普通二倍体和两种雌核发育二倍体进行遗传分析。结果表明,母本基因型在8个位点为杂合,2个位点为纯合。普通二倍体有6种基因型,等位基因均来自父母本的随机结合,类型丰富;母本与子代、子代个体之间的遗传相似系数分别为0.452 8和0.560 3,接近随机交配群体的遗传相似度。减数分裂雌核发育二倍体有3种基因型,除在1个位点出现异于母本的纯合基因型外,其他所有位点的基因型与母本完全一致;母本与子代、子代个体之间遗传相似系数分别为0.976 6和0.959 5,接近近交系的遗传相似度。有丝分裂雌核发育二倍体有2种基因型,且全部为纯合型;母本与子代、子代个体之间遗传相似系数分别为0.806 2和0.742 5,有丝分裂雌核发育二倍体全部为纯合个体。减数分裂雌核发育二倍体具有高度的遗传相似性,适于固定母本性状;有丝分裂雌核发育二倍体纯合度高,适于作为制备克隆的亲本;两者具有明显不同的遗传特性,均可作为特征不同的育种材料。     

牙鲆连续四代减数分裂雌核发育家系的遗传特征分析

为了研究纯合度和遗传相似度在牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)连续四代减数分裂雌核发育家系中的变化规律，本研究利用分布在不同连锁群上的24个高重组率微卫星标记对牙鲆连续减数分裂雌核发育二代(G2)、三代(G3)、四代(G4)家系及普通家系对照组进行了遗传分析。结果显示，24个微卫星位点在对照组、G2、G3、G4家系中，分别检测到96、42、32和32个等位基因，平均等位基因数分别为4.00、1.98、1.33和1.33；期望杂合度分别为0.6416、0.3472、0.1694和0.1492；纯合度分别为0.3503、0.6528、0.8306和0.8508；遗传相似系数分别为0.5822、0.9238、0.9890和0.9988。24个位点中已有17个纯合，但尚有7个保持杂合状态。同时，将上述结果和已发表的减数分裂雌核发育一代(G1)家系的数据进行分析，结果表明，诱导连续减数分裂雌核发育不仅能提高个体的纯合度，同时也可提高子代个体间的遗传相似度；纯合度和遗传相似度在G1、G2和G3家系中能够得到逐步提高，代际之间差异显著(P<0.05)；但在G4家系中趋于稳定，与G3家系差异不显著。G4家系的遗传相似性(0.9988)已高于连续20代全同胞交配所获得的理论值(0.9860)，连续诱导减数分裂雌核发育是快速建立鱼类近交系的良好方法。     

大黄鱼(♀)与(鱼免)( ♂)杂交的遗传分析

用大黄鱼(♀)和(鱼免)( ♂)进行属间杂交,获得了56.25%的受精率,45.24%的孵化率和0.65%的鱼苗成活率.对杂交亲本与子代进行了微卫星和AFLP标记的比较分析,结果表明:4个微卫星位点(LYC0003,LYC0006,LYC0007,LYC0008)都可扩增出清晰的亲本差异条带,26个F1个体中均未出现雄鱼特有条带;4 对选择性扩增引物(E-ACC/M-CAG,E-AAC/M-CAT,E-AAC/M-CTA,E- AGC/M-CTC)共检出326个AFLP条带,143条母本特异性条带中有132 条出现在子代中,94 条父本特异性条带中只有18 条出现在子代中,子代中另出现了33 条非亲条带.F1个体之间的遗传相似系数为0.891,与母本、父本间的遗传相似系数分别为0.853、0.271;F1个体之间的遗传距离为0.116,与母本、父本间的遗传距离分别为0.159、1.307,表明杂交子代与母本大黄鱼之间具有极高的遗传同质性,属异精雌核发育个体.     

大黄鱼同质雌核发育的诱导及微卫星标记分析

为了解大黄鱼同质雌核发育的诱导条件及其效果，用紫外线照射灭活大黄鱼精子的遗传物质，静水压休克抑制第一次卵裂，培育出2个同质雌核发育家系(GF1和GF2)，并借助微卫星标记进行鉴定，研究了10个母本中杂合的位点在2个家系中的传递和分离。结果显示，GF1和GF2孵出的仔鱼中分别有40.0%和17.1%形态正常个体，GF1检测8个位点30个个体均表现出雌核发育双单倍体（GDH）的特征，有20种基因型；GF2检测4个位点30个个体中，27个为GDH，2个含有父本基因，余下1个个体扩增条带既不同于母本也不同于父本，遗传本质不明。可见，所采用方法可以诱导出同质雌核发育大黄鱼。10个标记中除了LYC0026和LYC0053标记在GF2中偏离了1∶1（P<0.05），其余标记在GDH中的分离均符合孟德尔遗传定律的预期比值。研究还发现LYC0002和LYC0014的分离模式完全相同。首次报道了大黄鱼同质雌核发育的人工诱导及微卫星标记在GDH中的传递与分离，为大黄鱼纯系培育及利用GDH与纯系进行基因组作图分析等研究奠定了基础。     

