极北海带幼苗对氮、磷和铁营养元素需求的研究

将体长3～5 cm的极北海带幼苗充气饲养在过滤灭菌海水中,以NaNO_3和KH_2PO_4为氮源和磷源,氮、磷质量浓度[ρ(N)∶ρ(P)=10∶1]:NO_3~--N为0、0.5、2、4、6、8、10 mg/L,温度9℃,光周期为12L∶12D,12、24、36、48、60 h后,测定其叶绿素荧光参数(光系统Ⅱ最大荧光产量,F_v/F_m)及培养12、24、48 h后幼苗的表观光合速率,以研究极北海带幼苗生长的适宜营养盐质量浓度范围。另一试验中,以NaNO_3和NH_4Cl为氮源,KH_2PO_4为磷源,FeCl_3为铁源。NH_4~+-N(3 mg/L)组中Fe~(3+)质量浓度为0、1 mg/L。NO_3~--N(3 mg/L)组Fe~(3+)质量浓度为0、0.2、1、5 mg/L,0、4、10、24、48 h后测定幼苗培养液中的PO_4~(3-)-P、NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N和Fe~(3+)质量浓度以及处理3 d后的极北海带幼苗的相对生长速率以探讨极北海带幼苗生长对铁与氮、磷的需求。试验结果显示,NO_3~--N:2～8 mg/L,PO_4~(3-)-P:0.2～0.8 mg/L[ρ(N)∶ρ(P)=10∶1,下同]内,极北海带幼苗的相对生长速率较高,表明该NO_3~--N、PO_4~(3-)-P质量浓度范围对其生长有利;NO_3~--N:2～4 mg/L,PO_4~(3-)-P:0.2～0.4 mg/L时,极北海带幼苗的F_v/F_m值和表观光合速率均较大,表明该NO_3~--N、PO_4~(3-)-P质量浓度范围对其光合作用较有利;铁(Fe~(3+),下同)质量浓度为0.2～1.0 mg/L时较有利于极北海带幼苗的生长,在铁质量浓度为1 mg/L时幼苗的相对生长速率最大;添加适宜质量浓度的铁营养盐后,10 h内显著促进极北海带幼苗对NO_3~--N和PO_4~(3-)-P的吸收,24 h后促进效果不明显,同时幼苗对铁的吸收也在10 h内基本达到饱和;5 mg/L的高铁质量浓度对幼苗吸收NO_3~--N和PO_4~(3-)-P有抑制作用,添加铁与否对幼苗吸收NH_4~+-N无显著影响(P0.05)。     

七彩神仙幼鱼的病害防治试验

在28℃水温下，选用福尔马林、高锰酸钾、亚甲基兰、阿维菌素、氯化亚汞5种药物分别对并患指环虫病与小瓜虫病的七彩神仙幼鱼进行治疗试验。研究发现，对并患这两种病的七彩神仙幼鱼采用综合治疗的方法，即先用质量浓度为1mg/L的氯化亚汞浸泡10min，2d后再用质量浓度为10mg／L的高锰酸钾浸泡10min，能获得理想的治疗效果。     

硫酸铜对梭鲈幼鱼的急性毒性及其对车轮虫的灭杀作用

在水温22.5~24℃条件下,将体质量(3.59±0.19)g的梭鲈Sander lucioperca幼鱼暴露在0.40mg/L、0.70mg/L、1.22mg/L、2.14mg/L、3.75mg/L和6.57mg/L的6个硫酸铜浓度中,研究硫酸铜对梭鲈幼鱼的急性毒性和灭杀车轮虫的有效浓度。结果表明:硫酸铜的24h、48h和96h半致死浓度(LC_(50))分别为2.58 mg/L、2.35 mg/L和1.88mg/L,安全浓度为0.59mg/L。硫酸铜浓度在0.7mg/L以下,对梭鲈幼鱼的存活没有影响,硫酸铜浓度在0.4~0.7mg/L下作用24h,对车轮虫的杀虫率可达100%。建议全池泼洒0.4~0.7mg/L硫酸铜,或使用1.5mg/L硫酸铜浸泡2h,间隔1d再以同剂量药浴一次,可有效治疗梭鲈幼鱼的车轮虫病。     

防治松浦镜鲤鱼卵水霉病药物的筛选

在24±1℃下研究了不同浓度的次甲基蓝、甲醛、高锰酸钾、氯化钠、孔雀石绿溶液抑制松浦镜鲤鱼卵水霉病的效果。结果表明：浸泡消毒时间10min,浓度为1100.00mg/L的次甲基蓝和6000.00mg/L的甲醛对水霉菌有较强的抑制作用,对出苗率无显著影响;在药物对水霉菌完全致死浓度（1057.54mg/L）下,浸泡10m...     

