茶多酚的生物活性及效用研究进展

茶多酚是绿茶中重要的生物活性物质，具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗菌、降血糖血脂以及抗衰老等多方面的生物活性作用，广泛应用于医疗保健、化工、食品等领域，成为近年来研究的热点。本文就近年来茶多酚生物活性以及目前研究存在的问题进行综述，并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

大豆加工产品中若干抗癌物质的含量及其效应

大豆不仅含有丰富的蛋白质，而且也含有一些传统上认为是抗营养因子的生物活性物质，包括异黄酮、皂甙、胰蛋白酶抑制剂、植酸等。最近的研究认为这些成份又具有一定的抗肿瘤活性。本文综述了大豆及其加工产品生物活性物质的含量和抗肿瘤效果，同时探讨其综合利用的价值。     

"农凯"生物制剂在茶园中施用肥效研究

2003年冬,我们对江苏“农凯”生物制剂(含生物活性物质“植保康”,并添加氨基酸、微量元素等),在德清县莫干山镇横岭茶场、仙人坑茶场进行了4次肥效试验。     

杭白菊饮料的简述

花草茶作为一种新型的植物饮料目前发展迅速,有些国家消费量已超过可乐,成为较大的植物饮料品种。菊花茶早在多年前就推出市场,而杭白菊作为菊花茶的代表性品种已在市场上出现多年,国内也有不少相关的研究,本文以国内对杭白菊作饮料的研究作一简单综述,旨在为推出新型菊花茶饮料提供参考。     

黑米花青苷药理学作用研究进展

黑米花青苷是一类重要的生物活性物质,具有多种重要生理功能和独特的营养特性,可广泛应用于食品、保健品、化妆品、医药等行业。本文对黑米花青苷的结构和组分进行了研究,并对黑米花青苷的抗氧化、保肝护肝、抗血脂、抗癌、减肥等药理学作用进行了论述,最后对黑米花青苷的研究和应用发展趋势进行了评述。     

桐乡“杭白菊”之辨

我去浙江桐乡乌镇,拜谒我国现代文学家茅盾先生的故居。若从乌镇赴沪返津,时间还有多半天的富裕,就又顺路去看望桐乡的茶人朋友老宁,了却萦绕心头的桐乡杭白菊之谜。想起前些年,我在天津买杭白菊时,因为不解杭     

丘陵旱地粮-药型高效种植模式的研究与应用

为提高丘陵旱地的经济效益,2002～2003年在新晃进行了粮-药型高效种植模式研究.结果表明,杭白菊/糯玉米投产比最高,每公顷纯收入为33 645元,投产比为1:6.32;其次为杭白菊/糯高粱,每公顷纯收入为32 019元,投产比为1:5.34;丹参、杭白菊、半夏/春玉米三种模式,每公顷纯收入分别为23 802,30 113.42和27 146.4元,投产比分别为1:4.53,1:5.01和1:2.91.粮-药型高效模式,采用分带种植,合理安排主、副作物的茬口衔接,中药材选择耐荫、植株矮小、前期生长慢的品种,而间套春玉米、糯高粱、糯玉米等选择早熟、优质、高产、植株紧凑的品种,实现高矮作物的合理配置.春玉米、糯玉米的密度以每公顷1.5万～1.8万株、糯高粱以2.25万～3.0万株为宜.采用覆盖育苗移栽,错开作物茬口,根据不同作物的生长发育特点,分别采取不同的栽培管理措施,促进主副作物平衡增产.     

国内外发酵豆乳研究发展现状

发酵豆乳是利用微生物的发酵作用制成的一种发酵豆制品,由于其具有良好的口感、丰富的营养价值和特有的益生作用受到越来越多的关注.该文对发酵豆乳所应用的微生物种类、发酵形式、发酵豆乳的保健功效和发酵过程对豆乳中生物活性物质的影响等国内外相关研究进展进行了阐述,并提出了生产中应注意的问题,以期为发酵豆乳的进一步研究提供理论依据.     