雌核发育草鱼群体及两个普通草鱼群体的微卫星遗传分析

以草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)养殖群体(YZ)为母本,以紫外线灭活的鲤鱼精子激活草鱼卵子,冷休克抑制第二极体排出的方法诱导获得异精雌核发育草鱼群体(CH)。利用12对微卫星引物对YZ群体、YS (扬州广陵长江系家鱼原种场引进草鱼群体)群体、CH群体进行PCR扩增并分析,共检测出194个等位基因,其中75.8个有效等位基因。YZ群体、YS群体、CH群体的平均等位基因数依次为13.0、12.6、4.7;平均有效等位基因数依次是7.7、6.6、2.3;平均期望杂合度依次为0.87、0.82、0.56;平均多态信息含量依次为0.84、0.79、0.49。从每个个体在微卫星位点的纯合率看,YZ群体中个体的纯合度在0.00～0.33, YS群体r中个体的纯合度在0.00～0.42, CH群体中个体的纯合度在0.42～0.92。这表明与YZ群体和YS群体相比,CH群体的遗传多样性显著下降,并且在每个位点的纯合率CH群体均高于普通草鱼群体,表明人工诱导减数雌核发育可加速草鱼大多数基因位点的纯合,是快速建立高纯品系的有效手段。同时,本研究筛选并利用微卫星位点组合建立了雌核发育草鱼子代不同家系及其母本亲缘关系的简易、高效鉴别技术,旨在为雌核发育草鱼标记辅助育种打下基础。     

异源精子诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育后代的微卫星分析

采用紫外线遗传灭活的长牡蛎精子激活栉孔扇贝卵子，6-DMAP诱导染色体加倍的方法，获得第二极体抑制型雌核发育二倍体早期胚胎。通过优化PCR反应条件，在11对栉孔扇贝和10对长牡蛎微卫星引物中共筛选出3对引物，可以同时在长牡蛎和栉孔扇贝基因组中获得稳定性，多态性较好的特异性扩增条带，其中2对引物为栉孔扇贝引物。利用筛选出的3对通用微卫星引物对雌核发育后代进行检验及遗传分析。结果表明，雌核发育个体基因完全来自于母本，后代中没有父本基因的表达；部分雌核发育后代在3个座位上发生了纯合，部分个体发生了不同程度的基因重组，3个座位上的重组率分别为40%、55%和35%。研究结果从分子水平上证实，利用遗传失活的长牡蛎精子诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育是可行的，只进行一次第二极体抑制型雌核发育二倍体的诱导只能获得部分后代个体的基因纯合，但后代与母本具有较高的遗传同质性。     

黄姑鱼群体遗传多样性的AFLP分析

对青岛和厦门黄姑鱼群体的遗传多样性进行了AFLP分析，5对选择性引物在两个群体47个个体中，共扩增出461个位点，多态位点265个。青岛和厦门群体的多态位点比例、Nei遗传多样性指数和Shannon遗传多样性指数分别为51.70%、51.99%，0.1022、0.0996，0.1643、0.1622；两个群体遗传多样性在同一水平上。基因分化系数G_st、Shannon遗传多样性指数和AMOVA分析均显示黄姑鱼的遗传变异主要来源于群体内个体间，而群体间无明显的遗传分化。群体的显性基因型频率分布和位点差异数分布显示两个群体有基本相同的群体遗传结构。结果表明，黄姑鱼青岛和厦门群体间无明显的遗传差异，群体间有明显的基因交流。     

Use of microsatellite loci and AFLP markers to verify gynogenesis and clonal lines in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L.