丁香酚的分离及其杀多子小瓜虫活性研究

利用不同极性大小的溶剂石油醚、乙酸乙酯、氯仿、甲醇回流提取丁香制备粗提物,进行杀灭多子小瓜虫幼虫和包囊的药效活性追踪,确定丁香杀虫的活性部位为石油醚提取部分,进而利用硅胶柱层析和中压制备液相等分离技术结合活性追逐试验追踪分离丁香石油醚提取物(对多子小瓜虫幼虫和包囊的100%致死质量浓度分别为50mg/L和80mg/L),最终分离获得一种杀虫活性物质,经质谱、核磁氢谱、核磁碳谱等多种波谱分析技术确定该活性物质为丁香酚。体外杀虫结果表明,丁香酚对多子小瓜虫具有较强的杀灭作用,其对幼虫15min、1h、2h、3h和4h的半数致死质量浓度分别为6.21(5.85~6.65)mg/L、3.50(3.24~3.84)mg/L、2.90(2.62~3.22)mg/L、2.33(2.10~2.50)mg/L和2.15(1.98~2.32)mg/L,对幼虫4h的100%杀灭的质量浓度为3.5mg/L,对包囊6h的100%杀灭质量浓度为3.5mg/L。结果表明,丁香酚是一种具有较好开发前景的杀多子小瓜虫药物。     

裙带菜配子体无菌培育消毒方法的研究

为了寻找裙带菜配子体无菌培育试验中对带有成熟孢子囊的裙带菜种带的最佳消毒方法,使用双抗海水(含120mg/L青霉素+100mg/L链霉素)、1.5%碘化钾、4%NaClO,这3种消毒剂及其不同的时间组合,试验对裙带菜种带块的消毒效果及胚孢子的萌发率。结果弄明,最有效的消毒方案为:常规擦洗后,无菌海水冲洗一次,再用双抗海水浸泡20min,然后用1.5%浓度的碘化钾海水溶液浸泡10min,最后用无菌海水浸泡10min,这种消毒效果最佳,且不影响胚孢子的萌发率。     

巨藻幼苗光合、呼吸作用的初步研究

为了研究巨藻幼苗发育及生理生态适应性规律,以巨藻配子体为材料,研究光照周期(10 L∶14 D、12 L∶12 D、14 L∶10 D、16 L∶8 D)对配子体采苗的影响;以光照强度、温度、营养盐浓度3种环境因子设置单因素实验,研究其对巨藻幼苗(0.5~1 cm)的表观光合速率(Pn)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)及相对生长速率(relative growth rate,RGR)的影响,并进行上述3因素对RGR的正交实验。结果显示:(1)10 d后显微观察发现,长光照周期(14 L∶10 D、16 L∶8 D)下采苗效果较好,配子体大量发育为孢子体。(2)光强为70μmol/(m2·s)、温度为13℃和氮营养盐浓度为2 mg/L(N/P=10∶1,下同)的条件下幼苗的RGR较大,表观光合速率较强。90μmol/(m2·s)光强组的幼苗生长受到抑制,其RGR显著小于其他实验组。10℃组的RGR显著小于13℃(P0.05)。氮营养盐浓度上升到8 mg/L,RGR显著降低。(3)随着营养盐浓度的增加,幼苗的表观光合速率、暗呼吸速率整体呈现上升趋势,0.2 mg/L组的Pn显著小于6 mg/L、8 mg/L组,且Rd与其他组差异性显著(P0.05)。(4)相同光强下,温度升高,Pn随之降低,在40~80μmol/(m2·s),10℃、13℃组与16℃、19℃组的Pn差异性显著。经正交实验验证,适宜巨藻幼苗培养条件为光照强度40~70μmol/(m2·s)、温度13℃、氮营养盐浓度2 mg/L。     

