河川沙塘鳢不同家系生长性能的比较及优良亲本选择

采用巢式设计,对河川沙塘鳢(Odontobutis potamophila)四个不同地理群体(建德、当涂、射阳和苏州)进行群体内和群体间杂交,构建了34个全同胞家系,进而分析了不同家系子代的生长性状指标,方差分析和多重比较结果显示:不同家系的子代在生长性能上差异显著。其中,在整个生长测量过程中,F36、F35、F29、F16和F1号等家系无论是全长还是体重都表现较优的生长速度和增长量,生长优势明显,由此可判断F36、F35、F29、F16和F1等家系为优秀家系,可作为该品种进一步选育的基础群体。对34个河川沙塘鳢家系亲本来源与子代生长性能的相关性分析结果表明,生长性能良好的河川沙塘鳢家系中,父本来源于建德群体的居多,母本来源于当涂群体的居多。可见建德群体适合作父本,当涂群体适合作母本。     

9个马氏珠母贝家系的中期生长性状评估

2008年3月以2006年构建的4个家系F1为亲本，采用不完全双列杂交法，成功构建了9个马氏珠母贝（Pinctadafacata）家系，在相同养殖条件下对其壳高、壳长、壳宽和体质量进行了周年测量，对不同遗传背景的家系和不同时期4个生长性状的生长速率进行了比较分析。结果显示，不同家系间及不同生长时期在各性状上存在显著差异（P〈0．05）。9个家系的壳高生长速率顺序为F11〉F4〉F9〉F3〉F6〉F12〉F2〉F7〉F5，壳长生长速率顺序为F11〉174〉F3〉F9〉F12〉F2〉F6〉F7〉F5，壳宽生长速率顺序为F6〉F11〉F3〉P9〉F4〉F12〉F2〉F5〉F7，体质量生长速率顺序为F11〉F12〉179〉F3〉F7〉F2〉F4〉F5〉F6。F11、附和F、9家系壳高生长较快，F11家系壳长生长较快，F11、F3和F9家系壳宽生长较快，F11、F12和F9家系体质量生长较快，彼此间差异显著（P〈0．05）。在不同的生长时期各生长指标差异显著性有所不同，10月～12月以壳高、壳长和壳宽增长较为显著，3月～5月以体质量增长较为显著；慢速生长期各生长性状指标增长速率差异均不显著，而快速增长时期各生长性状增长速率均存在显著性差异。筛选出生长性状最优的家系F11，为通过家系选择培育优良品种提供了遗传素材，同时为家系育种策略的制定提供了指导。     

网箱养殖黄姑鱼生长特性初步研究

为了深入了解黄姑鱼Nibea albiflora(Richardson)的养殖生态学特征,自2009年6月至2010年6月定期测定网箱养殖环境因子,每月测量网箱养殖黄姑鱼的全长、体长和体重,并自黄姑鱼7月龄开始统计其雌雄个体差异。结果表明,黄姑鱼夏季生长较快,冬季生长相对较慢,养殖期间体重的平均生长速度为0.72 g/d,全长的平均增长速度为0.048 cm/d,至15月龄时体重达到(288.32±38.56)g;雌雄个体7月龄时存在显著差别(P0.05),随着黄姑鱼的生长,这种差别逐渐增大,15月龄时,雌性体重是雄性的1.31倍。     

中华绒螯蟹一龄性早熟和二龄成熟家系子一代成蟹阶段生长发育育性能的比较研究

中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)存在一龄性早熟和二龄正常成熟两种现象,为了解其后代养殖性能是否存在差异,本研究利用构建的一龄早熟家系和二龄正常成熟家系,评估了其子一代在成蟹养殖阶段的生长、存活率、产量、生殖蜕壳和性腺发育,结果显示:(1)正常家系的子一代在8月和10月的平均体重(70.45±18.62)g,(95.87±34.44)g高于早熟家系的平均体重(58.93±16.33)g,(95.56±25.26)g,甲壳长和甲壳宽在7、8和10月份,正常家系显著高于早熟家系,4-10月二龄正常成熟家系的特定增重率(SGR,(1.48±0.45)%/d)低于一龄早熟((1.65±0.12))%/d;(2)一龄性早熟家系完成生殖蜕壳的时间早于二龄正常家系,一龄性早熟家系在8月份的生殖蜕壳率为85%,高于正常家系(75%),但两者的性腺指数和肝胰腺指数均无显著差异;(3)就最终养殖效果而言,尽管正常成熟家系子代的存活率和平均产量比早熟家系分别高出14%和17%,但两种家系间无显著差异。结果表明,河蟹二龄成熟家系子代在成蟹阶段的生长性能优于一龄早熟家系子代。     