儿茶素生物医用纳米材料研究进展

儿茶素具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗病毒、抗炎和免疫调节等功能,是茶叶中含量丰富的一类生物活性物质。由于酚羟基的高活泼性导致儿茶素在生物体外及体内极易失去活性,致使其在生物体内利用度不高。近年来,纳米生物技术的发展有望通过配体设计、精准合成和智能调控等策略解决儿茶素低生物利用度的难题,并拓展其在生命健康领域中的应用。综述了近几年儿茶素生物医用纳米材料的研究进展,重点阐述了儿茶素生物医用纳米材料的抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗炎、药物递送和抗病毒等活性,对儿茶素生物医用纳米材料的构建和生物作用机制进行了探讨,并对儿茶素新材料设计及其应用前景进行了展望。     

油菜硫代葡萄糖苷检测技术研究进展

硫代葡萄糖苷是发生在白花菜目植物的一类重要生物活性物质，其研究依赖于检测技术的发展，本文就 硫代葡萄糖苷检测技术研究进展进行了综述。     

Effect of genotype and environment on the concentration of simmondsin and its derivatives in jojoba seeds and foliage

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of genotype and environment on the total content and relative concentrations of simmondsin and its derivatives in the seeds and leaves of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis). Simmondsin and simmondsin 2′-ferulate cause reduction in food intake and can thus serve as a dietary modifier. If the defatted meal or extracts of the purified compounds are to find commercial application as dietary modifiers, it is important to identify the genotypes and growing conditions providing the maximum concentrations of active compounds. The contents of simmondsins in the seeds and leaves of female genotypes growing in our varietal test plot at Hazerim (Western Negev, Israel) were thus determined. The genotypes differed significantly in the total concentrations and relative amounts of the two biologically active methylated compounds, i.e., simmondsin and simmondsin 2′-ferulate, and of the five demethylated derivatives, i.e., 5- and 4-demethyl simmondsin, didemethyl simmondsin, and simmondsin 4- and 5-demethyl ferulates. The effect of location on concentrations of simmondsins was compared for six genotypes growing at two locations in the Negev, Hazerim and Ramat Negev, differing in climatic conditions. The levels of simmondsins were almost universally lower for seeds harvested from the Ramat Negev plantation. A study of the effect of salinity of the irrigation water on eight female genotypes growing at Ramat Negev showed that salinity only slightly increased the amount of simmondsins in the seeds. Analysis of jojoba leaves showed that ferulates were not present; only simmondsin itself and the three-non-ferulated derivatives were found in the leaves.     

“神马”菊组织培养技术研究

利用“神马”菊花的茎段作外植体,采用不同的诱导、继代和生根培养基进行菊花组织培养技术研究,结果表明,丛生芽诱导的最佳培养基为MS＋6-BA2mg·L-1,丛生芽继代培养的最佳培养基为MS＋6-BA1.5mg·L-1＋NAA0.05mg·L-1,最佳生根培养基为MS＋NAA0.1mg·L-1。     

Foliar micromorphology of Felicia muricata Thunb., A South African medicinal plant

The foliar micromorphology of Felicia muricata (Thunb.) Nees (Asteraceae) was observed with the JEOL (JSM-6390LV) Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Both the abaxial and adaxial surfaces were characterized by anisocytic stomata which were more prevalent on the abaxial surface than the adaxial surface. The leaves have only one type of multicellular non-glandular trichomes that are long and cylindrical, tapering to a sharp point and running parallel to the leaf surface in the direction of the apices. Crystal deposits were also observed on the surfaces of the leaves near the stomata. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy-SEM shows that Na, Al, Si, and K were the major constituents of the crystal analyzed. Since no glandular trichomes were present on the leaves of this herb, the bioactive components present in this plant may be produced in some other tissues in the leaf other than the trichomes.     

