Enhancement of Chinese shrimp in northern Yellow Sea, China

根据１９８５～１９９２年黄海北部中国对虾幼虾放流前后相对资源量资料,估算放流虾在混合虾群中占的平均比例约为９２％,平均回捕率９２％。放流量（Ｘ）与放流后相对资源量（Ｙ）的关系为Ｙ＝２４１０Ｘ－１００３Ｘ２,Ｒ＝０８９８。经Ｆ—检验相关显著。结果表明：中等放流量才能获最好增殖效果;与最大渔获量相应的放流量约１６亿尾;与最大相对资源量相应的放流量约１２亿尾。描述了放流虾的死亡特征,并估算了各类死亡值。用Ｃｏｈｏｒｔ分析方法估算了放流虾到开捕时（８月１５日）的存活数量,平均占放流量的１０５％。渔汛的捕捞死亡率约０８２,自然死亡率０１１,其余００７游出黄海北部去越冬场     

黄海北部中国对虾放流虾生长的研究

本文报告了黄海北部中国对放流虾的生长特征。研究结果表明,在放流后到开捕时的时间间隔为,可用Ｌ＝ａ＋ｂ描绘放流虾的生长。１ｃｍ放流虾的时间为６月２日,体长１．１１ｃｍ,开捕时体长为 ２．５ｃｍ;２ｃｍ放流虾的时间是６月７日,体长为２．０ｃｍ,开捕时体长为１２．６ｃｍ。     

黄海北部中国对虾增殖渔业管理探讨

增殖渔业的管理与水生自然鱼类种群的管理大同小异。对于增殖渔业来说，每年的放流量是一个可控变量，另有购买放流种苗、暂养、计数和控制放流日期对增殖效果至关重要，这些均属管理范围。本文仅讨论黄海北部中国对虾增殖渔业放流个体入海后到渔汛结束的管理问题，分一般性保护和管理策略两个部分。 一、一般性保护 一般性保护指的是防止放流个体入海后到开捕期这个时段内的人为损害，时间是从６月初放流时开始到开捕期８月２０日左右，前后约８０天，根据放流虾生长特性和栖息水域不同划分为前期管理和后期管理。 １．前期管理 前期管理是…     

基于资源-经济模型的莱州湾中国对虾增殖放流管理

利用2011年莱州湾中国对虾放流回捕生产调查统计和生物学测定数据,构建了包括资源模块、经济模块、决策模块的资源-经济模型,模拟了不同管理决策对放流经济效果的影响.结果表明,放流规模和捕捞强度不变时延迟开捕,总成本降低,渔民捕捞收益和社会经济效益先增加后减少,存在一个使放流经济效益达到最大值的最佳开捕日期：例如,当放流规模为738亿尾、捕捞死亡系数为0.03时,10月8日开捕可以获得最大的社会经济效益19.30万元;放流规模和开捕日期不变时扩大捕捞力量,总成本增加,同样存在一个最优捕捞规模使放流经济效益达到最大,但并非捕捞规模越大获得的经济收益越大;开捕日期和捕捞规模不变时,社会经济效益与放流规模成正比.在放流实践中,管理者应合理设置放流数量、捕捞规模和开捕日期,通过科学管控争取达到最佳的放流效果.     

黄海北部中国对虾增殖

根据１９８５￣１９９２年黄海北部中国对虾幼虾放流前后相对资源量资料,估算放流虾在混合虾群中占的平均比例约为９２％,平均回捕率９．２％。放流量（Ｘ）与放流后相对资源量（Ｙ）的关系为Ｙ＝２４．１０Ｘ－１．００３Ｘ＾－２,Ｒ＝０．８９８。经Ｆ－检验相关显著。结果表明：中等放流量才能获最好增殖效果;与最大渔获量相应的放流量约１６亿尾;与最大相对资源量相应的放流量约１２亿尾。描述了放流虾的死亡特征,并估算了     

