星斑川鲽、黄盖鲽和石鲽线粒体基因Cytb和COⅠ片段序列的比较研究

星斑川鲽、钝吻黄盖鲽和石鲽是我国北方重要的经济海水鱼类。为探究这3种鲽科鱼类间的亲缘关系及遗传信息,本文采用了PCR扩增和直接测序的技术,对这3种鲽科鱼类各24尾个体的线粒体基因Cytb和COⅠ进行初步研究。测序得到的序列经人工处理校正后分析,其中Cytb基因片段可用长度为358bp,包含58个变异位点,20个转换位点,3个颠换位点;COⅠ基因片段可用长度为559bp,包含变异位点56个,转换位点18个,颠换位点3个;Cytb基因片段和COⅠ基因片段均表明黄盖鲽和石鲽具有较高的单倍型多样性与较低的核苷酸多样性,而星斑川鲽具有较低的单倍型多样性和较低的核苷酸多样性。基于Cytb和COⅠ序列的两种系统发育树(邻接法和不加权对群法)均表明3种鲽科鱼类中星斑川鲽与石鲽亲缘关系更近,与黄盖鲽相对较远。鲽科鱼类物种遗传多样性及遗传结构的分析可以为鱼类的保护和管理提供重要的理论依据,为保障我国鲽科鱼类养殖业的健康可持续发展提供理论指导和科学依据。     

鲟形目鱼类rDNA扩增及限制性位点分析

使用长PCR技术扩增鲟形目（Acipenseriformes）15个种的核糖体DNA（rDNA）18SrRNA基因与28SrRNA基因之间约2．5kb的片段，并用7个限制性内切酶对该片段进行限制性位点分析。结果显示，使用LATaqDNA聚合酶及GCBuffer结合长PCR技术能够很好地扩增鲟形目鱼类的rDNA。根据酶切图谱可确定93个限制性位点，其中21个为保守位点，72个多态信息位点。Hha I酶切的带型在所有个体中完全一致，提示这些位点对保持rDNA的功能有重要作用。一些酶的酶切产物长度之和大于扩增产物的长度，暗示鲟形目鱼类个体内存在多个rDNA等位基因。对种间遗传距离进行计算，并构建UPGMA分子系统树，发现鲟科鱼类的系统关系与以往研究有较大差别，这可能是受个体内rDNA等位基因存在的影响，说明用酶切片段来重建鲟科鱼类的系统树不太可靠。文中还讨论了高GC含量模板的PCR扩增和rDNA在鲟形目分子系统关系中的使用。     

乌鳢线粒体DNA限制性内切酶酶切分析

用BamHⅠ,EcoRⅠ,HindⅡ,HinfⅠ,MspⅠ,PstⅠ,SmalⅠ,XhoⅠ,DraⅠ,SalⅠ等十种限制内切酶对纯化后的乌鳢(Ophiocephalus argus)线粒体DNA(mtDNA)进行酶切,然后用电泳技术分离酶切片段。结果表明,十种限制性内切酶只有DraⅠ,SalⅠ两种限制性内切酶有多个酶切位点,且计算出乌鳢mtDNA大小约由17200个碱基对组成。     

方正银鲫、白鲫与鲫线粒体DNA限制性内切酶酶切比较

用 Bam HI、Eco RI、Dra I、Hinf I、Hind III、Hpa II、Msp I、Pst I、Sau 3AI、Sma I、Xba I、Xho I和 Sal I等十三种限制性内切酶对方正银鲫(Carassius aur-atus gibelio)、白鲫(Carassius auratus cuvieri)和鲫(Carassius auratus auratus)的线粒体 DNA(mt DNA)进行单酶酶切以及其中八种识别六碱基对序列的限制性内切酶的双酶酶切,经琼脂糖凝胶电泳后,分析且计算出各酶切片断大小,得出三种鲫鱼的 mt DNA分子大小:方正银鲫为 15990±90碱基对(bp);白鲫为 16600±130碱基对(bP);鲫为 15540±140碱基对(bp),并且分别建立了方正银鲫、白鲫和鲫 mt DNA由 Bam HI、Pst I、Eco RI 及 Xba I等四种限制性内切酶构建的酶切图谱。     

