透红小丑鱼的繁殖习性、胚胎发育和胚后发育

为了补充确定透红小丑鱼的分类地位,对透红小丑鱼的繁殖习性及胚胎发育等进行了观察。结果表明:透红小丑鱼的产卵时间持续近1 h 20 min,产卵量多达1 400粒;受精卵长径1.5～1.7 mm,短径0.63～0.67 mm;胚胎发育过程包括胚盘期、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、器官形成期和孵化期共7个时期;在水温(26.5±0.5)℃时,受精卵约需198 h 15 min孵化出膜;初孵仔鱼全长3.0～3.6 mm,18 d进入稚鱼期,45 d进入幼鱼期。     

棘头梅童鱼胚胎发育和仔鱼形态观察

对棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus)早期发育阶段的胚胎与仔鱼形态特征进行了观察和研究,分析了胚胎和仔鱼的生长发育特征。研究表明,棘头梅童鱼受精卵为圆球形,透明,油球1个,卵径(1. 182±0. 041)mm,油球直径(0. 458±0. 015) mm;在水温(25. 00±0. 50)℃、盐度23～24条件下,受精卵经20 h 20 min孵化出膜。棘头梅童鱼胚胎发育过程可划分为合子、卵裂、囊胚、原肠胚、神经胚、器官形成及出膜7个阶段,共24个发育时期。在水温(26. 00±0. 24)℃、盐度23～24条件下,初孵仔鱼平均全长(2. 536±0. 059) mm,出膜后9 d内为早期仔鱼阶段,以内源性营养耗尽为主要特征; 9～25 d为晚期仔鱼阶段,各鳍条发育齐全,鳞片出现。     

高体鰤胚胎及仔稚幼鱼的形态观察

本文报道了高体（Ｓｅｒｉｏｌａｄｕｍｅｒｉｌｉ）受精卵的胚胎发育及仔稚幼鱼形态特征。在水温２２～２７℃范围内，受精卵随水温升高，孵化时间缩短。水温２３℃，经过３５ｈ１０ｍｉｎ，仔鱼破膜而出。初孵仔鱼全长为２．９２～３．１２ｍｍ；孵化后３天仔鱼开口，全长为３．８８～３．９８ｍｍ；孵化后２３天，稚鱼全长为１．００～１．３０ｍｍ，鳞片开始形成，鳍棘、鳍条均已分化形成；孵化后３２天，全长为２．０５～２．５６ｍｍ，幼鱼发育完全，体形和成鱼基本相似。     

条纹斑竹鲨的胚胎发育

观察了室内培育的条纹斑竹鲨自然生产的受精卵形态和胚胎发育过程。结果表明，条纹斑竹鲨受精卵个体较大，卵黄略呈椭圆形，长径为25.91～36.16 mm，短径为13.56～19.44 mm。受精卵外裹有棕褐色的卵鞘，鞘长75.25～107.30 mm，鞘宽33.39～47.70 mm，鞘厚15.82～24.65 mm，卵鞘坚韧而略有弹性。在水温28.0 ℃、盐度26.2～28.8条件下，受精卵经65～80 d发育孵出幼鱼，胚胎发育分为23期，参照硬骨鱼类胚胎发育各期名称给予命名。初孵幼鱼全长121.82～166.80 mm，体重5.30～18.22 g，已具成鱼的外形特征，但体内尚存卵黄，体外卵黄少许或消失。胚体长度（L/mm）与孵化时间（D/d）呈线性相关，L=2.1368D－11.175（R= 0.9862）；胚体重（M/mg）与孵化时间（D/d）呈幂函数关系，M=0.0001D^4.3763（R² = 0.9579）；胚体重（M/mg）与胚体长度（L/mm）呈幂函数关系，M = 0.0005L^3.4278（R²=0.9822）。     

松江鲈胚胎及胚后发育研究

采用人工繁育的松江鲈子一代为亲本，人工授精，在水温6℃、盐度32的条件下人工脱黏孵化，观察了胚胎发育。结果显示：松江鲈受精卵经过7 h进入卵裂期，经过2 d发育至囊胚期，5 d进入原肠期，经过9 d发育至眼囊期，17 d出现围心腔，22 d时肌节形成，29 d时体色素开始沉积，30～35 d孵出。在水温11.37℃～16.88℃、盐度32的条件下进行仔稚鱼培育。初孵仔鱼平均全长6.98 mm，出膜后4 d卵黄囊完全吸收，出膜后28 d背鳍、腹鳍、胸鳍和尾鳍发育完全，体表黑色素沉积增加，进入稚鱼期，出膜后55 d身体不透明，进入幼鱼期。结果显示，由于水温等环境因素的原因，胚胎发育与胚后发育各个阶段所需的时间与前人的研究结果存在一定差异。     

