斑茅光合特性与原生长地海拔的关系

测定了原生长地不同的71份斑茅无性系净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、细胞间隙CO2浓度及其叶绿素含量。结果表明:不同原生长地斑茅无性系间的净光合速率存在丰富的变异;原生长地海拔与斑茅无性系净光合速率、气孔导度、细胞间隙CO2浓度呈抛物线的变化关系,与蒸腾速率无显著性相关关系;净光合速率与气孔导度、蒸腾速率无显著相关关系,与叶绿素含量呈显著正相关,与细胞间隙CO2浓度呈显著负相关。原生长地海拔的变化引起斑茅光合特性的变化,叶绿素含量、胞间CO2浓度是影响净光合速率的直接因子。     

不同采集地割手密种质资源的耐寒性评价

本研究对不同采集地割手密无性系进行耐寒性综合评价,探究割手密耐寒性与其生长地海拔、纬度的关系,筛选耐寒性种质资源。以40份割手密无性系为试验材料,在苗期低温胁迫后测定各无性系材料的7项生理指标,利用相关性分析、聚类分析和模糊隶属函数分析法对其耐寒性差异进行综合评价。低温胁迫处理后,割手密的脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)、电导率(PMP)、可溶性蛋含量(SP)均呈上升趋势,其中脯氨酸含量上升最大,升高了43.81%,而叶绿素(Chl)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)均呈下降趋势,其中叶绿素含量减少35.01%,下降程度最大;叶绿素、脯氨酸、超氧化物歧化酶的变异系数较对照有不同程度的增加,其中增长最大的是叶绿素,是对照的1.76倍;相关性分析显示,40份割手密无性系耐寒性与其生长地的海拔、纬度呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.867、0.686;模糊隶属函数和聚类分析将40份割手密无性系的耐寒性分为三类,其中高耐寒类型有10份材料,中耐寒性有19份,不耐寒性11份。研究结果表明,不同采集地割手密材料之间耐寒性指标存在明显差异;耐寒隶属函数与海拔、纬度呈极显著正相关,即高海拔和高纬度的割手密耐寒性强、低海拔和低纬度的割手密耐寒性弱,表明在相近海拔范围内决定耐寒性的主要因素是纬度,在相近纬度范围内决定耐寒性的主要因素是海拔。该结果为割手密种质资源在甘蔗耐寒育种中的进一步利用提供依据。     

不同品种茶树叶片功能性状及光合特性的比较

以18个茶树品种(系)为研究对象,测量了茶树叶片的叶面积、叶形指数、比叶面积、干物质含量、叶绿素a、叶绿素b及其比值、叶绿素总量、类胡萝卜素及光合特性,并分析了叶片功能性状和光合特性之间的相关性。结果表明,茶树叶片叶形指数、干物质含量、气孔导度的变异系数低于10%,其余11项指标的变异系数为15.08%~43.22%,表现出较高的多样性水平;比叶面积与干物质含量之间存在显著负相关,叶形指数和叶面积与其他叶片功能指标均无显著相关;干物质含量与光合色素之间存在显著相关,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a/叶绿素b、叶绿素总量和类胡萝卜素两两之间存在极显著相关性;净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率两两之间存在极显著正相关,且气孔导度与胞间CO_2浓度呈显著正相关,茶叶光合速率主要受气孔限制的影响;净光合速率与干物质含量之间存在显著正相关,净光合速率、蒸腾速率与光合色素含量之间存在显著或极显著正相关,说明光合色素含量高的品种具有更强的光合能力和干物质积累能力;气孔导度、水分利用效率与叶片功能性状之间相关性不显著。14号茶树品种比叶面积相对较低,同时具有较高的干物质含量、净光合速率和水分利用效率,属于抗旱性较强、光合速率和水分利用效率高的品种,可作为抗旱性强、高光效的茶树品种进一步选育和应用。     

不同棱型大麦品种旗叶光合性能的差异

为了解不同棱型大麦品种的光舍差异,用LI-6400便携式光合测定仪和分光光度计对10个大麦品种旗叶光合性能和叶绿素含量进行了测定分析.结果表明,各棱型大麦旗叶在叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率花后均呈下降趋势.且棱型与光合性能指标呈显著或极显著相关.二棱大麦旗叶在叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率等方面均显著高于四棱大麦,且叶绿素含量、净光合速率在开花后下降缓慢.     