六个鲫鱼品系线粒体Cytb基因PCR-RFLP分析

从6个鲫鱼品系肝组织中提取总DNA,采用特异引物扩增细胞色素b基因。利用5种限制性内切酶(HinfI,HaeIII,MspI,TaqI,HindIII)对细胞色素b基因进行单酶切,结果显示HinfI和MspI2种酶在品系间存在限制性片段长度多态性,同时在红鲫、金鲫这2个品系内也存在限制性片段长度多态性,在6个品系的120个个体中,共检测到4种组合单倍型。经数据统计分析,这6个鲫鱼品系的细胞色素b基因大小基本在1260bp左右,根据限制性片段长度共享度,分别计算出4种单倍型和6个品系的群体遗传距离,并进行聚类分析,结果表明野鲫和黑龙睛的遗传距离为0,高背鲫与彭泽鲫的为0,野鲫与红鲫为0 00039,其次是金鲫,然后是高背鲫、彭泽鲫。     

条纹斑竹鲨线粒体DNA的研究

用6种限制性内切酶分析了4条条纹斑竹鲨(Chiloscyllium plagiosum)的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)。PstI、HpaI、XbaI、EcoRI、EcoRV、BaI Ⅱ在条纹斑竹鲨mtDNA分子上分别具有0至2个切点,mtDNA分子大小为16.6kb,根据单酶和双酶完全酶解片段的大小,构建了条纹斑竹鲨mtDNA的限制性酶切图谱。     

两种黄盖鲽线粒体DNA部分片段比较分析

比较分析了钝吻黄盖鲽（Pleuronectes yokohama）和尖吻黄盖鲽（P. herzensteini）线粒体基因组COI、Cyt b基因以及D-Loop片段总长度为1373 bp的核苷酸序列,两种间共检测到107处核苷酸替换，蛋白质编码基因上的核苷酸替代主要是第三密码子位点上的同义替换。核苷酸组成分析结果表明：三个目的片段的鸟嘌呤（G）含量普遍较低，在两个蛋白编码基因第三密码子位点上表现得尤为明显。两种黄盖鲽在线粒体基因组不同片段上存在明显的遗传分化，核苷酸替代速率最快的是D-Loop，COI和Cyt b核苷酸替代速率基本一致。建议在进行黄盖鲽属鱼类分子系统发育研究时，应该针对不同研究目的选择合适的分子标记。基于Cyt b基因片段序列的分析结果表明：钝吻黄盖鲽和尖吻黄盖鲽两种的分岐时间约为200万年，两种间的分化事件发生在更新世（Pleistocene）。     

东昌湖野生鲤鱼线粒体DNA RFLP分析

利用差速离心法及RNase消化法制备并纯化了采自山东东昌湖野生鲤(Cyprinus carpio haematopterus)的肝脏及性腺线粒体DNA,用7种限制性内切酶对其mtDNA进行酶解,经琼脂糖凝胶电泳分离酶解片段,用Gel-5000凝胶图像分析系统进行采集和分析。结果显示,东昌湖野生鲤的mtDNA分子大小为(16.62±0.15)kb,BglⅠ、BglⅡ、EcoRⅠ、HindⅢ、PstⅠ、KpnⅠ和BamHⅠ的酶切点分别为3或2、1、3或4、4、1、0、3;其中,BglⅠ、EcoRⅠ和BamHⅠ内切酶具有限制性多态性,多态酶比例为42.86%,并检测出12个限制性态型,可归并为5种单倍型,各单倍型间的遗传距离0.0075～0.0365,揭示了东昌湖野生鲤存在较高的种内多态性。试验结果与以前报道的其他地区鲤属线粒体DNA酶切结果相比较,表明鲤属mtDNA在限制性酶切位点数量及其长度上存在地域差异。     