渤海对虾渔业的最佳开捕期、过度捕捞和渔业管理问题

我们将模型Y/R=(?)用于研究秋汛对虾渔业不同的开捕期和捕捞死亡对世代相对产量(Y/R)的影响。根据渤海对虾渔业的实际情况,在限定捕捞死亡F_旬≤0.3(捕捞力量约相当于1,000对标准机帆船)的条件下,获得最大世代相对产量的最佳开捕期为9月21日。当前秋汛渤海对虾渔业的捕捞力量(约1,700—1,800对标准机帆船)太大,额外消耗能源和渔业经济效益很差。秋汛对虾渔业有明显的生长型捕捞过度的倾向。秋汛对虾渔业管理主要是开捕期与捕捞力量的管理和合理分配资源问题。限定虾流网、机帆船和机轮拖网三种主要网具的数量和它们的开捕期,是合理利用和分配资源的有效途径。     

黄海北部中国对虾放流增殖回捕率下降的原因

黄海北部中国对虾放流增殖始于 1985年 ,按回捕率变化情况 ,可分为三段 ,1985～ 1992年 ,8年的平均回捕率约9 2 % ,每放流 1亿尾幼虾产量为 188ｔ;1993～ 1996年 ,4年的平均回捕率约 3 4 % ,每放流 1亿尾幼虾产量为 6 5ｔ;1997～ 1998年 ,平均回捕率 9 4 % ,已恢复到前 8年的水平。笔者主要讨论回捕率下降原因和恢复回捕率措施。1　资料本文所用资料列成表 1。其中相对资源量用试捕调查所得的平均网产表示 (7月 10日～ 14日航次调查 ,网具用扒拉网和手推网 ;8月 10日～ 14日航次调查 ,网具用扒拉网和手推网 ;8月 10日～ 14日航次调查 ,网具…     

黄海北部中国对虾放流增殖渔业目前存在的主要问题

黄海北部中国对虾放流增殖渔业目前存在的主要问题佟万金李培军（丹东市渔业指挥部１１８０００）（辽宁省海洋水产研究所大连１１６０２３）黄海北部中国对虾放流增殖从１９８５年至１９９２年共放流平均体长３ｃｍ以上对虾种苗９７亿尾，回捕增殖虾１７９００多吨（包括...     

中国对虾增殖放流跟踪调查与效果评估

通过对黄骅、丰南中国对虾放流区进行的三次跟踪调查表明,放流对虾与自然对虾的比例为:两个放流区第一次跟踪调查100%为放流对虾,回捕率为2.7%;第二次分别为89.47%和87.5%;第三次分别为78.73%和83.3%,回捕率为0.82%。前期对虾分布特点是,向近岸移动,并沿岸向南北散开,多集中于水深1.0m以内区域,随着对虾的生长,分布区逐渐向深水区移动,到第三次调查时,两个放流区的对虾分布区已经混合成一体。放流虾与自然虾有明显的体长差异,8月中旬放流虾平均体长145.1mm,最大体长为180mm,平均体重50.5g,测算产量为110~120t,其中放流虾为90t。文章还就回捕率偏低的原因进行了分析并提出了相应的管理措施。     

中国明对虾自然死亡研究进展

自然死亡是影响中国明对虾资源群体数量变动的重要因素之一。大量的研究表明,"传统的"自然死亡与交尾死亡是构成野生群体自然死亡的主要因素,而对放流群体,突然死亡、被捕食死亡、纳潮死亡和非法捕捞死亡作为"特殊的"自然死亡同样影响放流群体的数量。就放流群体而言,迫切需要寻找适合中国明对虾自然死亡系数估算的方法,以及开展放流后至开捕前群体自然死亡规律的研究。     

硇洲岛周围水域虾拖网虾渔获组成

根据2005年渔业资源监测船生产调查资料和现场取样数据,运用数理统计方法分析了虾拖网虾渔获组成、生物学特征以及月份变化等。结果表明:硇洲岛周围水域虾拖网捕获的虾类主要是沿岸性底栖虾类,渔获中优质虾种少,幼虾比例高,墨吉明对虾、日本囊对虾、哈氏仿对虾是虾拖网渔业的主捕虾种,虾渔获组成存在明显的月份变化。为合理利用虾类资源和促进虾渔业可持续发展,应根据虾类特性开发适宜广东沿海虾拖网的选择性捕捞技术,减少幼虾兼捕量。     

南海北部(石匈)洲岛周围水域中的墨吉对虾资源

本文对(石匈)洲岛周围水域墨吉对虾的移动、繁殖习性和幼、成虾的数量分布特点以及环境因子对幼、成虾数量的影响进行了分析。并估算出其生长和死亡的参数,应用单位补充量产量分析和体长股分析的方法进行资源评估。     