To develop an effective system for parentage analysis in gynogenetic and clonal progeny of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L., polymorphic microsatellite loci and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) were investigated in several gynogenetic families and clonal lines. Six microsatellite loci were screened in two meiotic gynogenetic families to look for loci with high gene–centromere recombination rates, which can be used to discriminate meiotic from mitotic gynogenetics. Microsatellite loci UNH189 and UNH211 showed 96.7% and 92.0% heterozygosity, respectively, in these families, while other loci showed lower recombination frequencies. Scoring both UNH189 and UNH211 would give a very low probability of an individual meiotic gynogenetic being homozygous for both loci. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction of microsatellite loci was used to verify parentage in four families of mitotic gynogenetics and five fully inbred clonal lines. The genotype of each clonal line should serve as a unique identifier. Twelve AFLP primers were also investigated and 26 diagnostic AFLP bands were identified to follow inheritance in mitotic gynogenetic individuals. Amplified fragment length polymorphisms were found to be effective for this purpose but microsatellites were more appropriate since they are co‐dominant, while AFLPs are dominant markers. A multiplex of the microsatellite loci used in this study would be useful for general parental assignment as well as for the analysis of the products of chromosome set manipulations.     

Verification of mitotic gynogenesis in ornamental (koi) carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) using microsatellite DNA markers

The Japanese ornamental (koi) carp is a popular decorative fish all over the world. In koi, clones have not yet been obtained, although production of fish with identical colour patterns could be of commercial interest. Mitotic gynogenetic progenies are essential for subsequent production of clones in fish. However, resulting late‐shocked progenies may be contaminated with meiotic gynogens from spontaneous suppression of the second meiotic division in eggs. In this study, microsatellite DNA markers were used to confirm mitotic gynogenetic origin of obtained late‐shocked progenies. Recombination rate (y) and mapping distance relative to centromere (M‐C) of 10 microsatellite loci were determined based on percentage of heterozygotes in meiotic gynogenetic progenies. The range of y varied from 0.01 to 0.96 and the M‐C map ranged from 0.5 to 48 cM. The mean value of y over the 10 loci was 0.481. Six loci, which had y 0.47 and higher, were used as markers in two late‐shocked gynogenetic progenies. Complete homozygosity was revealed at all six microsatellite loci indicating mitotic gynogenetic origin of analysed progenies.     

Phenotypic variation in meiotic and mitotic gynogenetic diploids of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.)

A range of phenotypic characters were measured and their mean and coefficient of variation (CV) calculated in meiotic and mitotic gynogenetic individuals and normal diploids produced from the same full-sib family of Oreochromis niloticus (L.). The traits studied in all three groups were weight, length, various fin ray and scale counts, gonadosomatic index (GSI) and reproductive response. The study revealed two main trends in the majority of the traits studied in the gynogenetic fish: a decrease in the mean of each trait in the ranked order normal diploid > meiotic gynogenetic > mitotic gynogenetic, and an expansion of its phenotypic variation (CV) in the order normal diploid < meiotic gynogenetic < mitotic gynogenetic. This could be related to the levels of genetic homozygosity and a possible reduction in developmental homeostasis in the gynogenetics. The utility and potential of gynogenetic individuals in research and the use of the technique in the improvement of fish strains for aquaculture are discussed.     

牙鲆连续两代减数分裂雌核发育家系的遗传特征

对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)减数分裂雌核发育二倍体(Meio-G1)再次诱导减数分裂雌核发育,获得连续两代雌核发育二倍体家系(Meio-G2),以Meio-G1亲本与1尾普通牙鲆雄鱼人工授精获得的家系作为对照组(control)。利用15个微卫星标记对3个家系进行遗传特征分析。结果显示,15个微卫星位点在Meio-G1、Meio-G2和对照组3个家系中,分别扩增到30、28、50个等位基因,平均等位基因数为2.0、1.9、3.3,平均观测杂合度(Ho)分别为0.875 3、0.774 2、0.908 3,平均纯合度分别为0.124 7、0.221 5、0.091 7。3个家系个体间的平均遗传相似系数分别为0.891 7、0.923 8、0.520 2,亲代与子代之间的平均相似系数分别为0.916 6、0.930 4、0.560 3。高重组率的Poli9-8tuf、Poli18tuf、Poli107tuf 3个位点在Meio-G1和Meio-G2中观测杂合度均为1.0,低重组率的Poli33tuf、Poli24MHFS两个位点在Meio-G1和Meio-G2中均全部纯合,观测杂合度为0。结果表明,Meio-G2的纯合度、个体间平均相似系数以及亲子之间的平均相似度均略高于Meio-G1,显著高于对照组家系,证明连续两代诱导减数分裂雌核发育,能提高鱼类纯合度和遗传相似度,具有固定母本遗传性状的作用。     

