灌水及施氮对高产区小麦产量及品质性状的影响

为给高产小麦的优质高效栽培提供理论依据,以中筋小麦品种平安8号为材料,研究了大田条件下灌水和施氮对小麦籽粒产量、籽粒品质及面粉品质性状的调控效应。结果表明,水氮对小麦产量和品质性状的影响表现为施氮灌水施氮×灌水。施氮对大多数品质性状(醇溶蛋白含量除外)的影响达显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)水平;小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质产量、蛋白质组分含量及多数面团流变学特性指标随着施氮量的增加而提高,而籽粒硬度和容重则呈下降趋势,其中不施氮处理与施氮处理间差异显著,施氮处理间差异不显著(P0.05)。在施氮处理中以施氮180kg·hm-2时氮肥偏生产力最高。灌水对籽粒产量、蛋白质产量、清蛋白含量、球蛋白含量、籽粒硬度和容重的影响亦达显著或极显著水平。籽粒产量、蛋白质产量和吸水率随灌水次数(每次灌水750m3·hm-2)的增加而增加,而籽粒蛋白质含量、硬度、容重及面团形成时间、稳定时间、拉伸阻力和比例均随之降低。施氮与灌水互作显著影响籽粒产量、蛋白质产量和蛋白质含量、籽粒硬度、容重,对其他性状无显著影响。     

氮、硫肥配施对稻茬麦氮素利用及籽粒产量和品质的影响

为探讨稻茬小麦的氮硫肥施用技术,在水稻秸秆全量还田条件下设置0、195和270 kg·hm^-2 3个施氮水平和0、30和60 kg·hm^-23个施硫水平,研究氮、硫肥配施对小麦氮素吸收利用、籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明,随施氮量的增加,小麦穗数、穗粒数和产量均显著增加,面团形成时间和稳定时间延长,但施氮量达270 kg·hm^-2时氮肥农学效率和表观利用率显著下降,籽粒支链淀粉、清蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量降低。增施硫肥可使籽粒产量显著增加,延长面团形成时间和稳定时间,并提高籽粒支链淀粉、谷蛋白和总蛋白含量。相比其他氮、硫肥组合处理,施氮195 kg·hm^-2配合施硫60 kg·hm^-2提高了总氮素积累量、氮肥农学效率和氮肥利用效率;该组合处理下籽粒产量比仅施氮270 kg·hm^-2处理提高了5.7%。此外,195 kg·hm^-2施氮量配施硫60 kg·hm^-2还提高了面团形成时间、稳定时间和蛋白各组分含量。这说明氮硫合理配施可提升小麦对氮素的吸收利用,起到提高籽粒产量、改善籽粒蛋白品质和粉质质量的作用;减氮条件下通过适量配施硫肥可作为小麦优质高效生产的栽培途径。     

叶面喷施糖和氮对春小麦籽粒蛋白质含量及面粉加工品质的影响

为了探究花后养分供应对小麦加工品质的效应,选用不同筋力的春小麦品种克旱19(KH19)和龙麦33(LM33)为试验材料,通过齐穗后叶面喷施5%蔗糖和2%尿素,分析籽粒建成期籽粒中氮含量的变化、成熟期籽粒蛋白质及其各组分含量的变化与面粉加工品质(面筋含量、粉质特性和拉伸特性)的关系。结果表明,与对照(CK)相比,蔗糖处理后小麦籽粒含氮量升高幅度最大;蔗糖和尿素的喷施均增加了小麦籽粒总蛋白质含量(KH19:8.34%,6.67%; LM33:9.36%,6.66%)及蛋白质各组分含量,蔗糖处理后小麦籽粒中蛋白质含量比尿素处理的高1%～3%;蔗糖处理后麦谷蛋白+醇溶蛋白含量在总蛋白中的比例下降1～5%;蔗糖和尿素处理均提高了小麦籽粒的干、湿面筋含量、面粉吸水率和面团形成时间;尿素处理延长了面团断裂时间与面团稳定时间,而蔗糖处理缩短了面团断裂时间与面团稳定时间;尿素处理增加了小麦拉伸能量(拉伸面积),而蔗糖处理降低了拉伸能量,尿素处理较蔗糖处理对面团的拉伸比值影响更大。     

氮硫配施对小麦籽粒巯基、二硫键含量与蛋白质品质的影响

为研究氮硫配施对小麦蛋白质品质的影响,以小麦品种烟农19为试验材料,在盆栽条件下,分析了不同氮硫配施对小麦籽粒巯基、二硫键含量与粉质参数的影响。结果表明,随着施氮水平的增加,小麦籽粒的蛋白质含量、巯基含量、二硫键含量、被测粉质参数和面团延展度均逐渐增加。在施氮量为120kg·hm-2时,随施硫水平的提高,小麦籽粒的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、面团形成时间、面团稳定时间、籽粒巯基含量均先增加后减少,二硫键含量和面团延展度逐渐增加。与其他处理相比,施氮、硫量分别为240、60kg·hm-2时,小麦的各被测参数值最高。综上所述,适宜的氮、硫供给可以提高小麦籽粒蛋白质、巯基和二硫键含量,改善小麦加工品质。     

