种植密度对青贮玉米品种产量及相关性状的影响

以6个青贮玉米品种为试验材料,研究了3种种植密度对青贮玉米生物产量、干物质产量及相关性状的影响。结果表明,不同品种之间生物产量和干物质产量差异极显著;不同密度下品种的生物产量和干物质产量差异极显著;品种与密度互作之间生物产量和干物质产量差异分别为显著和极显著。龙育1号、高油169和高油115作为优质青贮高油玉米在黑龙江省适宜种植密度分别为7.0～8.0万株/hm2、7.0万株/hm2和6.0万株/hm2;黑饲1号在6万株/hm2时产量较高;龙辐208在7万株/hm2种植条件下,其生物产量和干物质产量均较高,尤其干物质产量最高;青贮玉米品种的青贮生育日数、株高、穗位、茎粗、收获期绿叶片数差异不大,品种之间差异主要由品种自身特性决定。中原单32可作为粒用玉米种植推广。     

环境对玉米杂交种品质性状的影响研究

以河南省生产上主要推广的15个玉米品种为材料,采用近红外光谱技术,分析了在8个不同生态环境下粗蛋白、粗淀粉、粗脂肪和赖氨酸4个玉米品质性状。结果表明:各性状在品种间、地点间和品种与地点互作间的差异均达到极显著水平。在15个品种中,HE-1、HE-2、豫单2001和豫单2002粗蛋白含量高于11%以上,赖氨酸含量高于0.35%,可作为高蛋白、高赖氨酸优质饲用专用玉米品种;郑单958、浚单20、洛玉1号和郑单18粗淀粉含量在72%以上,可将作为高淀粉工业加工专用玉米品种;HE-1、HE-2的粗脂肪含量在7.5%以上,可将它们作为高油工业加工和优质饲用专用玉米品种。驻马店、郑州和洛阳适宜高蛋白、高赖氨酸优质饲用专用玉米品种的种植;商丘、安阳和周口适宜高淀粉工业加工专用玉米品种的种植;商丘、新乡和郑州适宜高油专用玉米品种的种植。     

不同栽培措施对青贮玉米产量和营养品质的影响

采用随机区组设计和“3414”最优回归设计,研究青贮玉米不同种植密度、收获期和施肥水平对产量和营养品质的影响。结果表明：不同种植密度、收获期和施肥水平均极显著影响青贮玉米的产量和营养品质。其中,氮肥对青贮玉米的鲜、干生物产量的提高及青贮玉米营养品质、饲用价值的提高贡献最大,其次是磷肥,钾肥的影响较小。建立了氮、磷、钾肥和青贮玉米鲜、干生物产量,蛋白质产量,中、酸性洗涤纤维产量,脂肪产量的回归数学模型。得出了青贮玉米新饲玉14号在海南中等肥力土壤上的适宜种植密度为7.50～9.00万株/hm2;最佳收获期是籽粒乳熟中期; 预测出了获得青贮玉米最大鲜、干生物产量,蛋白质产量,中、酸性洗涤纤维产量,脂肪产量时所需氮、磷、钾肥的施用量。     

不同类型青饲青贮玉米的比较研究

对7个分蘖、高油和高蛋白型青贮玉米特性和品质的比较。结果表明:独秆晚熟品种中北410、青试01和农大647适宜作为春季播种的青贮玉米,解决冬春季饲料不足;多蘖型的新育01和新育02适宜作为春夏季青饲玉米种植,供给夏秋季青饲料;独秆中熟的高蛋白玉米中原单32品质优,适宜作为在6月底到7月上中旬播种的青饲或青贮玉米种植;同时根据品种的生理特性研究栽培技术,指导各类型青贮玉米种植,满足不同青饲青贮需要。     