一种新型聚维酮碘制剂对卤虫卵及无节幼体的活体消毒试验

为了解一种新型的聚维酮碘制剂对卤虫卵及无节幼体的消毒杀菌效果,研究了该聚维酮碘制剂对卤虫卵和无节幼体的毒性以及对3种不同产地卤虫卵孵化率的影响,并进行了卤虫活体和孵化水的灭菌试验。结果显示,该聚维酮碘制剂在极高浓度(20000 mg/L)下,长时间(60 min)浸泡对市售卤虫卵孵化率无影响,并且未引起卤虫无节幼体死亡,毒性极低;试验分离到市售卤虫携带的4种优势细菌,分别为Vibrio tubiashii、V.sinaloensis、V.anguillarum和Uncultured V.sp.,以浓度500 mg/L的该聚维酮碘制剂处理30min后,可将孵化水中的细菌几近全部杀死(细菌存活率为1.67%);在试验浓度(2 000 mg/L)下,聚维酮碘对渤海湾盐田卤虫卵和巴里坤盐湖卤虫卵的孵化率无影响,但浓度在500 mg/L及以上时,俄罗斯进口卤虫卵的孵化率显著下降。试验结果表明,该聚维酮碘制剂可以作为优良的卤虫消毒剂,建议生产上使用浓度为200~500 mg/L。     

常温下三卡因和丁香酚对条纹小鲃的麻醉效果研究

为提高条纹小鲃在常温下养殖生产操作及运输中的存活率,将野外采集的条纹小鲃经循环水暂养驯化14 d,在水温(25.0±0.5)℃下,开展三卡因和丁香酚对体质量(0.28±0.09) g条纹小鲃的有效麻醉试验：分别经质量浓度为140 mg/L的三卡因、质量浓度为25 mg/L的丁香酚深度麻醉后的离水暴露试验,分别经质量浓度为10 mg/L的三卡因、质量浓度为8 mg/L的丁香酚镇静后的模拟运输试验,探讨常温下不同操作目的2种麻醉剂的应用效果。试验结果显示,三卡因和丁香酚麻醉条纹小鲃的有效质量浓度分别为100～140 mg/L、20～30 mg/L。经质量浓度140 mg/L三卡因、质量浓度25 mg/L丁香酚深度麻醉的条纹小鲃,在空气中分别暴露6、8 min内复苏率为100%。选择三卡因质量浓度10 mg/L、丁香酚质量浓度8 mg/L模拟运输,48 h内均以鱼水质量比1∶15效果最佳;如运输72 h,可使用三卡因麻醉,以鱼水质量比1∶20效果最佳,存活率达90.74%。试验结果表明,三卡因和丁香酚均对条纹小鲃有良好的麻醉效果,在实际应用中应根据不同的操作目的并结合其他要素,选用合适的麻醉...     

防治松浦镜鲤鱼卵水霉病药物的筛选

在24±1℃下研究了不同浓度的次甲基蓝、甲醛、高锰酸钾、氯化钠、孔雀石绿溶液抑制松浦镜鲤鱼卵水霉病的效果。结果表明：浸泡消毒时间10min,浓度为1100.00mg/L的次甲基蓝和6000.00mg/L的甲醛对水霉菌有较强的抑制作用,对出苗率无显著影响;在药物对水霉菌完全致死浓度（1057.54mg/L）下,浸泡10min,次甲基蓝抑菌有效时间达29.97h,致畸率最低（1.55%）,而高锰酸钾和氯化钠浓度对松浦镜鲤鱼卵水霉菌无明显抑制作用。试验表明次甲基蓝可以替代孔雀石绿防治鲤卵水霉病。     