牙鲆家系4 个选育性状的测定与分析

为了研究牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)不同选育性状之间的相关性,2009年建立了38个牙鲆实验家系和1个养殖场对照组。选取其中33个家系和对照组进行鳗弧菌感染实验并对存活个体进行荧光标记后混合养殖在2个水泥池中,其中一个混养池在平均400日龄时暴发了淋巴囊肿病(Lymphocystis Disease,LD),LD发病率为62.4%,包括16个家系和对照组。从这些家系中筛选出4个发病率低于40.0%的抗病家系(F0939,F09104,F0915,F0908)。另外,在4~5月龄时,从每个家系中平均选取100尾鱼进行荧光标记后混合养殖,580日龄时测定这些家系的养殖存活率和体重,平均养殖存活率为32.0%,将7个养殖存活率高于55.0%的家系定义为高养殖存活率家系(F0908,F0975,F0990,F09125,F0927,F09119,F0905)。对牙鲆LD的抗病个体和易感个体的体重和全长进行卡方检验,发现抗病个体的体重和全长均显著高于易感个体(P0.01),同时分析牙鲆各个家系的LD发病率与发病时的体重和全长的相关性,结果显示牙鲆各个家系LD发病率与发病时体重和全长均呈强负相关(r–0.6)。对牙鲆家系鳗弧菌感染存活率、LD发病率、580日龄的养殖存活率和体重这4个性状两两之间进行相关性分析,发现LD发病率与580日龄的体重呈强负相关(r=–0.790);鳗弧菌感染存活率与养殖存活率之间为弱正相关(r=0.371);其他性状两两之间不存在显著相关性(–0.092≤r≤0.185)。本研究共筛选到了4个牙鲆LD抗病家系和7个高养殖存活率家系,并揭示了4个牙鲆选育性状之间的相关性,为培育速生多抗的牙鲆新品种提供了遗传材料和理论依据。     

冷泉水养殖条件下的史氏鲟和杂交鲟鱼种的饲养试验

在冷泉水养殖条件下进行史氏鲟和杂交鲟(史氏鲟♀×西伯利亚鲟♂)鱼种的饲养试验,史氏鲟和杂交鲟鱼种的平均体重分别为(2.51±0.57)g和(2.16±0.33)g;平均全长分别为(6.55±0.69)cm和(6.11±0.33)cm;试验期水温为18~22℃。经70 d人工培育,投喂含48%粗蛋白的人工配合饲料,史氏鲟和杂交鲟鱼种的平均体重分别达到(22.25±5.53)g和(26.19±6.16)g,平均全长分别达到(13.87±0.61)cm和(14.17±0.77)cm。杂交鲟鱼种平均体重和平均全长特定生长率均高于史氏鲟。以Bertalanffy非线性生长模型算得的史氏鲟和杂交鲟鱼种体重生长拐点分别为67 d和71 d,全长生长拐点日龄分别为30 d与33 d;全长生长拐点的出现先于体重拐点;杂交鲟鱼种体重和全长生长拐点比史氏鲟鱼种分别推迟4 d和3 d,杂交鲟鱼种全长生长增速持续时间大于史氏鲟鱼种。     

大口黑鲈家系早期形态性状的相关和主成分分析

利用17个大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)家系在4月龄和6月龄的生长数据,对大口黑鲈全长、体长、头长、尾柄长、体高和尾柄高6个性状进行相关分析和主成分分析。结果表明:6个形态性状之间均呈高表型正相关,其值在0.565~0.990之间;4月龄和6月龄全长对形态性状的贡献率分别为92.29%和86.40%,可作为大口黑鲈形态性状的选择指标;4月龄全长/体高和尾柄长/尾柄高对体型的贡献率分别为65.94%和34.06%,6月龄全长/体高和尾柄长/尾柄高的贡献率分别为69.08%和30.92%,这两个指标均可作为大口黑鲈体型的选择标准。另外,采用方差分析对大口黑鲈各家系的全长、绝对增长率、生长指标和体型指数进行比较,结果表明家系S07D07的生长表现为最优。     