辽南地区不同密度对12个玉米自交系农艺性状的影响

[目的]针对辽南地区12个玉米自交系不同种植栽培密度对其产量的影响进行研究。[方法]以适宜辽南地区的12份玉米自交系为材料,以自交系为主区,以3个种植密度5万、6.5万、8万株/hm2为副区进行裂区试验,对12个不同玉米自交系在3个不同密度下其主要农艺性状的差异性进行研究。[结果]不同玉米自交系在不同种植密度下产量等农艺性状表现不同,除穗行数无显著变化外,株高、茎粗、产量、穗长、穗粗5个农艺性状均表现显著负相关。自交系、密度互作影响也具有极显著差异。在供试12个玉米自交系中,丹299、中106、599-20、LNX-9不适宜作为选育密植型品种的亲本。[结论]为辽南地区密植型玉米品种的选育提供参考依据。     

粮饲兼用型玉米青贮产量形成及调控研究

试验选用了在四川当地适合作青贮的粮饲兼用型玉米品种川单21、成单22、雅玉8号、燎原青贮玉米2号与从新疆引进的专用青贮玉米品种新青2号作对比试验,研究其产量形成规律及适宜的种植密度与收割时期。结果表明,鲜物质、干物质产量以及果穗产量均以粮饲兼用型玉米较高,其中以雅玉8号表现最优;适宜的种植密度为127500株/hm2;粮饲兼用型青贮玉米的适宜收获期在抽丝后35～42d,专用型青贮玉米新青2号在抽丝后28～35d。     

南方稻田玉米高产栽培措施浅探

为加快稻田改制步伐 ,发展养殖业 ,提高稻田生产效益 ,对登海系列 5个饲用玉米品种进行了对比试验和大田调查研究 ,从品种选用、种植密度、移栽时期、人工辅助授粉和适时采收等 5个方面探讨南方稻田玉米高产栽培措施。     

种植密度对不同夏玉米品种饲用和青贮品质的影响

以登海605(DH605)、京农科728(JNK728)和山农饲玉2号(SY2)为试验材料，设置3个种植密度60 000株/hm²、75 000株/hm²和90 000株/hm²(记作D6、D7.5和D9)，研究种植密度对不同夏玉米品种不同收获期及不同器官饲用和青贮品质的影响。研究结果表明，随着种植密度增加，DH605的鲜物质和干物质产量显著提高，D9密度下的鲜物质和干物质较D6分别增加17.32%和23.19%，较D7.5分别增加6.26%和7.13%;JNK728和SY2的鲜物质和干物质产量呈现先增加后降低的趋势。蜡熟期进行收获和青贮，玉米的饲用价值最高，以D7.5密度为例，DH605蜡熟期玉米粗饲料分级指数分别较乳熟期和完熟期增加8.31%和27.80%,JNK728分别增加12.55%和75.52%,SY2分别增加7.13%和58.10%；同时瘤胃降解率最高，各品种趋势一致。果穗青贮的饲用品质较秸秆青贮显著提高。本试验研究结果，DH605的最佳种植密度为90 000株/hm²,JNK728和...     

密度及收割高度对复播青贮玉米产量和品质的影响

以农大1027组合为材料,在大田条件下分别研究了5种密度及不同收割高度对复播青贮玉米(生长期82 d)产量和饲用品质的影响。结果表明:在密度6万～18万株/hm2范围内随着密度的增加产量先增后降,密度与产量呈二次曲线关系;而饲用营养品质却随密度增加呈现下降趋势。产量最高的密度和品质最优的密度不一致,优质时的密度显著低于高产时的密度。在密度9万～12万株/hm2条件下,可以获得产量高、品质较优的青贮玉米。适当提高收获高度可以明显改善青贮玉米的饲用营养品质。     