丁香酚对花鲈幼鱼的麻醉效果

为研究丁香酚对花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)幼鱼的麻醉效果。采用静水方法在水温(27±1)℃下研究不同质量浓度丁香酚(20、25、30、40、50、60、80 mg/L和100 mg/L)对规格为(21.6±2.75)cm长和(110.3±30.67)g重的花鲈麻醉效果和呼吸频率的影响。25~100 mg/L质量浓度的丁香酚均能使花鲈进入深度麻醉期,且麻醉浓度与平均入麻时间呈负相关,与平均复苏时间成正相关;丁香酚质量浓度为50 mg/L时,麻醉效果较好。低浓度丁香酚20 mg/L对花鲈呼吸频率影响不明显。在质量浓度达到40~100 mg/L时,鱼体由麻醉期(A3)进入深度麻醉期(A4),呼吸频率迅速降低。以50 mg/L丁香酚将花鲈麻醉后再在空气中进行暴露,暴露时间与复苏时间呈正相关。暴露时间在2~30 min范围内的复苏率为100%。当时间增加至35、40和45 min时,复苏率降低至66%,33%和0。且暴露时间大于20 min花鲈只能进入恢复期3期(R3)。因此,50 mg/L的丁香酚麻醉液是花鲈幼鱼的理想麻醉浓度。     

罗非鱼不同组织脂肪酸含量的分析

分别取罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)的肉、脂肪、肝、眼和皮等组织,用氯仿-甲醇(2∶1,v/v)提取,以C17∶0为内标物,利用气相色谱-质谱法(GC/MS)分析了各组织脂肪酸种类及含量。结果显示:罗非鱼各种组织中含有16种脂肪酸,富含多不饱和脂肪酸。脂肪组织中的脂肪酸含量最高,其次是眼睛、肝脏、鱼肉和鱼皮;各组织中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量为202~8869 mg/kg,主要为棕榈酸(C16∶0)和硬脂酸(C18∶0);单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量为293~11219 mg/kg,主要为棕榈油酸(C16∶1)和油酸(C18∶1);多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量为362~8293 mg/kg,主要是亚油酸(C18∶2)、亚麻酸(C18∶3)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA,C22∶6);n-6/n-3为1.20~2.46。     

Effects of formaldehyde on nitrification in biofilters of small‐scale recirculating systems

Florfenicol (Aquaflor®) is the only U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drug for treating diseased fish reared in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). Treating diseased fish in RAS is challenging because of the potential to damage nitrifying bacteria in the biofilters. Impaired nitrification can lead to concentrations of ammonia and nitrite that compromise fish welfare. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a FDA‐approved parasiticide and fungicide, Parasite‐S^® (formalin), on biofilter nitrification. Stable biofilters were exposed once to 0, 9.25, 18.5, 37, or 55.5 mg/L formaldehyde. Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and nitrite nitrogen were monitored daily before and throughout the study to quantify biofilter function. Formaldehyde concentrations ≥37 mg/L increased TAN and nitrite nitrogen concentrations, and nitrification did not recover to pre‐exposure concentrations up to 8 day postexposure. On the basis of those results, a second trial was conducted. Stable biofilters were exposed once or on four consecutive days to 9.25 or 18.5 mg/L formaldehyde. Biofilters repeatedly exposed to formaldehyde showed signs of impairment and had variable recovery relative to single exposures. Results of this study may help identify formaldehyde concentrations that can be safely applied to RAS when treating diseased fish.     

Efficiency of 2‐phenoxyethanol and Clove Oil for Reducing Handling Stress in Reared Meagre,Argyrosomus regius (Pisces: Sciaenidae)

The effect of two anesthetics, 2‐phenoxyethanol (2‐PE) and clove oil (COil) were studied in meagre, Argyrosomus regius. This study aimed to determine the adequate dose of anesthesia for different aquaculture procedures, to assess a sedative or stressor effect of low anesthetic concentrations, and to assess the effect of low anesthetic doses at high fish densities for longer periods of time on fish survival and behavior. Anesthetics were tested at different concentrations: 2‐PE at 100, 250, 400, 550, and 700 mg/L; COil at 25, 40, 55, 70, and 85 mg/L. Meagre became anesthetized within 10 min when using concentrations above 250 mg/L for 2‐PE and above 40 mg/L for COil. Deep anesthesia was achieved at 700 and 85 mg/L, for 2‐PE and COil, respectively. The fish did not react when blood was collected at these concentrations. Plasma cortisol and glucose levels were similar between sedated meagre with both 2‐PE – 100 mg/L and COil – 10 mg/L, and the control (not sedated; P > 0.05). This suggests that low concentrations of these anesthetics induce similar stress response as handling without anesthesia during routine activities. No mortality was registered when meagre was maintained at high densities with low concentrations of each anesthetic for 2 h.     