太湖湖鲚种群数量变动及合理利用的研究

本文根据1982年4月至1984年4月所采集的3964尾湖鲚样本,进行生长与死亡、不同体长的摄食习性的研究。研究表明,湖鲚的自然死亡系数M为0.52,捕捞死亡系数F为2.66,总死亡系数Z为3.18,生长的拐点年龄为2.548。体长达131mm时,饵料中开始出现经济鱼虾;体长达170mm时,饵料中的经济鱼虾比重急剧上升,出现率为50—100％,经济鱼虾饱和分指数占饱和总指数85—99％,其中白虾约占40％—94％。 本文应用Schaofer模式、Beverton-Holt模式计算得出:湖鲚开捕年龄为0.5龄时太湖最大持续渔获量为652.5万公斤,最适捕捞努力量为3190000(日,吨位)。综合分析认为合理利用湖鲚资源的最佳开捕年龄应为1.5龄,即使F不变,渔获量也将上升三倍。     

Presence of multiple viruses in non-diseased, cultivated shrimp at harvest

Histological examinations were carried out with 400 cultivated black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) from 12 commercial rearing ponds from three different areas in Thailand over a period of 3 years. The shrimp were collected at or near harvest time as two arbitrary size groups of 10–20 each from each pond. Aside from size difference, they showed no gross signs of disease and were normally active. Pathognomonic histopathological lesions were found only for hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) or monodon baculovirus (MBV). Although these were relatively frequent, no unusual shrimp mortality had occurred in any of the ponds examined. Severity of these infections was negatively correlated with shrimp size. When grouped together, HPV-infected shrimp gave mean lengths of approximately 6.5 cm that were significantly different from uninfected shrimp at 9 cm length, early in the cultivation cycle while MBV-infected groups of approximately 9 cm length were not readily distinguishable until uninfected shrimp were 10 cm or more, later in cultivation. Thus, HPV infection was correlated with more severe stunting than MBV. In addition to histopathological examination, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for HPV, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) were carried out on one large sample of 240 shrimp from 6 ponds where visible lesions were apparent for MBV only. Surprisingly, 94% of the specimens gave a positive test for at least one of the four viruses. HPV and IHHNV alone or in combination were detected at high prevalence (approximately 60%) despite the absence of visible histological lesions and were confirmed by southern blot hybridization. Although the prevalence of the four viral pathogens was very high, it would normally have gone unnoticed, since normal shrimp are rarely examined for viruses.     

Effect of Shrimp Stocking Density on Size-fractionated Phytoplankton and Ecological Groups of Ciliated Protozoa within Zero-water Exchange Shrimp Culture Systems

Zero‐water exchange shrimp culture systems are being investigated to reduce water and pathogens input and effluent output. The relative abundance and diversity of ciliates have been used as indicators of water quality and ecosystem dynamics in natural systems; however, their occurrence and role in shrimp production systems have not been investigated. The objectives of this research were to describe the succession of the ciliate community in a shrimp grow out system, to investigate the impact of increasing shrimp stocking density on the characteristics of the ciliated protozoa community, and to correlate this with shrimp performance. A growth trial with Litopenaeus vannamei was conducted outdoors with zero‐water exchange and three stocking densities (50, 75 and 100 shrimp/m²). In all treatments, free‐swimming ciliates were dominant in the early weeks, while substrate‐associated ciliates appeared later. The 100 shrimp/m² treatment exhibited a lower abundance of free‐swimming ciliates but higher abundance of hypotrichous ciliates in the second half of production and higher shrimp mortality and lower shrimp growth in the last 2 wk. These results provide a preliminary examination of the role of ciliates in shrimp culture systems and direction for future work in determining the role of protozoa as indicators of water quality.     

