两系杂交晚稻新组合C两优7号的选育与应用

C两优7号(C815S/R777)是湖南农业大学与湖南希望种业科技有限公司合作选育的两系杂交晚稻新组合,该组合株叶形态优良,米质较好,抗逆性强,适应性广。在2011和2012年湖南省区试中,C两优7号比对照天优华占全生育期平均长1.3 d,平均增产3.65%,2013年通过湖南省品种审定。     

超高产杂交水稻C两优396物质生产特性及其与高产的关系

以两优培九(LYP9)及其亲本为对照,比较研究了两系杂交稻组合C两优396(C396)及其亲本的分蘖特性与物质生产、积累和分配以及灌浆速率等性状.结果表明:C396分蘖发生启动较慢,但中期分蘖数增加速率快,且无效分蘖少,最终单株有效穗数多于LYP9; C396主要生育时期的单株干重均高于同期对照LYP9,齐穗后穗部干物质的分配比例大;C396籽粒灌浆启动较迟,但在灌浆中后期(齐穗后15～25 d)维持较高的灌浆速率;表明抽穗前较多的干物质积累、抽穗后穗部较高的干物质分配比例、中后期较高的籽粒灌浆速率是C396高产的机理.C396每穗总粒数少于LYP9,但其具有较多的单株穗数、较高的结实率和较大的粒重,表明穗数、每穗粒数、结实率和粒重各产量因素协调是C396高产的重要原因.     

两系杂交稻新组合培两优93选育报告

培两优93是岳阳市农业科学研究所选育的中籼高产杂交水稻新组合,该组合于2002年、2004年分别通过湖南、广西审定.湖南省中稻区试平均单产9190.5kg//hm2,湖南省超级稻区试平均产量10398kg/hm2,一般产量9000kg/hm2,米质好,搞稻瘟病,全生育期132d左右,比汕优63短5.7d.     

广适性超高产杂交水稻新组合C两优87的选育与应用

C两优87是湖南农业大学水稻科学研究所用自育的水稻光温敏核不育系C815S为母本,蜀恢527为父本配组育成的两系杂交稻新组合,具有高产稳产、株叶形态优良、米质较好、抗逆性较强、适应性广等特点,2007年通过湖南省品种审定,2009年通过浙江省品种审定。     

两系杂交水稻新组合培两优288的选育

培两优 2 88是湖南农业大学用本校选育的优良父本品系 2 88与湖南杂交水稻研究中心选育的培矮 64S配制而成的两系杂交水稻新组合。该组合具有产量高、米质优、抗寒、抗倒、较抗病虫、制种产量较高等特点。1996年 2月通过了湖南省农作物品种审定委员会审定     

两系杂交水稻新组合培两优288的选育

培两优２８８是湖南农业大学用本校选育的优良父本品系２８８与湖南杂交水稻研究中心选育的培矮６４Ｓ配制而成的两系杂交水稻新组合。该组合具有产量高、米质优、抗寒、抗倒、较抗病虫、制种产量较高等特点。１９９６年２月通过了湖南省农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

两优培九高产栽培技术

两优培九系用培矮 6 4 S为母本、9311为父本配组的两系杂交水稻组合。该组合在岳阳市作中稻栽培 ,已有 3年。1999年引进 ,2 0 0 0年小面积示范 ,2 0 0 1年达 1万公顷 ,2 0 0 2年可达 2 .2万公顷 ,占岳阳市中稻面积的 4 8%。该组合表现适应性强、产量高、米质优、抗白叶枯病和抗稻瘟病等优点 ,深受广大农户欢迎。1　两优培九的表现两优培九在本市作中稻栽培 ,从小面积示范到大面积推广种植 ,都表现产量高、米质好。我市地处湘北 ,土层深厚肥沃 ,适合两优培九的生长。 2 0 0 1年 ,随机调查 9.5 hm中 稻两优培九 ,平均单产为 9.2 1t/ hm,随机…     

超高产杂交稻C两优396和C两优87的源库特性研究

以汕优63为对照,研究了超高产杂交稻组合C两优396和C两优87的源、库、流特性。结果表明,C两优396和C两优87库容较大,填库能力强,单位面积总颖花量、叶面积指数和粒叶比均高于汕优63;抽穗后剑叶的净光合速率高,光合能力强;孕穗后光合产物积累速度快,增量大,抽穗后茎鞘叶干物质向籽粒运转量多,对籽粒的贡献率高;产量与总颖花量呈极显著正相关,与粒叶比和抽穗后干物质生产量呈显著正相关。库大、源强、流畅且三者之间能在较高水平上协调,是C两优396和C两优87超高产的主要成因。     

两系杂交稻C两优396作再生稻高产栽培技术

C两优396系由湖南农业大学水稻科学研究所选育的籼型两系杂交水稻,于2009年通过国家农作物品种审定。介绍了C两优396在邵武市城郊镇作再生稻的种植表现及高产栽培技术。     

高产两系杂交水稻新组合C两优501

C两优501是湖南金健种业有限责任公司和常德市农业科学研究所用两用核不育系C815S与自育恢复系制501配组选育而成的杂交水稻新组合.该组合具有丰产性好、耐肥抗倒、适应性好等特点,适合在湖南山区作中稻、平湖区作一季晚稻栽培,2009年2月通过湖南省品种审定.     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

Herbicide application and direct drilling improves establishment and yield of chicory and plantain

The herbs chicory ( C ichorium intybus L.) and plantain ( P lantago lanceolata L.) are increasingly popular summer forage cropping options for dairy producers. However, the impact of different establishment methods on their productivity is largely unknown. Four establishment methods for chicory and plantain crops sown into non‐cultivated ryegrass pastures in spring were compared. Establishment methods included direct‐drilling or broadcasting seed into existing pastures, with or without herbicide application before sowing in a 2 × 2 factorial design. It was hypothesized that plant establishment and growth would be enhanced by spraying to kill existing ryegrass pasture and direct‐drilling herbs (Spray and Drill, SD) compared with broadcasting seed with no herbicide application (Unsprayed and Broadcast, UB). This hypothesis was supported with an additional 2·1–2·3 t DM ha^?1 grown over 201 d from swards established by SD, compared with swards established by UB. The SD method also increased the plant density of the herbs and reduced the proportion of weed species. Spraying and direct drilling is more expensive than broadcasting seed with no herbicide application, but the increase in yield means that extra feed can be supplied at less than half the cost of purchasing the equivalent amount of feed. Therefore, for optimal economic outcomes, chicory and plantain swards should be established by applying herbicide to existing pasture and direct‐drilling seed.     

施肥对小麦花生两熟制作物产量和品质的影响

利用盆栽试验,研究了小麦花生两熟制栽培条件下,有机肥（圈肥和豆饼）与无机肥（三料复合肥）配施及单施对小麦花生两熟制作物产量和品质的影响。结果表明施肥不仅能提高麦油两作的产量,同时对提高产品的品质亦有明显的作用,有机肥与化肥配施效果优于单施有机肥或化肥。