三倍体湘云鲫及其亲本线粒体DNA的比较研究

用人工选育的异源四倍体鲫鲤（♂）与白鲫（♀）杂交获得具有明显生长优势的三倍体湘云鲫。采用差速离心和核酸酶处理等方法，从三倍体、白鲫和异源四倍体鲫鲤肝组织中提取线粒体DNA，并用9种限制性内切酶进行单酶酶切分析。经琼脂糖凝胶电泳后计算出各酶切片段的大小，测得三倍体、白鲫和异源四倍体鲫鲤mtDNA的分子大小分别为16．24kb、16．60kb和16．20kb。根据各单倍型间的酶切片段共享度，估算出3个群体间的遗传距离，说明了mtDNA母系遗传的特性。     

黑龙江四个地区鲤鱼种群的线粒体DNA的多态性

对黑龙江四个地区的野鲤用BamHI、PstI、SalI、XhoI、EcoRI、XbaI、BglI、PvuⅡ、DraI、HindⅢ十种限制性内切酶进行线粒体DNA的限制性片段长度多态 (RFLP)分析 ,结果有二种限制性内切酶SalI、XhoI。在兴凯湖和塔河野鲤中检测到多态性结果表明 4个野鲤种群中抚远与绥滨群体关系最近 ,它们归属为一个群体 ,而兴凯湖与塔河群体相对独立 ,牡丹江与抚远绥滨的遗传关系较近 ,塔河群体与各群体间的亲缘关系较远     

Authentication of flying-fish-meal content of processed food using PCR-RFLP

Nucleotide sequence and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the 3′-portion of the mitochondrial 16S RNA gene (rDNA) coding sequence were used to differentiate between flying fishes and other fishes that are frequently used in ago-noyaki production. In this study, we successfully distinguished between flying fishes and the other fishes by combining amplified DNA fragments with universally designed primers and digesting the PCR products with AfaI and MfeI restriction endonucleases. PCR-RFLP of 15 ago-noyaki, 2 noyaki, and 8 other processed flying-fish products were analyzed to authenticate flying-fish content among processed seafood products. After digestion of the PCR products with both enzymes, we found that all ago-noyaki and processed flying fish products contained either two or three DNA fragments of ~200, 300, and 530 bp, and noyaki samples (which do not contain flying fish) contained only one fragment of ~530 bp. Here, we present a new procedure to confirm the content of flying-fish meal in ago-noyaki.     

西沙群岛附近海区金枪鱼类仔稚鱼的调查研究报告

本文是根据,1975年1月至1976年5月，在西沙群岛附近海区采集到的金枪鱼类仔稚鱼标本，进行研究鉴定的结果。共鉴定了双棱线鲅、鲣、鲔、扁舵鲣、金枪鱼、黄鳍金枪鱼和副金枪鱼等7种，作了形态描述，并对它们的分布和产卵期等作了初步探索。     

利用AFLP技术筛选锯缘青蟹性别差异DNA片段

采用高盐和酚氯仿异戊醇 (PCI)结合法提取DNA ,利用AFLP技术 ,应用 5 2个引物组合 ,检测了锯缘青蟹 (Scyllaser rata)雌雄基因组DNA的多态性 ,筛选与锯缘青蟹性别相关的分子标记。实验中共扩增出 4 312条带 ,筛选出候选差异DNA片段 74 8条。这些差异DNA片段的获得 ,为研究锯缘青蟹性别的分子标记奠定了基础     

Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of Atlantic horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus and molecular identification of two commercially important species T. trachurus and T. japonicus using PCR-RFLP