怀头鲇（♀）×兰州鲇（♂）杂交F1的生长特性初步研究

对怀头鲇(♀)与兰州鲇(♂)的杂交F1人工养殖条件的生长进行研究。结果显示:在水温22￣25℃条件下,平均体长(2.75±0.16)cm、平均体重(0.36±0.06)g的杂交F1幼鱼经过100d培育后,平均体长和平均体重分别达到(28.56±3.26)cm和(193.33±59.50)g。体长与日龄呈线性关系,L=0.3131t+1.4389,R2=0.9178;体重与日龄呈指数函数关系,W=0.0159L2.7664,R2=0.9148。体重与体长呈幂函数关系,关系式为W=0.0159L2.7664,R2=0.9963,其中b值接近于3,怀头鲇和兰州鲇的杂交F1幼鱼为等速生长类型,体重生长与全长生长速度相近。     

虾夷扇贝家系的建立及不同家系的早期生长研究

采用♂：♀=1：3的交配方法建立了33个虾夷扇贝Patinopecten yessoensis全同胞家系，对其壳长、壳高、壳宽和活体重进行了周年观测，对家系间和家系内的生长变异进行了比较分析。结果表明，不同家系间在不同性状上差异极显著。在同批家系中，06S-1、06S-24和06S-25号等家系壳高的生长较快，优势明显；06S-1、06S-25、06S-18和06S-30号等家系活体重的生长速度较快，差异显著；33个家系壳高月增长量大小顺序与活体重月增长量变化规律相近；06S-24、06S-25、06S-30、06S-1和06S-18号家系在各时期各性状上均表现出了明显的生长优势，是生长性状优良的家系，而06S-2和06S-5号家系生长一直最慢，各性状的表现也最差。全同胞家系间生长的差异性，表明家系间差异较显著，遗传变异资源丰富，可为后期的选育提供大量选种材料。     

河川沙塘鳢3个不同地理群体杂交F_1代生长性能及遗传多样性

选取来自浙江建德、安徽当涂、江苏太湖3个不同地理群体的河川沙塘鳢,采用3×3完全双列杂交方式进行配组,对9个组合F1子代的生长性状及遗传多样性进行比较分析。通过对2月龄和4月龄F1子代的生长性状进行对比分析发现,建德(♂)×当涂(♀)杂交组合的全长增加率、质量增加率分别为42.58%、190.79%,建德×当涂(正反交)组合的全长杂交优势率、体质量杂交优势率分别为17.88%、66.75%,均高于其他组合。不同地理群体间的杂交F1子代的全长增加率、质量增加率、杂交优势率均高于同一地理群体间的自繁F1子代。采用8个微卫星引物分析获得9个组合F1子代的遗传分化指数平均值为0.195,表明9个组合子代间存在遗传差异与分化,其期望杂合度为0.1493~0.7971,观测杂合度为0.1562~1.0000。双列杂交子代的杂合度和遗传多样性高于自繁子代,其中建德(♂)×当涂(♀)组合的等位基因数、多态信息含量值分别为3.9和0.486,均高于其他组合。综合生长性能和遗传多样性,初步选择建德(♂)×当涂(♀)为最佳杂交组合。     