不同预处理方法对油茶籽种皮成分、结构和抗氧化活性的影响

油茶籽种皮富含多种活性成分,本文通过探讨不同预处理方法对油茶籽种皮成分、结构和抗氧化活性的影响,为实现油茶籽种皮变废为宝和深加工利用提供科学依据。对比了酸法、碱法、亚临界水和离子液体4种预处理方法所得海南油茶籽种皮中的总酚含量、纤维素组成,并运用扫描电镜（SEM）、X-射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、核磁共振氢谱（¹H NMR）和差示扫描量热仪（DSC）表征4种预处理方法所得油茶籽种皮的结构。在此基础上,利用DPPH、ABTS和还原力体外抗氧化体系评价4种预处理方法所得油茶籽种皮的抗氧化活性。结果表明,4种预处理方法均会降低油茶籽种皮得率、半纤维素和木质素含量,其中以亚临界水处理种皮得率损失最小[(80.07± 0.01)%],而酸法和碱法处理后纤维素含量[(39.36±0.40)%、(36.67±0.74)%]基本不损失,与原料[(38.83±3.81)%]差异不显著。不同预处理方法能够使油茶籽种皮纤维比表面积增大、表面孔洞增加,使纤维结构的无定型区比例升高;未经处理的油茶籽种皮原料强度较大,结晶指数为41.67,其次是酸法、碱法、亚临界水和离子液体处理所得油茶籽种皮结晶指数,分别为28.37、28.69、27.34和25.17。此外,原料的抗氧化活性最好、酸法和亚临界水处理样品次之、而碱法和离子液体处理样品最差,这与油茶籽种皮中总酚和单宁含量高低基本一致。上述结果表明,酸法和亚临界水预处理优于碱法和离子液体,活性物质稳定性好,损失小。     

Determination of Antioxidant Constituents in Cactus Pear Fruits

An analytical study was carried out on the presence of antioxidant constituents and the in vitro antioxidant capacity in the extracts of three species of Spanish red-skinned cactus pear fruits (Opuntia ficus-indica, Opuntia undulata and Opuntia stricta). The cactus pear fruit extracts were analyzed for determined constituents: ascorbic acid, flavonoids (quercetin, isorhamnetin, myricetin, kaempferol and luteolin), betalains, taurine, total carotenoids and total phenolics. The antioxidant capacity was assessed by means of two different methods: the 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) method and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical method. Opuntia ficus-indica fruit extract had the strongest antioxidant capacity and taurine content. O. stricta fruits were the richest in ascorbic acid and total phenolics, whereas O. undulata fruits showed the highest carotenoid content. Quercetin and isorhamnetin were the main flavonoids detected. This study provides basic information on the presence of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity in extracts of cactus pear fruits, in order to consider these extracts as ingredient for the production of health-promoting food.     

Fishery Wastes as a Yet Undiscovered Treasure from the Sea: Biomolecules Sources,Extraction Methods and Valorization

The search for new biological sources of commercial value is a major goal for the sustainable management of natural resources. The huge amount of fishery by-catch or processing by-products continuously produced needs to be managed to avoid environmental problems and keep resource sustainability. Fishery by-products can represent an interesting source of high added value bioactive compounds, such as proteins, carbohydrates, collagen, polyunsaturated fatty acids, chitin, polyphenolic constituents, carotenoids, vitamins, alkaloids, tocopherols, tocotrienols, toxins; nevertheless, their biotechnological potential is still largely underutilized. Depending on their structural and functional characteristics, marine-derived biomolecules can find several applications in food industry, agriculture, biotechnological (chemical, industrial or environmental) fields. Fish internal organs are a rich and underexplored source of bioactive compounds; the fish gut microbiota biosynthesizes essential or short-chain fatty acids, vitamins, minerals or enzymes and is also a source of probiotic candidates, in turn producing bioactive compounds with antibiotic and biosurfactant/bioemulsifier activities. Chemical, enzymatic and/or microbial processing of fishery by-catch or processing by-products allows the production of different valuable bioactive compounds; to date, however, the lack of cost-effective extraction strategies so far has prevented their exploitation on a large scale. Standardization and optimization of extraction procedures are urgently required, as processing conditions can affect the qualitative and quantitative properties of these biomolecules. Valorization routes for such raw materials can provide a great additional value for companies involved in the field of bioprospecting. The present review aims at collecting current knowledge on fishery by-catch or by-products, exploring the valorization of their active biomolecules, in application of the circular economy paradigm applied to the fishery field. It will address specific issues from a biorefinery perspective: (i) fish tissues and organs as potential sources of metabolites, antibiotics and probiotics; (ii) screening for bioactive compounds; (iii) extraction processes and innovative technologies for purification and chemical characterization; (iv) energy production technologies for the exhausted biomass. We provide a general perspective on the techno-economic feasibility and the environmental footprint of the production process, as well as on the definition of legal constraints for the new products production and commercial use.     