施氮量对强筋小麦产量、氮素利用率和品质的影响

为探明协同提高强筋小麦产量、氮素利用率和品质的施氮量,以强筋小麦品种济麦20（中穗型）和洲元9369（大穗型）为材料, 研究了180、240和300 kg·hm^-2三个氮肥水平（分别用N180、N240和N300表示）对强筋小麦产量、氮素利用率、品质及其相关指标的影响。结果表明,相同施氮量下,洲元9369的产量、氮素利用率、面团形成时间、面团稳定时间、面包体积和面包评分均高于济麦20。当施氮量由N180增至N240时,2个品种的产量无显著变化,但沉降值、面团形成时间、面团稳定时间、面包体积和面包评分均显著提高;施氮量增至N300后,2个品种的产量和品质又都显著下降,籽粒总蛋白含量、谷蛋白含量、SDS-不可溶性谷蛋白含量、醇溶蛋白含量和谷蛋白聚合指数均明显降低,而SDS-可溶性谷蛋白含量和谷醇比却表现为上升趋势。经相关分析,SDS-不可溶性谷蛋白含量、谷蛋白聚合指数与面团形成时间、面团稳定时间、面包体积和面包评分均呈显著正相关。以上结果表明,谷蛋白聚合程度降低是过量施氮条件下强筋小麦品质下降的主要原因。综合考虑小麦产量、氮素利用率和籽粒品质,240 kg·hm^-2为本研究条件下的最佳施氮量。     

施氮对花后遮光条件下小麦产量与蛋白质含量的影响

为探讨施氮对花后弱光逆境下小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响,选用2个对弱光敏感性不同的小麦品种（济麦22和济核916）,设置3个施氮水平（0、120和240 kg·hm^-2）,在花后遮去60%的自然光条件下研究了施氮量对小麦籽粒产量与蛋白质含量的调控效应。结果表明,增施氮肥可延缓花后遮光条件下两个小麦品种旗叶叶绿素下降,使PSⅡ实际光化学效率和净光合速率维持较高水平,促进旗叶可溶性糖含量合成,提高籽粒灌浆速率,增加穗数、穗粒数和籽粒产量。增施氮肥提高了遮光条件下两个小麦品种旗叶硝酸还原酶活性、籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性和籽粒游离氨基酸含量,增加籽粒蛋白质含量。济麦22的籽粒产量以240 kg·hm^-2施氮处理最高,籽粒蛋白质含量在120 kg·hm^-2和240 kg·hm^-2施氮处理间无显著差异;济核916的籽粒产量和蛋白质含量均以120 kg·hm^-2施氮处理最高。由此可见,在花后遮光条件下适量施氮可提高小麦光合能力和促进碳氮代谢,最终增加籽粒产量和蛋白质含量。     

不同氮、钾水平对弱筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

以弱筋小麦宁麦9号为材料,在江苏南京和安徽泾县两个地点,研究了不同氮、钾施肥水平对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响及其与开花期叶片氮、钾营养的关系。结果表明,增施氮、钾均极显著提高了籽粒产量、蛋白质和湿面筋含量、沉淀值及面团形成时间;施氮极显著提高了面团稳定时间和评价值,但极显著降低了淀粉含量,而施钾对淀粉含量、面团稳定时间和评价值的影响较小;氮钾互作对籽粒产量、淀粉与蛋白质及湿面筋含量的影响达到显著或极显著水平,但对沉淀值和面团流变学特性的影响不显著。氮、钾肥对籽粒产量和品质的影响在两地点表现出相同的趋势。增施氮、钾提高了开花期叶片氮、钾含量,使氮/钾比在施氮下增加,在施钾下降低。开花期叶片氮/钾比与籽粒产量、蛋白质和湿面筋含量及沉淀值呈二次曲线关系,且均达到极显著水平,表明增加开花期叶片氮、钾含量并保持适宜的氮/钾比有利于弱筋小麦提高产量和改善品质。在本试验条件下,氮、钾施肥水平分别在225和75 kg.ha-1、开花期叶片氮/钾比达1.5时,弱筋小麦可实现高产与优质的协调。     

不同品质类型冬小麦籽粒产量和品质性状对氮肥的响应

为了研究不同品质类型冬小麦籽粒产量和品质性状对氮肥水平和追氮时期的响应,以两个强筋品种济南17和PH82-2-2以及两个筋力弱的品种PH97-4和PH97-5为材料进行了品种、施氮量、施氮时期三因素试验。结果表明,增施氮肥能显著提高小麦产量和氮收获量。起身期追肥比抽稳期追肥产量和氮收获量显著提高;不同品质类型的小麦蛋白质含量对施氮量和追氮时期反应不尽一致,蛋白质含量相对较低的两个品种济南17和PH97-4施氮处理间差异不显著,而蛋白质含量相对较高的品种PH82-2-2和PH97-5在高施氮量下抽穗期追肥蛋白质含量比起身期追肥提高0．6个百分点,差异达显著水平。不同品种的湿面筋含量、籽粒容重和硬度在不同施氮量下差异不显著。沉淀值、降落值对施氮处理不敏感;吸水率和面团稳定时间不同施氮量间差异不显著,抽穗期追肥吸水率提高0．7个百分点,但面团形成时间和稳定时间分别降低1．39min和0．61min;不同品种的粉质特性差异显著。运筹氮肥能改善小麦加工品质,但效果不明显。     