品种与种植密度对黄淮海地区粮饲通用型玉米生物产量和营养品质的影响

粮饲通用型玉米产量高品质优良，在生产上应用越来越广泛。为探讨其适宜种植密度，以4个粮饲通用型玉米品种登海605、登海圣丰168、青农118和天泰366为试验材料，研究4个种植密度(4.5×10⁴、6.75×10⁴、9×10⁴和11.25×10⁴株/hm²)对粮饲通用玉米产量和饲用品质的影响。结果表明，在一定范围内随着种植密度的增加，玉米的鲜草和干草产量呈增加的趋势。种植密度对中洗涤纤维影响不显著，对酸性洗涤纤维、粗蛋白、淀粉和粗脂肪的影响在不同品种间变化趋势不一致。综合生物产量和粗饲料分级指数，在黄淮海地区天泰366和登海605推荐种植密度分别为9×10⁴株/hm²和11.25×10⁴株/hm²，青农118和登海圣丰168推荐种植密度为9×10⁴～11.25×10⁴株/hm²。     

种植密度对玉米饲用营养价值的影响

种植密度对单位面积上玉米的产量有重要影响,不同种植密度热带玉米的营养价值基本相同,干物质消化率及其他参数相似。在某一生产环境中,如果随着种植密度的增加饲草量继续增加而消化率又不明显下降,并且不受到伏等其他因素的影响,那么较高的种植密度是必要的。     

Nutritive value of ensiled maize stover from nine different varieties harvested at three different stages of maturity

Nutrient composition and digestibility of stover contribute markedly to the nutritive value of forage maize in cattle feeding. Low stover digestibility limits the quality of whole plant maize silage (WPMS) and should therefore be prevented by optimizing management of WPMS production. A project was carried out to analyse nutrient composition and ruminal nutrient degradability of ensiled stover of nine different current maize varieties, which were planted in 3 years and harvested at three maturity stages (50, 55 and 60% ear dry‐matter [DM] content). Variety and harvest date had a significant impact (p < 0.05) on crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy content, whereas fibre content and non‐fibre components were not affected by these factors. In contrast, the potential and effective degradability (ED) of organic matter (OM), CP and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) were significantly influenced by variety and harvest date. The ED5 (ED at 5% per hour passage rate) of different varieties ranged from 22.9% to 29.3% for OM, from 66.2% to 71.4% for CP and from 17.3% to 20.5% for NDF. The ED5 of OM, CP and NDF declined significantly by 4.1%, 2.5% and 2.1% units between the second and third maturity stage. Almost all investigated parameters were significantly influenced by year. Significant differences between varieties indicate that there is a potential for improvement of stover degradability through breeding. Harvest ear DM content should not exceed 55%, because nutritive value of ensiled stover declines significantly beyond this value, which could negatively affect WPMS quality in cattle feeding.     

饲用玉米的育种进展与趋势

本方分析了饲料玉米在我国农业中的重要地位,并对饲料玉米的种类及饲用价值,以及国外在营养品质的遗传变异、青贮玉米的消化率的遗传变异、收获时期的研究、种质资源等方面的研究进展和国内专用饲料玉米的研究现状进行论述,提出我国当前选育优质专用饲料玉米育种存在的问题及解决方法。     

Legume Forage Quality

Abstract

Legume forage quality research is now concerned not only with nutritive value of forage for ruminant animals, but the impact of these nutrients on environmental quality. If we are to move to a more sustainable agriculture worldwide, more legumes must be incorporated into animal production systems. The goal of forage legume breeders is to tailor legume nutritive value to the needs of the consuming animals. A generalized priority list for legume nutritive value research includes high fiber digestibility, low anti-quality compounds, appropriate condensed tannins, reduced nonprotein nitrogen, and high sulfur amino acids. Although breeders have regularly found a wide range in forage quality within a given legume species, very few varieties with proven forage quality advantages have been released. Yield and persistence issues have dominated forage legume breeding. Improvement in forage quality often is linked to a reduction in yield and/or persistence, and also frequently results in complex genotype X environment interactions. Transgenic technology has almost limitless potential for improving legume forage quality and environmental quality, but only if the public can be convinced that transgenics are an acceptable risk. Structural and functional roles of legume plant cell walls and their relationships to forage quality are poorly understood. Research on the basic processes of forage legume growth and the relationships between growth and forage composition should result in the development of more accurate simulation models, and transgenic technology can provide us with the tools to understand these basic processes.     