火焰树化学成分与药理作用研究进展及开发应用前景

火焰树为木兰纲唇形目紫葳科火焰木属植物,广泛分布于热带、亚热带地区。火焰树含有丰富的营养成分和药理成分,具有抗疟、抗菌、抗惊厥、抗炎、镇痛、抗氧化、降血糖等药效作用,在非洲传统医学中被广泛用于治疗精神障碍、疟疾、细菌感染、HIV、血液循环不良等疾病。火焰树不同部位具有的化学成分和药理作用不同,本文对火焰树树皮、叶和花的化学成分和药理作用进行系统阐述,并分析其开发应用前景,以指导火焰树资源的利用。     

海南粗榧内生真菌F127发酵液的次级代谢产物研究

对海南粗榧(Cephalotaxus hainanensis Li.)内生真菌F127发酵液化学组分进行研究。用多种色谱技术对F127代谢产物进行分离纯化,以LC-MS、ESI-MS和超导核磁共振分析鉴定化合物结构,最后采用MTT法测定化合物的抗肿瘤活性。从海南粗榧内生真菌F127的发酵液中分离得到5个单体化合物,分别鉴定为oblongolide T(1)、sorbicillin(2)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(3)、phomopsolide B(4)、6,8-二羟基-3-甲基-3,4-二氢异香豆素(5),且化合物1、4、5对肿瘤细胞K562、NB4、HL-60、Hep G-2和Lovo表现出不同抑制活性。化合物4对5株肿瘤细胞均表现出抑制活性,对K562、NB4、HL-60抑制效果显著,IC50值分别为3.35、0.014和0.16μg/m L,对Hep G-2和Lo Vo只有温和抑制作用;化合物1对K562、NB4、HL-60抑制作用良好,IC50值分别为51.82、54.25和29.31μg/m L;化合物5对NB4和Hep G-2则具有一定抑制活性;化合物2和3对测试细胞株未表现出抑制活性。5个化合物均是首次从海南粗榧内生真菌中分离得到,并首次报道了化合物1、4对K562、NB4、HL-60的优良细胞毒活性,为进一步研究海南粗榧内生真菌中的活性天然产物奠定了基础。     

Influence of Growth Stage and Season on the Antioxidant Constituents of Cosmos caudatus

The impact of tropical seasons (dry and wet) and growth stages (8, 10 and 12 weeks) of Cosmos caudatus on the antioxidant activity (AA), total phenolic content (TPC) as well as the level of bioactive compounds were evaluated using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The plant morphology (plant height) also showed variation between the two seasons. Samples planted from June to August (during the dry season) exhibited a remarkably higher bioactivity and height than those planted from October to December (during the wet season). The samples that were harvested at eight weeks of age during the dry season showed the highest bioactivity with values of 26.04 g GAE/100 g and 22.1 μg/ml for TPC and IC_50, respectively. Identification of phytochemical constituents in the C. caudatus extract was carried out by liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and electrospray tandem mass (LC-DAD-ESIMS/MS) technique and the confirmation of constituents was achieved by comparison with literature data and/or co-chromatography with authentic standards. Six compounds were indentified including quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, rutin, quercetin 3-O-arabinofuranoside, quercetin 3-O-galactoside and chlorogenic acid. Their concentrations showed significant variance among the 8, 10 and 12-week-old herbs during both seasons.     

European pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) from Portugal: Chemical composition of essential oil and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of extracts and essential oil

There is a growing interest of industry to replace synthetic chemicals by natural products with bioactive properties from plant origin. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition of European pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) essential oil and to characterize the in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of its water (hot and cold) and ethanolic extracts and of the essential oil. The essential oil revealed menthone, pulegone and neo-menthol as the main constituents, comprising 35.9, 23.2 and 9.2% of the essential oil, respectively. The hot water extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and phenol content. In contrast, the extracts were not very effective to inhibit the growth of the seven foodborne spoilage and pathogenic bacteria tested, but the essential oil showed antibacterial activity against all bacterial strains. In conclusion, extracts and essential oil of M. pulegium from Mediterranean origin have huge potential as an alternative to chemical additives for the food industry.