不同耕作措施玉米高产光合指标的研究

2002～2003年在云南农业大学农场采用滇丰4号玉米种,开展了不同耕作措施的玉米光合指标的研究。结果表明:B处理构建了高产玉米冠层的微环境特性和冠层结构,改善了叶片光合特性。生育期间各个坡度B、A、C处理的叶绿素a、b的含量始终大于D处理;光合速率的日变化在12:00时B处理要远远大于对照,增加比例为24.35%;穗位叶蒸腾速率B处理明显大于对照,2003年各坡度平均增加282.8%,2002年为350.4%。经相关分析可知,各个坡度总体上玉米叶片净光合速率、气孔导度都与蒸腾速率呈显著正相关。     

氮素形态对油麦菜幼苗光合作用及其荧光特性的影响

采用水培技术,以两叶一心的油麦菜幼苗为材料,研究铵态氮和硝态氮不同配比对油麦菜幼苗叶片光合色素含量、光合作用和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明:(1)不同氮素处理对油麦菜幼苗叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝素的含量均产生显著影响,当NO_3~-∶NH_4~+=7∶3时叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝素的含量明显增加,显著高于其他处理。(2)各处理下油麦菜幼苗的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率随处理时间的增长呈上升趋势,而胞间CO_2浓度则呈下降趋势,当NO_3~-∶NH_4~+=7∶3时净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率显著高于其他处理,而胞间CO_2浓度则显著低于其他处理。(3)油麦菜幼苗叶片荧光特性呈现出较大差异,当硝态氮与铵态氮的配比为7∶3时,油麦菜幼苗叶片PSⅡ的Fv/Fm和Fv/F0最高;由相关性分析可知,Fv/Fm、Fv/F0与叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素的相关性高于叶绿素b;Fv/Fm和Fv/F0三元回归模型的决定系数均在0.9以上,准确反映出油麦菜幼苗叶片叶绿素荧光动力学参数与光合色素之间的关系。     

水稻超绿突变体光合特性的初步研究

对水稻超绿突变体的叶绿素含量及其光合特性进行了初步研究,结果表明,超绿突变体的叶绿素含量及其叶片的蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度都显著高于对照;超绿突变体的净光合速率也较高,但与对照差异不明显。叶绿素荧光动力学分析结果表明,超绿突变体的最大荧光产量(Fm)较大,以光能吸收为基础的光合性能指数(PI)也较高。     

南荻同源四倍体光合生理特性的研究

为揭示南荻同源四倍体的光合生理特性,以二倍体为对照,研究了盆栽条件下南荻同源四倍体生长过程中光合作用参数、地上部鲜重和干重的变化。结果表明：在整个生育期南荻同源四倍体的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均呈先增加后减少的单峰曲线变化,胞间CO2浓度呈先升高后降低再升高的趋势,其光合特性优于二倍体。南荻同源四倍体植株地上部鲜重随生育期推进呈先增加后降低的趋势。与生长初期相比,南荻同源四倍体收获期植株地上部干物质量显著增加。南荻同源四倍体生长生理特性优于二倍体。相关分析表明：在整个生育期南荻同源四倍体净光合速率与气孔导度之间正相关极显著;在生育后期南荻同源四倍体净光合速率与胞间CO2浓度负相关极显著。表明不同生长时期影响南荻同源四倍体光合作用的参数不同,南荻同源四倍体生长生理与其光合特性密切相关。     

大花紫薇及其新品种紫婵光合特性比较

探究大花紫薇新品种紫婵的光合生理特征，为其栽培与推广应用提供理论基础。以2年生紫婵和大花紫薇幼苗为材料，采用Li-6400XT便携式光合仪，测定2个试验植物材料的光合日变化、光响应曲线及叶绿素含量。研究结果表明：(1)紫婵的叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)、类胡萝卜素(Car)含量、叶绿素含量(Chl)以及叶绿素a/b(Chla/Chlb)均显著大于大花紫薇(P<0.05)。(2)紫婵的净光合速率(P_n)日变化呈单峰曲线，峰值出现在10:00，为17.11μmol/(m²·s)；气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)日变化均呈单峰曲线，胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)为早晚高中午低的单谷型，气孔限制值为早晚低中午高的单峰曲线。(3)大花紫薇的净光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线，峰值分别出现在8:00和12:00，分别为14.41μmol/(m²·s)和13.16μmol/(m²·s)；气孔导度亦呈双峰曲线，峰值分别出现...     

小麦与野燕麦杂交后代品系光合特性的研究

为了研究小麦与野燕麦杂交后代高产的原因,用LI-6400光合作用测定系统测定了小麦与野燕麦杂交后代及其亲本的开花期旗叶净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Cd)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr),并计算了水分利用效率,用方差分析和相关性分析方法对11个参试材料的光合特性进行了综合评价。结果表明,小麦与野燕麦杂交后代的净光合速率显著高于普通小麦和野燕麦;各品种(系)的气孔导度变化趋势与蒸腾速率变化趋势一致,气孔导度大的一般蒸腾速率也较高;光合速率与气孔导度和蒸腾速率显著相关,与产量正相关,但相关不显著;小麦与野燕麦杂交后代的光合能力高于亲本和普通小麦。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

芦笋枯萎病病原鉴定

对造成福建省漳州市东山县的芦笋枯萎病病原菌进行分子鉴定,以期确定病原菌的属、种名,为防治该病害寻求理论依据。试验对分离纯化的病原菌核糖体DNA的ITS区进行测序,在Genbank中搜索其同源性并构建它们的系统发育树,结果表明：引起芦笋枯萎病的病原菌是镰刀属中的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),且病原菌之间的同源性高达89%,遗传差异不显著。     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