Production and economic return of shrimp aquaculture in coastal ponds of different sizes and with different management regimes

Coastal shrimp (Penaeus monodon) aquaculture in Bangladesh is mostly practiced in a special type of field/pond situated by the side of a river -- called a Gher -- that is used to cultivate rice in winter and shrimp in summer. Ghers of different sizes are managed in different ways. In order to understand the effects of Gher size and their corresponding management practices on the production and economic returns of shrimp farming, we conducted an on-farm study in three small (1–5 ha), three medium (6–10 ha) and three large (>10 ha) Ghers located in the coastal Southwest region of Bangladesh. The mean harvest weight of shrimp was similar in all Ghers, but survival rates were higher in the small (50%) and medium (37%) ones than in the large (18%) ones. The high mortality in the large units led to a production that was lower than one-half of that in the small Ghers (about 80 and 200 kg/ha, respectively). The total variable costs per unit area were similar in all Ghers, but the importance of different items varied with Gher size. In the small Ghers, there are relatively high investments on inputs and labor. This expenditure results in lower shrimp mortality and higher production, which in turn results in gross returns that are larger than the total costs -- hence, a positive and high net return. In large Ghers, the fixed costs are larger than in the small ones simply because of the size of the pond. Variable costs include higher investments in post-larvae and labor than in small Ghers, and lower inputs applied only at pond preparation. This results in higher shrimp mortality and lower production, which in turn results in gross returns that are smaller than the total costs -- hence, a negative or low net return. These findings have positive implications for the future policy formulation of coastal shrimp aquaculture in Bangladesh.     

Strain and dose infectivity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus: the causative agent of early mortality syndrome in shrimp

Diseases of shrimp have contributed to billions of dollars of economic loss in the aquaculture industry. Newly emerging strains of the bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus produce a condition in shrimp called early mortality syndrome or acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease. Three different V. parahaemolyticus strains were evaluated for their respective pathogenicity on shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, when the bacterial strains were grown under various laboratory conditions prior to inoculating shrimp. For each trial, feed was inoculated with a known concentration of bacteria and then fed to the shrimp. The early mortality syndrome strain of V. parahaemolyticus was the most lethal resulting up to 100% mortality within 24 h after being introduced to shrimp via a single feeding. The other two strains of Vibrio, one isolated from the environment and the other from a human clinical case, resulted in 0% and 30% mortality within 96 h respectively. The concentration of the early mortality syndrome strain of V. parahaemolyticus that the shrimp were exposed to directly correlated with mortality rate, which allowed for lethal or sublethal short‐term disease challenge assays to be established. Infiltration of haemocytes was also evident in the midgut caeca of shrimp infected with the early mortality syndrome strain of V. parahaemolyticus, which has not been previously reported.     

池养脊尾白虾的繁殖、生长及其最大持续轮捕量的初步探讨

池养脊尾白虾经过３个月生长可达性成熟，抱卵亲虾占总虾数比例为３．８４％－１６．７１％，相对抱卵量平均值为５１２．７２粒／克体重。本试验中池养脊尾白虾的体长、体重与月龄关系可用ｖｏｎ Ｂｅｒｔａｌａｎｆｆｙ生长方程描述。在目前的轮捕条件下，３月龄的个体可供渔具选择，年总死亡率φ＝０．６２７０，轮捕死亡率Ｅ＝０．２７４４，自然死亡率Ｄ＝０．３５２６。若把首次轮捕月龄从３月龄提高到４月龄，轮捕强度控制在     

一种微生物絮团的生化分析及其对对虾免疫力的影响

利用红糖与尿素为碳氮源在自然海水中培养微生物絮团,获得絮团产物,对该产物离心后进行初步的生化分析表明,絮团产物上清液中微生物胞外产物重均分子量为213281Da。絮团沉淀物中多糖含量占29.6%,氨基酸含量占12.6%。将絮团产物按0、0.02、0.1、0.5、2.5%的比例添加至低蛋白饲料中投喂凡纳滨对虾 (Litopenaeus vannamei),14d后分别测定实验对虾血清溶菌活力、抗菌活力和酚氧化酶活力,结果显示在饲料中添加微生物絮团浓度为2.5%的对虾血清中抗菌与溶菌活力最高(P<0.05),添加微生物絮团浓度为0.5%与2.5%的对虾血清中酚氧化酶活力较低蛋白饵料对照组显著提高(P<0.05)。用哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)感染实验对虾后,结果显示饵料中添加0.1%微生物絮团产物组对虾的死亡率最低。综合分析认为对虾摄食微生物絮团后,能够显著提高对虾的非特异免疫力,抗微生物感染的能力得到增强。