ENU诱变草鱼及其雌核发育后代的微卫星遗传分析

为了获得雌核发育ENU诱变草鱼(Cetpharyngodon idellus)群体的相关遗传参数,实验采用Partec Cy Flow倍性分析仪测定ENU诱变草鱼群体(Q群体)和雌核发育ENU诱变草鱼群体(E群体)相对DNA含量分别为24.02和23.80,二者的DNA含量接近,均为二倍体。选取28个微卫星标记对Q群体和E群体多样性进行了检测。结果表明,E群体和Q群体的平均等位基因分别为3.7143、5.1786,平均有效等位基因分别为2.1857、4.0028,平均期望纯合度分别为0.5122、0.2814,平均期望杂合度分别为0.4878、0.7186,多态信息含量(PIC)平均值分别为0.4282、0.6606。从个体在微卫星位点的纯合率分析,在E群体中,每个个体的纯合度均小于1.00,说明没有完全纯合的个体。从每个微卫星位点在群体的纯合率分析,除了微卫星位点5476,HLJC118和HLJC81外,其他位点的纯合度以不同的速率得到明显的提高。综上所述,经过减数雌核发育方法,ENU诱变草鱼群体的各微卫星位点的纯合度以不同的速率得到提升,遗传多样性明显降低,此方法可以获得纯合度较高的雌核发育ENU诱变草鱼个体,为ENU诱变草鱼良种选育提供了重要的遗传数据资料。     

基于M-C作图鉴定牙鲆不同二倍体的遗传特征

为了分析连锁群上不同位置的微卫星标记对鉴定牙鲆二倍体遗传特征的作用,实验以牙鲆选育基础群体为亲本,选择性腺发育良好的个体制备普通二倍体(ND),减数分裂雌核发育二倍体(MGD-1)、连续两代减数分裂雌核发育二倍体(MGD-2),并利用MGD-1发育达性成熟的雌鱼与同时诱导的性反转伪雄鱼交配制备近交二倍体(MGD1H)。从牙鲆遗传连锁图谱选择均匀分布于24个连锁群的72个微卫星标记,用4个MGD-1家系估计微卫星标记与着丝粒之间的相对距离。在假设无交叉干涉的情况下,17个标记位于着丝粒区域,19个标记位于连锁群中部,36个标记位于远着丝粒区域。分别选择上述区域的微卫星标记鉴定牙鲆4种二倍体的遗传特征。结果显示,4种二倍体的等位基因数(A)和多态信息含量(PIC)在不同区域变化范围较小,ND的A和PIC均为最高,MGD1H则表现为最低。随着标记与着丝粒之间距离的增加,4种二倍体的观测杂合度逐渐升高,纯合度逐渐降低。纯合个体比例在着丝粒区域最高,为8.8%～29.1%;在远着丝粒区域最低,为2.4%～23.2%。其中,MGD-1和MGD-2的变化幅度显著高于其余二倍体。结果表明,选择连锁群上不同位置的微卫星标记对鉴定牙鲆不同二倍体的遗传特征具有显著影响。     

Artificial gynogenesis and assessment of homozygosity in meiotic gynogens of spotted halibut (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Verasper variegatus</Emphasis>)

In the present study, methodology of gynogenetic induction in spotted halibut were developed and optimized; the sex ratio of putative meiotic gynogenetic diploids was determined using AFLP-based molecular sexing technique; the homozygosity of gynogenetic population was assessed as opposed to cultivated population. The results showed that high percentage of meiotic gynogenetic diploids were generated when the eggs fertilized with irradiated heterologous sea perch frozen sperm (30–50 mJ cm⁻²) were cold shocked in sea water of −1°C for 40–75 min at 5 min after fertilization. About 15,200 diploid gynogenetic larvae were achieved and they exhibited normal morphology similar to diploid control. The gynogenetic diploids were 100% female, which first confirmed the female homogamete (XX/XY) sex determination in spotted halibut. The genetic analysis showed that the average H _O was, respectively, 0.404 and 0.724 in gynogenetic population and cultivated population, indicating an increase of homozygosity in gynogenetic population.     