Rates and timing of nitrogen fertilizer application on yield,nutritive value and nutrient‐use efficiency of early‐ and late‐sown forage maize

The outcomes of previous studies have resulted in differing recommendations on the rate and timing of fertilizer N applications for forage maize. In order to gain an improved understanding of the role of N fertilizer, a field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of time and rate of N application on total and plant‐fraction yield, nutritive value and efficiency of nutrient utilization in early‐ and late‐sown forage maize. Treatments included two sowing dates (early, late), two rates of N (0, 135 kg ha^?1) applied pre‐sowing (N1) and three rates of N (0, 79, 158 kg ha^?1) applied post‐sowing (N2) at the six‐leaf stage (V6). Application of N at N1 (N0 vs. N135) increased dry‐matter (DM) stover yield by 11% and total yield by 7%. Application of fertilizer N at N2 (N0 vs. N158) increased grain yield by 44% and total yield by 34%. Application of N2 also increased irrigation and total water‐use efficiency (WUE) from 30 to 40 and 46 to 61 kg DM ml ^?1 water respectively. Late sowing increased DM yield by 6%, but decreased WUE compared with early sowing. The results indicate that application of N at both N1 and N2 is essential to maximize total DM yield from forage maize, but application at V6 is recommended when N input is reduced.     

Changes during growth in the nutritive value of components of berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) under different cutting treatments in a Mediterranean region

The nutritive value of berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) may be influenced by changes in the nutrient concentrations of morphological fractions as a consequence of cutting treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different cutting treatments on the nutritive value of herbage and leaf and stem components in two Mediterranean berseem genotypes during growth in order to develop management approaches for harvesting forage with a high nutritive value. Spring growth of genotypes of Egyptian (cv. Giza 10) and Italian (cv. Sacromonte) origins was harvested in each of 2 years beginning 196 days after sowing and thereafter every 6 days (twelve harvests in total) to measure dry matter (DM) yield and nutritive value. Cutting treatments were initiated at sixth internode elongation (A) and early flowering (B) and there was an uncut control treatment (C). In vitro digestibility of organic matter (IVOMD) and crude protein (CP) concentration were determined for leaf, stem and total forage of each cultivar at each harvest. For both cultivars, in the uncut treatment (C), DM yield increased linearly to a maximum of 14 800 kg ha^?1, on average, by 250 days after planting, the same time at which stem DM accumulation peaked, whereas the nutritive value, in terms of IVOMD and CP concentration, declined with age, coinciding with a reduction in leaf:stem ratio (LSR) from 1·00 to 0·30. Plant parts differed (P < 0·01) in nutritive value with stems being of lower nutritive value than leaves, in the two cutting treatments. There were strong positive correlations between LSR and herbage IVOMD and CP concentration, in both cutting treatments, indicating that, during growth, part of the changes in IVOMD and CP concentration of berseem clover plants was due primarily to the changes in the LSR. Defoliation induced a considerable reduction in DM yield, but an increase in the LSR and a small increase in nutritive value. Plants cut at the sixth internode elongation (A) showed a small proportional decrease (0·19) in total DM yield, but higher LSR values and similar or higher IVOMD and CP concentration than initiating cutting at early flower (B). Delaying defoliation to the early flowering stage (B) increased the proportion of stems and, therefore, decreased nutritive value. Therefore, harvest management in which cuts are applied at the stage of sixth internode elongation appears to be the most favourable for obtaining relatively high yields of forage with high nutritive value in berseem clover grown in Mediterranean regions.     

Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) management combining nitrogen fertilizer rate and defoliation frequency to enhance forage production efficiency

Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) pastures are widespread in warm climates worldwide and respond to nitrogen (N) fertilizer. Nitrogen fertilization has recently decreased because of increased cost and concerns regarding excessive N in the environment. Responses of bahiagrass to treatments representing three alternative levels of pasture management were assessed. Treatments, each including 56 kg N ha^?1 applied for each growth period, were as follows: (i) six harvests with a total of 336 kg N ha^?1 annually (referred to as intensive management), (ii) three harvests with 168 kg N ha^?1 annually (intermediate management) and (iii) two harvests with 112 kg N ha^?1 annually (extensive management). The intensive management produced the most forage with the highest nutritive value. Intermediate management, with only half the amount of N fertilizer, produced at least 80% of the forage yield each year as the intensive management treatment (4‐year average of 8236 vs. 9122 kg ha^?1 for the intermediate and intensive management treatments respectively) with forage of acceptable nutritive value for some classes of livestock. Limited forage production from the last harvest each year restricts autumn management opportunities, even though crude protein concentration was usually sufficient for some classes of livestock. Extended growth periods, as those that occur with the less‐intensive management treatments, provide opportunities to accumulate forage for late‐season grazing. Matching livestock enterprises to the forage produced, particularly in terms of nutritive value, can contribute to favourable livestock production responses from a range of bahiagrass pasture management approaches.     

Morphological development and forage quality changes in crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.)

The development of efficient forage management and utilization is facilitated by a knowledge of the changes in nutritive value and patterns of dry matter (DM) distribution within plants. The objectives of this experiment were to determine the patterns of DM accumulation and the change in nutritive value during maturation of crimson clover ( Trifolium incarnatum L.), a cool-season annual forage legume adapted to mild winter areas and acid soils. Crimson clover was established on a Dystric Eurocrept soil with pH 5·4 in Galicia, north-western Spain, during three consecutive years (1990–92). Shoot samples were taken at approximately biweekly intervals in the spring and summer after autumn sowing, and were separated into stems, leaves and seed pods. DM accumulation, crude protein (CP) and acid-detergent fibre (ADF) concentrations and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) were determined for each plant part at each stage. Average annual DM production at initial flowering was 4·2 t ha^–1, whereas the CP and ADF concentrations and IVOMD values were 134 g kg^–1 DM, 302 g kg^–1 DM and 0·720 respectively. The nutritive value declined with age, coinciding with a reduction in leaf:stem ratio (from 0·53 at the vegetative stage to 0·13 at the ripe seed stage). This decline was more rapid than that reported for other legumes, possibly because of the low leaf:stem ratio of crimson clover. However, as it is used in the Atlantic coastal areas of north-western Spain, where it is harvested around initial flowering, it can provide forage of good quality.     

Agronomic and forage nutritive responses of Kentucky bluegrass dominated pastures in the northern Great Plains

Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) has become dominant in many portions of the northern Great Plains. During hot and/or dry periods, pastures consisting of mostly cool-season grasses will most likely lack the productivity and diversity needed to provide sufficient forage for livestock. Determining the impact of weather conditions on the variation of forage production and nutritive response of Kentucky bluegrass is becoming increasingly important to agricultural producers. Sampling occurred at the USDA Northern Great Plains Research Laboratory near Mandan, North Dakota, USA. Kentucky bluegrass samples were clipped every 2–3 weeks in mowed and unmowed unfertilized rangeland plots during the growing seasons of 2017 and 2018. Samples were dried, weighed, ground to pass a 1-mm sieve, and analysed for nutritive value. There are differences between the modelled supply of metabolizable energy and metabolizable protein and the requirements for cow-calf pairs for all years and most months. Early defoliation of Kentucky bluegrass decreases productivity and nutritive value as the grazing season progresses. Adjusting management to allow an adequate growth interval and plant canopy cover throughout the year can ensure a more consistent supply of Kentucky bluegrass. Our data and models provide a glimpse into future scenarios, which allow producers to be more proactive in dealing with Kentucky bluegrass and projected changes in climate.