条纹锯鮨胚胎发育及卵黄囊仔鱼形态变化的观察

通过观察条纹锯鱼旨的胚胎发育过程及卵黄囊仔鱼形态变化,研究其胚胎发育及卵黄囊仔鱼的形态特征、特点。采用Nikon E200显微镜对其胚胎发育形态及卵黄囊仔鱼形态变化进行连续拍照取样,详细描述了其从受精卵到初孵仔鱼的26个具体发育时期的形态特征、孵化温度、发育时间及卵黄囊仔鱼的形态变化特征。结果显示,条纹锯鱼旨的受精卵为球形、游离的浮性卵,平均卵径为0.950±0.039mm;条纹锯鱼旨受精卵孵化需经过卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、器官生成期和孵化期6个主要时期,在80目的孵化网箱中,水温20～20.5℃、盐度28～32、DO≥5mg/L、pH7.6～8.4静水微充气的条件下需要46h53min孵化;卵黄囊在仔鱼出膜2d后被吸收。     

鮸鱼早期发育的形态学初步研究

对(鮸)鱼Miichthys miiuy(Basilewsky)胚胎和仔、稚、幼鱼的各发育阶段的形态特征进行了描述.(鮸)鱼的受精卵为圆球形浮性卵,无色透明,在水温25～27 ℃、盐度31.9的条件下,经19 h 18 min陆续孵出仔鱼.根据胚后发育的形态特征对仔、稚、幼鱼各时期提出界定标志,仔鱼期初孵仔鱼发育至各鳍分化完成(1～17日龄,持续17 d);稚鱼期鳞片开始出现、生出枕骨棘至全身被鳞(18～32日龄,持续15 d);33日龄以后进入幼鱼期.仔、稚、幼鱼培育水温25.8～32.2 ℃,盐度28.6～32.5.(鮸)鱼以卵径(0.91 mm)、油球径(0.33 mm)和枕骨棘形态等的特征区别于其他石首鱼类早期发育的形态依据.     

新疆裸重唇鱼胚胎及早期仔鱼发育的形态观察

2016年4月1日—4月19日,在水温12～14℃下采用催产、人工授精和室内孵化方式获得暂养的野生新疆裸重唇鱼Gymnodiptychus dybowskii受精卵和仔鱼,观察其胚胎发育和早期仔鱼的形态特征。结果显示:新疆裸重唇鱼成熟鱼卵为亮黄色或橙色,卵径(2.2±0.28)mm,受精约35min后卵周隙达到最大,卵径2.90～3.40mm,卵黄约占卵体积的3/5。整个发育过程可分为受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期和器官形成期6个阶段。在水温(16±2)℃下,胚胎发育积温为2 359h·℃,187h仔鱼上浮。研究结果表明,新疆裸重唇鱼的胚胎发育特征与新疆地区其他几种裂腹鱼类存在一定差异。     

石鲽仔、幼鱼性腺发育的组织学观察

利用组织学方法对人工培育的石鲽(Kareius bicoloratusBasiewsky)仔、幼鱼性腺发育进行研究。结果表明,性腺的发育与体长密切相关。刚孵化石鲽的原生殖细胞数目为2个,孵化3 d数目增至8个,之后经过迁移,至孵化9 d到达生殖嵴。在全长为7.2～8.5 mm(孵化9～11 d)的仔鱼中,性腺原基中的体细胞迅速增殖并包围原生殖细胞,后者在全长10～15 mm(孵化后10～35 d)的仔幼鱼中增殖成为生殖干细胞。原始性腺在全长15～30 mm(孵化40～60 d)的幼鱼中逐渐发育完善,呈细线状,位于腹腔后部中肾管下方紧贴体壁。雌性性腺最早在全长32.5 mm(孵化66 d)的个体中出现分化特征,至全长89～102 mm时雌性性腺特征完全分化。雄性性腺的分化较雌性性腺晚,最早在全长为91 mm的幼鱼中开始,至全长为114～118 mm时雄性性腺分化特征已经十分明显。     

气体过饱和对草鱼和鲢受精卵、仔鱼和幼鱼的影响

通过气体过饱和发生装置来模拟高坝泄洪时产生的气体过饱和水体,设置气体饱和度分别为100%、110%、120%、130%、140%的水体,探明其对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)和鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)不同早期发育时期(受精卵、仔鱼、幼鱼)的影响,揭示了实验鱼在气体过饱和水中暴露时间和死亡率变化的关系,并计算了幼鱼在不同过饱和度的半致死时间。结果显示:各气体饱和度水体对实验鱼受精卵的发育和孵化均无显著影响;气体过饱和会导致实验仔鱼腹部肿胀充气,幼鱼各个组织均产生气泡;实验幼鱼对气体过饱和的耐受力低于仔鱼;气体饱和度越高对实验鱼的致死效应越强;草鱼仔幼鱼对气体过饱和的耐受力低于鲢。     

瓣结鱼食性的研究

以采自贵州境内清水江、都柳江的318尾瓣结鱼(Tor(Foliter)brevifilis brevifilis)为研究对象,从食物组成、摄食强度和摄食形态学等方面研究了瓣结鱼食性的特点。结果表明:瓣结鱼的食物由双翅目昆虫幼虫等17类饵料生物组成,并以双翅目昆虫幼虫的出现率最高。瓣结鱼的充塞度按春、夏、秋、冬季逐渐增高,季节性变化明显。充塞指数随体长生长显著减少,而摄食率则随体长生长逐渐增加。充塞指数和摄食率均以V期性腺个体为最低。瓣结鱼为底层杂食性鱼类。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.