玉米产量性状配合力遗传分析

通过对8个中晚熟玉米自交系产量性状进行双列杂交分析，表明各个自交系产量性状的一般配合力与特殊配合力存在显著差异，玉米杂交种F₁的产量构成受到一般配合力与特殊配合力的共同作用，用特殊配合力对F₁的作用大于一般配合力。特殊配合力高低与一般配合力无明显相关关系。因此在玉米杂交种组配与自交系改良工作中，既要兼顾双亲的一般配合力与特殊配合力，又要保持杂交优势利用模式与选系模式的种质关系。     

Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin

Insect pest management is facing the economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to the human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanicals containing active insecticidal phytochemicals appear to be promising to address some of these problems. Therefore, there is a continuous need to explore new active molecules with different mechanisms of action. Secondary metabolites present in plants apparently function as defense (toxic), which inhibits reproduction and other processes. The phytochemical biomolecules could be used for maximizing the effectiveness and specificity in future insecticide design with specific or multiple target sites, while ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability. In this article, the current state of knowledge on phytochemical sources and insecticidal activity, their mechanism of action in insects, resistance, and promising advances made in phytochemical research are reviewed.     

马铃薯黑痣病菌生物学特性测定

马铃薯黑痣病是土传真菌性病害,在定西市马铃薯种植区均有发生,目前已成为影响马铃薯产量和品质的主要因素之一。本研究对马铃薯黑痣病菌从温度、光照、碳源、氮源以及p H方面进行了生物学特性的测定。结果表明:该病原菌菌丝在无光25℃条件下生长最快,在无光35℃条件下生长最慢;室温条件下培养1 d后用紫外线照射处理2 h,然后室温持续光照培养4 d的菌丝生长速率最大,持续黑暗培养4 d的菌丝生长速率最慢;不同碳氮源对该菌菌丝生长均有影响,碳源为淀粉的培养基上菌丝生长最快、氮源为尿素的培养基上菌丝生长最快;培养基p H中性时菌丝生长速率最大。     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。     

Valorization of three varieties of grape

In the present investigation, seed methanolic extracts of three Vitis vinifera (Muscat d’Italie, Syrah and Carignan) were assayed for their antioxidant activities. Results showed that there are strong variations in the contents of total phenols (440.97–121.94 mg GAE g⁻¹ DW), flavonoids (48.07–16.81 mg EC g⁻¹ DW) and tanins (37.15–14.9 mg EC g⁻¹ DW) from the studied seeds. The phenolic composition of these extracts was determined by RP–HPLC after acid hydrolysis. The main phenolic compound was quercetin with 27.2% in Muscat d’Italie, 48.8% in Syrah and 28.4% in Carignan. Besides, all seed extracts showed remarkable DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC₅₀ values ranged from 1.8 to 30 μg ml⁻¹. EC₅₀ values of reducing power activity ranged from 100 to 120 μg ml⁻¹. The high phenolic content and the considerable antioxidant activities of vitis seed extracts could potentially be considered as an expensive source of natural antioxidants.     

几个粳稻不育系、恢复系产量性状配合力研究

新粳型不育系和恢复系是通过籼粳交或粳粳交的方式培育而成的中间型稳定品系,杂交组合的育性正常或接近正常。粳型不育系和恢复系配组,杂种F1的产量性状差异显著或极显著。组合9512A/R364、73A/R55、150A/R198、9512A/R2690、150A/R55,具有产量的正向超亲、超标优势,另一些组合呈显著或极显著的负向优势;本研究产量性状一般配合力好的不育系是中14A、辽150A、73A、9512A、9214A,恢复系是R198-2、R238、R46、C418、R364和花38;亲本的产量性状一般配合力和特殊配合力在不同性状的作用没有交叉。杂种优势的表现与双亲亲和力高低、配合力高低有明显的相关性。辽150A、9512A的超亲优势明显,R198、R55、R2690、R364、C204等恢复系具有较强的杂交优势。不育系对产量性状的作用显著大于恢复系。     

Size and frequency of occurrence of pre-roost gatherings of starlings

One hundred and fifty-six pre-roost gatherings of starlings were observed at 28 sites around a roost in west Norfolk during winter. Pre-roost gatherings occurred more frequently at individual farmyards compared with individual fields, but 82% of the sites where gatherings occurred were on fields. The size of gatherings was greater, the closer to the roost. Birds in pre-roost gatherings on fields of autumn-sown winter wheat spent most of the time feeding and had a diet composed almost exclusively of wheat seeds. Birds in gatherings on grass fields also fed intensively whereas only 31% of birds at farmyards were feeding. The implications that these results have with regard to potential damage to fields of winter wheat and around farmyards are discussed.