半滑舌鳎白化现象的初步研究

通过建立半滑舌鳎家系对其白化现象进行了初步研究。实验共建立半滑舌鳎家系17个,首先对这17个家系白化率进行了抽样统计和方差分析,并对部分家系的白化个体的眼睛异常率进行了统计;其次,选取其中白化率较高的4个家系,对白化个体和正常个体的生长情况进行了对比;最后,对白化率较高的4个家系白化个体和正常个体的抗鳗弧菌病能力进行了比较。结果发现,不同家系个体白化率有较大的差别,3号家系白化率最高,高达94.50%,15号、33号和37号家系白化率为0.00%;父本为养殖群体的家系的平均白化率最高,为19.68%,父本为野生群体的家系的平均白化率最低,为3.21%,父本为选育群体的平均白化率为7.50%,但3者之间差异不显著(P0.05);3个家系的白化个体眼睛异常率较高,5号家系为48.48%、10号家系为45.83%和12号家系为88.89%。选取4个家系对其白化个体和正常个体的生长情况进行比较发现,同一家系中3~4月龄白化个体在全长、体宽和体质量方面均显著或极显著小于正常个体,但生长至12~13月龄时,这种差异基本不显著,1号和17号家系白化个体的全长、体宽和体质量甚至超过了同家系的正常个体;1号和17号家系白化个体的日增重分别超过了同家系的正常个体。对选取的4个家系的白化个体和正常个体进行鳗弧菌感染实验发现,白化个体的死亡率均低于同家系正常个体,1号和17号家系的白化个体的抗病性相对同家系正常个体较突出,死亡率分别比正常个体低24.92%和20.25%。研究表明,半滑舌鳎野生群体的后代白化率较低,白化现象会伴随一定比例的眼睛异常,白化个体初期生长较慢,后期生长加快,甚至会超过正常个体,并且同一家系中白化个体的抗病性要优于正常个体。     

Vaccination of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), by immersion and oral booster against Edwardsiella ictaluri

Abstract. A commercially prepared vaccine against Edwardsiella ictaluri was used to vaccinate 12-day-old channel catfish fry by immersion, or by immersion plus an oral booster 2 months later. One month after the fish were fed the booster vaccine, they were challenged by waterborne exposure to 2·1 × 10⁶ cells ml⁻¹ of E. ictaluri. Immersion only vaccinated fish suffered 6·7% mortality and immersion plus oral-boosted fish had a 3·3% mortality. Mortality among non-vaccinated controls was 96·7% and was significantly ( P < 0·01) above the vaccinated mortality. The relative per cent survival for the immersion-only fish was 93·1, while it was 96·6 for the immersion plus oral-boosted fish. Agglutinating antibody titres of the vaccinated fish were significantly ( P < 0·05) higher than the control fish. When the ponds were drained 6 months after stocking, 42·7% of non-vaccinated, 56·3% of immersion-only and 70·8% of immersion plus oral-boosted fish were harvested. Survival of immersion plus orally-boosted fish was significantly ( P < 0·05) higher than the controls of immersion-only fish. Duplicate populations of immersion plus oral-booster-vaccinated fish grew 34% and 56% faster, respectively, on an average daily gain than the control fish, while immersion-only fish in one pond grew 20% less per day and fish in the second pond grew 48% faster.     

Interaction of Salinity and Feed Protein Level on Growth of Penaeus vannamel

An intensive 42-day growth trial conducted in ourdoor tanks with Penaeus vannamei (stocking weight of 5.3g, density of 30/m²) indicated that there was a significant interaction between salinity and protein level of the feed. In 46 ppt water, shrimp fed feed containing 45% protein grew faster (2.98%/day) than shrimp fed 35 and 25% protein rations (2.84 and 2.73%/day, respectively). At 12 ppt, growth of shrimp fed 35% feed was faster (3.23%/day) than growth of shrimp fed 25% protein feed (3.07%/day). Shrimp fed the 45% protein feed did not grow faster 3.14%/day) than shrimp fed 35 an 25% protein feeds. At each protein level, growth at 12 ppt was greater than at 46ppt. Survival was not affeted by either salinity or feed protein level and averaged 86%. Results indicate that nutritional requirements vary with culture salinity and suggest that use of higher protein feeds under hypersaline culture conditions may produce higher yields.     

Growth of 0-group turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L. 1758) fed on artificial diets

Group-0 turbot Scophthalmus maximus L. were fed on artificial diets for 13 months, at 15° C. Partially defined diets containing about 40% protein were used and fish were fed once per day with moist pellets.The mean weight of the fish, at the beginning of the experiment, was 3.5 g. During the first 6 months, a fish gained 15 g weight on average, and 40 g in the following 6 months. The final mean weight was 62 g, and the final mean total length, 15.3 cm. The daily growth rate was 0.7% and the protein efficiency ratio (P.E.R.) ranged between 1.4 and 2.1.For fish fed on natural food at 15° C, the results were similar for the first 9 months. Subsequently, these fish grew faster than those fed artificial diets.     