循环海水养殖系统中生物膜快速形成的模拟试验

在20L水箱中加入15L人工污水模拟工厂化循环水养殖系统的生物滤池,采用优势菌种挂膜法,对滤材种类、混合菌液添加比例及接种次数等条件进行了优化,确定了快速挂膜的最佳实验室工作条件。在21d内对试验水体中的NH+4、NO-3和NO-2进行了监测。试验结果显示,最优试验条件为使用塑料弹性滤材作为生物膜载体,每7d接种1次优势菌液,硝化细菌∶反硝化细菌∶芽孢菌∶动胶菌添加比例为2∶1∶1∶1,在此条件下,第7d开始形成生物膜,第14d生物膜基本形成,第21d形成均匀完整的生物膜。成熟的生物膜在15d内对水体NH+4的最大降解量可超过5.00mg/L,即成熟生物膜降解NH+4的速率为每日降解超过0.50mg/L。当初始NH+4为5.00~10.00mg/L,成熟生物膜对NH+4和NO-2的降解能力在15d内可达到上限。     

Effects of linalool on physiological responses of Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) and water physico‐chemical parameters during transportation

This study investigated the potential of linalool as an anaesthetic during transportation of common carp, Cyprinus carpio. The fish were transported at a loading density of ~103 g/L for 3 hr in 12 plastic bags (3 L water and 6 L pure oxygen) divided into four triplicated treatments: control (without linalool), L50 (50 mg linalool/L), L100 (100 mg linalool/L) and L200 (200 mg linalool/L). After 3‐hr transportation, serum physiological responses and water physico‐chemical parameters were compared among the treatments. Results showed that water total and un‐ionized ammonia increased and dissolved oxygen decreased in all treatments after transportation. Water total ammonia and dissolved oxygen levels in the linalool‐treated bags were significantly lower than the control. After transportation, the control fish showed significant elevation in serum cortisol and glucose levels; however, the levels were significantly lower than the linalool‐treated fish. All fish showed similar serum lactate levels, significantly lower than the value obtained before transportation. The control fish showed serum urea levels similar to the level obtained before transportation; however, the linalool‐treated fish had significantly higher serum urea levels compared to the control and before transportation levels. After transportation, all fish had decreased serum chloride and sodium levels compared to the before transport level. Overall, the present results showed that linalool is not beneficial for carp transportation in plastic bags, because it reacts with water oxygen, increases stress in fish, interferes with ammonia excretion and has no benefits in preventing ion loss.     

MS-222对中华鲟和施氏鲟的麻醉试验

以20~100 mg/L的MS-222(Tricaine M ethanesu lphonate)在水温15~25℃条件下对中华鲟(Acipensersinensis)和施氏鲟(A.schrenckii)的麻醉效果进行试验,中华鲟或施氏鲟分别达到不同程度的麻醉状态甚至出现死亡。30~40 mg/L的MS-222具有较好的麻醉效果,鱼的活动量明显下降,可保持镇静并维持身体平衡和正常体位,麻醉48 h后,在清水中数分钟内可恢复正常游动状态,适合于长途运输。50~100 mg/L的MS-222对中华鲟和施氏鲟具有较强的麻醉作用,适合于进行短时间的操作,如捉拿、称重、测量、外科手术、体外标记等。中华鲟和施氏鲟在高剂量MS-222的作用下,在进入生物学死亡阶段前,存在一个临床死亡阶段,这个阶段长达1h左右,在这个阶段,对它们进行“人工呼吸”是行之有效的。     

The use of tannic acid to remove adhesiveness from pikeperch, Sander lucioperca, eggs