ABSTRACT:   To characterize and identify mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) nucleotide sequence variation in two commercially important Trachurus species, Trachurus trachurus and T. japonicus , the complete mtDNA sequence of T. trachurus was determined. The T. trachurus mtDNA consists of 16 559 bp, containing 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, two rRNA genes, and 13 protein-coding genes. Comparing the mtDNA nucleotide sequences of the Trachurus species, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method was developed to differentiate these two commercially important species. The primer pair Lt1-ND5 and Ht1-ND5, corresponding to ND5 , was designed to amplify a 360-bp fragment. Following digestion with Eco  RI, the PCR product for T. japonicus resulted in 93- and 267-bp fragments, while T. trachurus lacked a restriction site for Eco  RI. In contrast, after digestion with Hin  fI, the T. trachurus PCR product yielded 44-, 84-, and 232-bp fragments, while the T. japonicus product was not digested. The PCR-RFLP analysis established in the present study was useful for identifying T. trachurus and T. japonicus .     

Mitochondrial DNA variation in two samples of northern pike, Esox lucius L.

The mitochondrial genotype of northern pike, Esox lucius L., was characterized by restriction analysis performed over the entire mtDNA molecule (33 fish) and over a ～1.4-kb PCR-amplified segment of a mitochondrial non-coding control region (six fish). Out of eight restriction endonucleases used in the present study of the entire mitochondrial genome, the Nco I and Pst I enzymes produced variant fragment patterns which allowed identification of three mitochondrial genotypes. Low mtDNA diversity was shown by estimates of pairwise nucleotide substitution values (d; mean ± SE = 0.49 ± 0.43%), haplotype diversity (h= 0.16) and the nucleotide diversity index (π= 0.06%). The present authors developed a PCR protocol for mitochondrial DNA non-coding control region to search for more variation. Whereas the PCR assays revealed distinct length variation in this mtDNA segment, restriction analysis performed with three additional restriction enzymes showed no variability which could be attributed to a gain or loss of a particular restriction site. Although the mtDNA analysis proved ineffective in genetic discrimination between the two northern pike samples studied, fish with rare mtDNA genotypes could be used for conducting experimental genome engineering or stocking studies with this species.     

州河鲤、建鲤和框鳞镜鲤的mtDNA D-loop的RFLP分析

应用PCR技术扩增了州河鲤、建鲤以及框鳞镜鲤mtDNA的D-loop区段,并用13种限制性内切酶对扩增到的片段进行了分析。结果显示:在3种鱼分别扩增到的约1.6kb的DNA片段上,13种限制性内切酶中有8种(AluⅠ、DraⅠ、EcoRⅠ、HaeⅢ、HapⅡ、HinfⅠ、TaqⅠ和XspⅠ)有酶切位点,4种(DraⅠ、HaeⅢ、TaqⅠ和XspⅠ)个体间存在变异。不同酶切结果组合后,共得到6种单倍型。州河鲤中以单倍型Ⅲ为主,达91.37%,建鲤以单倍型Ⅵ为主,达81.25%;框鳞镜鲤中单倍型Ⅱ占39.47%,单倍型Ⅲ占47.37%;州河鲤、建鲤以及框鳞镜鲤群体内的单倍型多样性指数(h)和核苷酸多样性指数(π)分别为0.1603、0.3327,0.6287、0.003042,0.004838、0.007163。州河鲤与框鳞镜鲤间的Rogers遗传距最小,为0.4080;州河鲤与建鲤间的为0.8440;框鳞镜鲤与建鲤间的为0.6469。     