不同施氮水平和基追比对弱筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

为确立弱筋小麦优质高产生产的氮肥管理策略,以2个弱筋小麦品种扬麦9号和宁麦9号为材料,研究了不同施氮水平及基追比对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明,小麦籽粒产量与施氮量呈二次曲线关系,增加施氮量及提高后期追氮比例提高了弱筋小麦蛋白质含量及籽粒容重、湿面筋含量、沉淀值、吸水率和稳定时间,但降低了总淀粉含量和弱化度。面团形成时间随施氮量的增加而增加,但随追氮比例的增加而降低。施氮量对籽粒蛋白质组分含量均有提高作用,依次为球蛋白>谷蛋白>醇溶蛋白>清蛋白,而追氮比例处理对醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量具有显著的提高效应,清蛋白和球蛋白含量因追氮比例而异。增加施氮量及提高后期追氮比例显著提高了直链淀粉含量和直/支比,但降低了支链淀粉含量。同比例追肥,两次追施比一次施用籽粒产量和蛋白质、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量增加,但湿面筋含量降低;直链淀粉含量和直/支比增加而总淀粉和支链淀粉含量降低。综合产量和品质分析表明,在本试验条件下,弱筋小麦在施氮量180 kg.ha-1、基肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥为7∶2∶1时可以实现高产与优质的协调。     

不同土壤肥力下施氮量对小麦产量和品质的影响

为探究氮肥在不同土壤肥力条件下对小麦的增产提质效应,以强筋小麦品种丰德存麦5号和中筋小麦品种百农207为供试材料,分别在三个地点设置0、180 、240和300 kg·hm^-2 四个施氮水平,研究了不同施氮量对冬小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明,地点、品种和施氮量均对小麦产量有显著影响,其中地点的影响最大,其次是施氮量,品种最小。在高肥力麦田,施氮量为180 kg·hm^-2时产量最高,中高肥力麦田和低肥力麦田均以施氮量为240 kg·hm^-2时产量最高。不施氮肥条件下,品质指标以高肥力麦田较高,低肥力麦田最低,表明基础肥力高有利于改善小麦品质。施用氮肥均显著提高了小麦籽粒中的蛋白质含量、蛋白质产量、沉淀值和湿面筋含量,延长了形成时间和稳定时间,各试验点表现一致。利用主成分分析将小麦品质性状转化为蛋白质因子和面粉粉质因子,结果表明,在低肥力麦田,施氮量对蛋白质因子的增强效应较大,在中高肥力麦田,施氮量能均衡提高蛋白质因子和粉质因子;在高肥力麦田,施氮量对小麦粉质因子的增强效应较大。不论土壤肥力高低,均以施氮量为240 kg·hm^-2时小麦品质性状最优。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

Herbicide application and direct drilling improves establishment and yield of chicory and plantain

The herbs chicory ( C ichorium intybus L.) and plantain ( P lantago lanceolata L.) are increasingly popular summer forage cropping options for dairy producers. However, the impact of different establishment methods on their productivity is largely unknown. Four establishment methods for chicory and plantain crops sown into non‐cultivated ryegrass pastures in spring were compared. Establishment methods included direct‐drilling or broadcasting seed into existing pastures, with or without herbicide application before sowing in a 2 × 2 factorial design. It was hypothesized that plant establishment and growth would be enhanced by spraying to kill existing ryegrass pasture and direct‐drilling herbs (Spray and Drill, SD) compared with broadcasting seed with no herbicide application (Unsprayed and Broadcast, UB). This hypothesis was supported with an additional 2·1–2·3 t DM ha^?1 grown over 201 d from swards established by SD, compared with swards established by UB. The SD method also increased the plant density of the herbs and reduced the proportion of weed species. Spraying and direct drilling is more expensive than broadcasting seed with no herbicide application, but the increase in yield means that extra feed can be supplied at less than half the cost of purchasing the equivalent amount of feed. Therefore, for optimal economic outcomes, chicory and plantain swards should be established by applying herbicide to existing pasture and direct‐drilling seed.     

施肥对小麦花生两熟制作物产量和品质的影响

利用盆栽试验,研究了小麦花生两熟制栽培条件下,有机肥（圈肥和豆饼）与无机肥（三料复合肥）配施及单施对小麦花生两熟制作物产量和品质的影响。结果表明施肥不仅能提高麦油两作的产量,同时对提高产品的品质亦有明显的作用,有机肥与化肥配施效果优于单施有机肥或化肥。