池塘养殖三疣梭子蟹的生长规律

为探讨池塘养殖三疣梭子蟹的生长规律和雌雄差异，本研究对1～6月龄池塘养殖三疣梭子蟹各生长指标进行了比较分析，并采用Logistic模型分别拟合三疣梭子蟹的体重(BW)、体长(BL)、体高(BH)、全甲宽(FCW)、甲宽(CW)、大螯长节长(MLC)、大螯不动指长(FFLC)、第一步足长节长(MLFP)等8个形态性状的生长特征。结果显示，三疣梭子蟹雌性和雄性的生长存在差异，早期雄性生长较快，后期雌性生长较快，而雌雄混合分析介于二者之间。三疣梭子蟹各生长性状的Logistic模型拟合结果显示，除雌性MLC和MLFP以及雌雄混合分析的MLFP之外，其余性状R²均达到0.990以上；雌性和雄性体质量的极限生长值分别为290.27和195.91g，快速生长区间分别为2.74～5.10月龄和2.33～4.14月龄，拐点分别为3.92和3.24月龄。研究表明，三疣梭子蟹的生长过程均符合“慢-快-慢”的特征，雄性比雌性更早进入快速生长期，但是快速生长期的持续时间不及雌性。本研究对三疣梭子蟹不同生长指标的规律特征，以及各指标在混合养殖条件下雌性和雄性的优势阶段进行了研究，为实现三疣...     

牙鲆抗迟缓爱德华氏菌病家系的继代选育与早期速生家系筛选

迟缓爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda)是牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)的主要致病菌之一,严重影响牙鲆养殖业的可持续发展。本研究主要以2012、2013和2014年选育的优质抗病牙鲆家系为亲本,于2016年建立和培育了28个牙鲆家系,包括F3代家系4个、F_4代家系23个和对照家系1个。经过60 d的鱼苗早期生长性能测定和迟缓爱德华氏菌人工攻毒感染实验,筛选得到7个高抗病力(攻毒感染存活率66%)的家系,包括1个高抗病、速生家系(F1639),攻毒存活率达77.23%,比28个家系的平均值高32.75%,全长日增长率达到0.174 cm/d,比28个家系的均值高0.023 cm/d。该家系亲本源自2007年[F0750,抗鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)病家系]、2009年(F0927,抗鳗弧菌病家系)和2014年(F1421,抗迟缓爱德华氏菌家系)选育的抗病力强家系。历代攻毒感染实验的结果显示,选育的牙鲆家系抗病力逐代提高,说明通过家系选育(同胞选择),能够有效提高选育后代的抗病力。本研究进一步证明,家系选育是培育鱼类抗病优良品种的有效途径,为进一步培育出生长更快、抗病力更强的牙鲆新品种奠定了良好的基础,也为牙鲆对爱德华氏菌抗病性能的遗传解析和抗病机理研究提供了良好的遗传材料,对其他鱼类抗病良种选育具有重要指导作用和应用价值。     

Linking growth to environmental histories in central Baltic young-of-the-year sprat, Sprattus sprattus: an approach based on otolith microstructure analysis and hydrodynamic modelling

Otolith microstructure analysis and hydrodynamic modelling were combined to study growth patterns in young‐of‐the‐year (YoY) sprat, Sprattus sprattus, which were sampled in October 2002 in the central Baltic Sea. The observed ‘window of survival’, approximated by the distribution of back‐calculated days of first feeding (DFF), was narrow compared to the extended spawning season of sprat in the Baltic Sea (mean± SD = 22 June ± 14.1 days) and indicated that only individuals born in summer survived until October 2002. Within the group of survivors, individuals born later in the season exhibited faster larval, but more rapidly decreasing juvenile growth rates than earlier born conspecifics. Back‐calculated larval growth rates of survivors (0.48–0.69 mm day^?1) were notably higher than those previously reported for average larval sprat populations, suggesting that the YoY population was predominantly comprised of individuals which grew faster during the larval stage. Daily mean temperatures, experienced across the entire YoY population, were derived from Lagrangian particle simulations and correlated with (1) detrended otolith growth and (2) back‐calculated, daily somatic growth rates of survivors. The results showed that abrupt changes in ambient temperature can be detected in the seasonal pattern of otolith growth, and that higher temperatures led to significantly faster growth throughout the entire age range of YoY sprat.     