基于3种线粒体基因的珠母贝属系统进化关系

为了研究珠母贝属的分类地位和系统演化情况,通过聚合酶链式反应技术(PCR)扩增并直接测序出雷州半岛珠母贝属中的马氏珠母贝、大珠母贝、珠母贝、斑珠母贝和黑珠母贝的3种线粒体基因(12S r RNA、16S r RNA和COⅠ)部分序列,分析其碱基组成和种间遗传距离。同时结合Gen Bank上发表的白珠母贝序列,构建珠母贝属的分子系统树。结果显示,5种珍珠贝的3种基因部分序列碱基AT含量大于GC含量,与其他无脊椎动物线粒体DNA序列基本一致,序列都处于高度饱和的状态。系统分析显示,构建的分子系统树与传统的形态分类基本一致。在黑珠母贝和白珠母贝亲缘关系上,3种线粒体DNA片段在碱基组成、种间遗传距离和系统进化树上都显示黑珠母贝和白珠母贝非常相近,可以认为是同一种中的2个亚种。在斑珠母贝的亲缘关系上,系统分析显示斑珠母贝与黑珠母贝和白珠母贝更为接近。研究表明,大珠母贝和珠母贝在系统进化中较早的分离出来,是一个比较原始的种类。3种分子标记对马氏珠母贝亲缘关系分析上存在一定差异,根据现有的数据尚不足以得出结论,需进一步做分子系统研究并结合形态特征和解剖结构进行分析。     

5种笛鲷mtDNA及Cyt b基因片段的RFLP比较

采用线粒体DNA限制性片段长度多态性分析(mtDNA-RFLP)和线粒体DNA的细胞色素b基因(Cyt b)的部分序列扩增限制性片段长度多态性分析(mtDNA PCR-RFLP)两种方法，对笛鲷属5种鱼类进行种间系统发育的比较研究，结果显示：(1)画眉笛鲷依照其形态学上体侧条带颜色差异，可分为褐带画眉笛鲷和黄带画眉笛鲷两个种；(2)千年笛鲷和星点笛鲷、褐带画眉笛鲷和黄带画眉笛鲷、金带笛鲷和金焰笛鲷之间遗传距离相对较近；(3)两种分析方法都可以为种的区分提供方便有效的分子标记；(4)两种分析方法在构建发育系统树上不完全一致。本文从mtDNA角度深入研究了南海海域笛鲷的系统发生，表明了mtDNA作为一种广泛应用的分子标记的实用性，同时也有一些潜在问题需要进一步研究。     

Divergence of Salvelinus species from northeastern Asia based on mitochondrial DNA

Abstract –  Phylogenetic analysis of charrs of the genus Salvelinus was performed using PCR-RFLP analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Three fragments of mtDNA (ND1/ND2, ND5/ND6 and Cyt b /D-loop) were amplified by PCR and examined for restriction site variation using 13 restriction endonucleases. Analysis of 313 sites of over 7672 bp of charr mtDNA was conducted. Six phylogenetic lineages of the mtDNA were revealed, corresponding to six separate charr taxa: Salvelinus leucomaenis Pallas; Salvelinus levanidovi Chereshnev, Skopetz & Gudkov; Salvelinus taranetzi Kaganovsky; Salvelinus malma krascheninnikovi Taranetz; Salvelinus malma malma Walbaum and Salvelinus alpinus alpinus . The Levanidov ( S. levanidovi ) and white-spotted ( S. leucomaenis ) charrs represented the most divergent lineages. These are probably closest to a common ancestor of the genus. Salvelinus taranetzi was the next divergent lineage. Salvelinus malma krascheninnikovi was placed between S. leucomaenis and S. taranetzi . Salvelinus malma malma and S. a. alpinus were sister taxa, and were on the last branch to diverge. The divergence between S. m. malma and S. a. alpinus inferred from mtDNA nucleotide sequences was 1.1%; between S. m. malma and S. taranetzi 2.8%; between S. m. malma and S. m. krascheninnikovi 4%; between S. taranetzi , S. m. krascheninnikovi and S. a. alpinus 2.8%. Salvelinus levanidovi and S. leucomaenis were almost equally remote from the other charrs by some 9% and 7%, respectively. The extent of genetic differences between the northern S. m. malma populations and the European S. a. alpinus populations indicates that they diverged recently. The existence of many putative charr species with different divergence times in northeastern Asia suggests that this region may be one of the centres of speciation of the genus Salvelinus .