Genetic variability in meiotic gynogenetic muskellunge,Esox masquinongy (Mitchell), estimated from segregation of microsatellite alleles

Muskellunge, Esox masquinongy, is an important recreational freshwater fish native to North America. Since muskellunge populations are often maintained through stocking efforts, advances in muskellunge reproductive technologies are of direct relevance to fishery enhancement. We evaluated the efficiency of inbreeding through induced meiotic diploid gynogenesis. Eggs from six female muskellunge were manually stripped and activated using ultra violet‐irradiated yellow perch, Perca flavescens, sperm. Hydrostatic pressure shocking regimes (48 263 kPa) were then applied to the eggs to prevent second polar body expulsion producing unambiguous meiotic gynogens. Six female dams and samples of 12–20 of their gynogenetic progeny were genotyped at seven polymorphic microsatellite loci. Chromosomal recombination frequencies of microsatellite loci based on retention of heterozygosity among gynogens ranged from 0.043 to 0.839 (0.576 ± 0.237). There were no statistical differences in recombination frequency among females at any of the loci. The average inbreeding coefficient (F‐value) ranged from 0.581 to 0.979, equivalent to three to fourteen generations of full‐sibling crosses respectively. The average F‐value overall was 0.712, equivalent to between five and six generations of full‐sibling crosses. Centromere map distances of the seven microsatellite loci ranged from 2.15 to 41.95 cM and meiotic gynogenesis was useful in eliminating heterozygosity at loci proximal to the centromere, but not distal. Since the age at maturity of female muskellunge is approximately 5 years, gynogenesis may pose an expeditious alternative to traditional breeding strategies for creation of homozygous pedigrees for some loci that may be outcrossed to introduce positive heterozygosity effects in the offspring.     

RAPD and microsatellite analysis of diploid gynogens from allotetraploid hybrids of red crucian carp (Carassius auratus)×common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Genetic variation was comparatively analyzed between the artificially induced diploid gynogen population from F₁₀ allotetraploid hybrids of red crucian carp (♀) (Carassius auratus red var., 2n=100)×common carp (♂) (Cyprinus carpio L., 2n=100) and the normal F₁₀ allotetraploid hybrid population used as the control, using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay and microsatellite analysis. The specific 600-bp fragment for diploid gynogen population was detected by S45 and the specific 900-bp fragment for allotetraploid F₁₀ hybrid population was detected by S134. The results from RAPD assay and microsatellite analysis were in agreement with each other, that is to say, the diploid gynogens presented lower level of polymorphism than allotetraploid F₁₀ hybrids. Furthermore, as expected, microsatellite analysis revealed more detailed information on genetic diversity than RAPD assay. The mean percentage of polymorphic loci (12.71%) and Shannon's index of phenotypic diversity (0.25) from RAPD data for diploid gynogen population were significantly lower than those (30.69% and 0.63, respectively) for F₁₀ allotetraploid hybrid population. The mean number of alleles per microsatellite locus (1.73) in diploid gynogen population was considerably lower than that (2.55) in F₁₀ allotetraploid hybrid population. The average observed (0.36) and expected heterozygosity (0.26) in diploid gynogen population were lower than those (0.58 and 0.40, respectively) in F₁₀ allotetraploid hybrid population, indicating that the diploid gynogens presented lower genetic diversity than the allotetraploids. In addition, the mean effective number of alleles at 11 microsatellite loci (1.60) in diploid gynogen population was lower than that (1.88) in F₁₀ allotetraploid hybrid population. The significant differences between two populations in the average observed and expected heterozygosity, mean number of alleles and effective number of alleles, suggested that the effect of gynogenesis resulted in rather higher genetic homogeneity in diploid gynogens. The comparative RAPD analysis of diploid gynogens and their parents was performed with 34 primers. The identical RAPD pattern was detected between diploid gynogens and their female parent, however, some clear specific RAPD bands were detected between diploid gynogens and their male parents, but not detected in their female parent. The result indicated that heterologous genetic material had incorporated into diploid gynogenetic fish (G₁).     

Meiotic gynogenesis with heterologous sperm in the mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi and evidence for female homogamety

The mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi is a historically important aquaculture species in China and exhibits sexually dimorphic growth. However, sex determination of this fish remains unclear so far. In this study, we induced meiotic gynogenesis in S. chuatsi using irradiated heterologous sperm from spotted mandarin fish (Siniperca scherzeri) to uncover its mechanism of sex determination. Up to 7.52% diploid progeny were obtained among three gynogenetic families in this study. Molecular analysis of female and male donors and sampled young gynogens by seven microsatellite loci further confirmed no genetic contributions from the ‘father’ S. scherzeri. After 8 months of culture, external morphology of adult fish showed that all gynogens were cloned from their mothers. Gonads of the gynogenetic progeny were examined by histological observations and the sexing results showed that they were almost 100% females, strongly supporting an assumption of female homogamety in mandarin fish. By this study, we obtained pure lines of S. chuatsi and elucidated its genetic mechanism of sex determination, providing a basis for possible sex control breeding in this species.