The studies conducted in 2003–2004 focused on the possibilities of applying a tannic solution to remove adhesiveness from pikeperch eggs. Spawners were caught in Lake P?tnowskie (central Poland) and then transported to the Gos?awice Fish Farm. After initial selection, the fish were weighed, measured and stimulated with human chorionic gonadotropin. Gametes were obtained 5 days after the first injection. The weight and diameter of the eggs, and the commercial fecundity of individual females were determined. The eggs were fertilized with the dry method. After the addition of water, the eggs were mixed for 4 min, and then divided into 20 g portions. After determining the number of eggs in the various portions, the adhesiveness removal procedure was performed. Three concentrations of tannic acid solution (500, 1000, 1500 mg L^?1) and three exposure times (0.5, 2, 5 min) were applied. The eggs were incubated in Weiss jars. The studies indicated that both the solution concentration and the exposure time significantly (P<0.05) impacted pikeperch egg hardening, the degree of adhesive removal and embryo survival. The tannic acid solution concentration of ≤500 mg L^?1 applied for 0.5–2 min was not effective; the eggs clumped and it was impossible to separate them even with intensive mixing. Better results were obtained using higher tannic acid concentrations and/or by lengthening exposure time. The adhesiveness of pikeperch eggs disappeared completely after 5 min exposure to tannic acid solution concentrations of 500–1500 mg L^?1 or after 2 min exposure to solution concentrations of 1000–1500 mg L^?1. In these variants, the embryo survival rate to the eyed‐egg stage was 78.0–84.0% (2003) and 82.3–84.7% (2004). However, high tannic acid concentration had a negative impact on the pikeperch larvae hatching. The greatest decrease in survival rate was observed in groups exposed to a tannic acid solution of 1500 mg L^?1 for 2 and 5 min periods. Thus, the optimum method for removing pikeperch egg adhesiveness was to apply a solution of tannic acid at a concentration of 500 mg L^?1 for 5 min or 1000 mg L^?1 for 2–5 min.     

氨氮质量浓度及附着基筛选对硝化细菌氨氮净化影响

将带有试验硝化细菌——食油假单胞菌X14-1-1的等面积陶粒、聚氯乙烯、纤维、火山岩、无纺布和流化床6种材料的附着基分别放入1 L的充气瓶内,在36℃、130 r/m in的摇床上混合培养48 h后,洗脱计数测定菌种附着数量.模拟氨氮去除率试验中氨氮初始质量浓度为0(不加硫酸铵)、10、20、30、40、50、60 m...     

养殖密度对食用褐鳟Salmo trutta生长和水质的影响

在涌泉水温度5.6~10.5℃下,将体质量(17.52±0.22)g的2龄褐鳟Salmo trutta饲养在流水圆柱形平底玻璃钢(半径45cm,高60cm)水槽中,水深40cm,密度分别为6.8kg/m~3(SD1)、10.4kg/m~3(SD2)、14.0kg/m~3(SD3)、17.5kg/m~3(SD4)、21.0kg/m~3(SD5)和24.5kg/m~3(SD6),每个密度组设3个重复,探讨养殖密度对褐鳟生长的影响。70d的饲养结果表明:本试验范围内的放养密度未显著影响2龄褐鳟的存活率(P0.05),净增重随养殖密度的增加而增大。SD5组褐鳟净增重(116.55g/(m~2·d))最大;SD4组褐鳟的日增重(0.25g/d)、增重率(102.07%)和特定生长率(1%/d)显著高于SD3组(P0.05)。随着养殖密度的增加,溶解氧含量(DO)呈极显著下降趋势(P0.01),SD1、SD2、SD3(10.14~11.84mg/L)组极显著高于SD5、SD6组(9.62~11.53mg/L)(P0.05);养殖29d和50d时SD1组NO_2~-含量(0.02~0.06mg/L)与SD3、SD5、SD6组(0.04~0.06mg/L)差异显著(P0.05),其他时间不显著;36d后SD2、SD3(0.17~0.22mg/L)组的NH4-NT显著低于SD6组(0.25~0.38mg/L)(P0.05)。比较分析认为,2龄褐鳟的最佳养殖密度应为17.5kg/m~3,不要低于10.4kg/m~3。