不同养殖条件下黄缘闭壳龟二龄幼龟的生长研究

研究了常温养殖(气温为14.7～33.3℃)与初夏、秋末阶段性的控温养殖(气温为20.3 ～33.3℃)两种养殖方式下黄缘闭壳龟Cuora flavomarginata(Gray)二龄幼龟生长的情况,试验结果:通过180 d的试验,常温养殖幼龟平均增重54.27 g,体重相对增长率为115.89％,绝对增长率为0.30...     

Sex-Linked Growth Divergence of Summer Flounder from a Commercial Farm

ABSTRACT

In the wild, it is known that adult female summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, grow at a faster rate and to a larger body size than males. The age or size at which this divergence in growth rate occurs is not known. At GreatBay Aquafarms, Inc., the sex ratios of three production lots of juvenile fish was examined to determine if females grow faster than males under commercial cultivation and to identify the age and/or size at which sex-linked growth divergence begins. Production lots 99-2, 99-1, and 98-3, ages 8, 12, and 15 months (post-hatch), respectively, were sampled. The gonadal tissue from fish smaller than 60 mm was examined by histology. Fish larger than 12 cm were dissected, and gross observation was used to determine sex. With the exception of two samples that appeared to be males, gonadal tissue from fish under 60 mm appeared undifferentiated. In production 99-2 (8 months) no significant association between the percentage of female fish and body size was found. However, in productions 99-1 (12 months) and 98-3 (15 months) percentage of female fish increased significantly with body size group. At the time of sampling, the average weight of females from lots 99-2, 99-1, and 98-3 was 1.05, 1.1, and 1.4 times heavier, respectively, than males. Results from this study suggest that sex differentiation in summer flounder occurs at 6 to 12 cm, and indicates clear value of all-female production for the commercial cultivation of summer flounder.     

牙鲆不同家系生长性能比较及优良亲本选择

针对牙鲆生长慢的问题，实验室建立了63个牙鲆家系生长性能进行了测定和比较分析。对日龄80～230 d的不同家系鱼苗的体长和体重进行了测量，发现家系之间存在明显的生长差异，生长最快家系平均体重是最慢家系的3.08倍，最大体长是最小体长的1.47倍。家系的绝对增重率分布在0.138～0.478。利用多元方差分析（MANOVA）对家系因子进行分析表明，牙鲆家系生长日龄对家系体长和体重未达显著影响（P>0.05）；利用单因素方差（one-way ANOVA）分析和多重比较法（SNK）对63个家系的生长指标进行分析比较后表明，所有家系可分为生长快速、生长较快、生长一般、生长较慢和生长最慢5个组，5组之间具有显著性差异（P<0.01），筛选出19、36、51、21、69、61、64和81号8个生长快速家系。利用多重比较法对RS♂×JS♀、RS♂×RS♀、RS♂×YS♀、JS♂×RS♀、JS♂×JS♀、YS♂×RS♀、YS♂×JS♀　7个杂交组合产生的后代生长性状进行综合分析，发现JS♂×RS♀杂交产生的家系生长最快（P<0.05），不同群体间与群体内杂交产生家系在生长上存在着明显的差异（P<0.05）。利用半同胞家系进行后裔性状测定和分析，对牙鲆3个群体中14个父本和12个母本的生长遗传性状进行鉴定，发现JS29、JS12 和RS41　3个父本及 RS75、RS28、RS86、JS21和JS22　5个母本产生的家系生长较快（P<0.05）。利用生长最快家系和生长最慢家系的体长和体重数据，建立了体长和体重关系式，决定系数R²>0.5、a值相近、b<3，表明家系个体的体长和体重密切相关，家系生长环境较稳定，两家系都处于异速生长阶段。