普通小麦（浙农林12×CASL7AS）DH系株高的分析

小麦株高与植株倒伏密切相关，影响小麦产量。为挖掘小麦株高QTL位点和候选基因，从遗传和分子水平上解释株高分子机理，本研究将野生二粒小麦染色体臂置换系CASL7AS为母本，课题组自选株系浙农林12（简称ZNL12）为父本，杂交F₁经过花培得到178个DH群体。通过4年2个种植点株高数据，利用55K SNP芯片构建高密度遗传图谱，对小麦株高性状进行QTL分析。该遗传连锁图谱包含3 655个SNP标记,长度为4 738.45 cM，标记间平均遗传距离为1.30 cM，覆盖了小麦21条染色体。其中,A、B、D染色体组分别含有标记1 466、1 492和697个。QTL分析共检测出53个QTL位点，分布于1A、3A、5A、7A、1B、3B、4B、5B、7B、2D、4D、6D和7D染色体上，可解释2.80%~38.50%表型变异。其中,稳定主效 QTL有2个，分别为QPh.zafu.4B-1和QPh.zafu.4D-1，其贡献率分别为25.18%~38.50%和20.67%。经细胞生物学分析，基因型为（0,2）矮秆植株胚芽鞘的表皮细胞长度显著短于基因型为（2,0）的高秆植株，基因型为（0,0）、（2,2）中间型的植株胚芽鞘表皮细胞长度无显著差异，由此推测小麦株高的变异由细胞长度因素决定。QPh.zafu.4B-1候选基因Rht-B1b基因编码区矮秆株系，第904核苷酸处发生碱基“C-T”的突变，形成终止密码子(CAG-TAG)；而QPh.zafu.4D-1候选基因Rht-D1b基因编码区矮秆株系，第781核苷酸处碱基突变“G-T”，编码氨基酸中缬氨酸变为天冬氨酸。结果为小麦株高候选基因的筛选和QTL定位提供了优异的遗传位点和候选基因，未来可用于小麦抗倒伏相关的分子标记辅助育种。     

玉米大斑病抗性基因SNP基因芯片分析

利用SNP基因芯片(56 110个SNP)对3对玉米大斑病Ht3近等基因系进行检测分析。借助生物信息学和比较基因组学方法,确定了29个相关数量抗性候选基因,均分布于2、3、7、9号染色体;14个候选基因与各类酶活性、能源合成、金属离子、DNA合成修饰、抗逆等功能相关。其中,GRMZM2G058197位于7号染色体bin7.04区域166087520-166091392,与玉米大斑病质量抗性基因Ht3基因位置相吻合。     

玉米子粒氮浓度全基因组关联分析

利用 253 份玉米自交系为关联群体，利用一般线性模型(GLM)、混合线性模型(MLM)、固定和随机模型交替概率统一(FarmCPU)和基因组相关预测集成工具(GAPIT)，分别对其子粒氮浓度进行全基因组关联分析。结果表明，共鉴定 25个与子粒氮浓度显著关联的 SNP(P<1.72E-05)。其中，GLM、FarmCPU和GAPIT方法分别检测到12、15和1个位点。S3_202120604、S1_2007087 47和S5_10258682在GLM和FarmCPU两种方法中均能检测到。Bin1.06、Bin3.07、Bin5.04、Bin1.07和Bin5.02可能是影响子粒氮浓度的重要区段。共挖掘30个相关候选基因，其中 Zm00001d031747、Zm00001d031749、Zm00001d031753、Zm00001d043502和Zm00001d01339等可能是影响玉米子粒氮浓度的关键候选基因。     

碱胁迫下玉米microRNA827及其靶基因的表达响应

较高的pH影响植物根系对磷和氮的吸收,是盐碱土壤导致产量降低的主要原因之一。研究表明,植物在盐碱胁迫下microRNAs(miRNAs)通过调控靶基因的表达,提高植物对盐碱耐受性。通过实时定量RT-PCR分析表明,zma-miR827主要在冠根和花丝等组织中表达。碱胁迫处理玉米幼苗后,zma-miR827随着处理时间呈现先增加后降低趋势。通过玉米基因组数据库分析,预测zma-miR827-3p有4个靶基因,其中,GRMZM2G166976受碱胁迫后呈现先升高后持续下降的表达趋势;GRMZM2G077531则呈现先下降后升高;GRMZM2G127374呈现先下降后上升再下降后上升最后下降至最低值的趋势;GRMZM2G013176呈现持续升高的趋势。通过构建进化树分析表明,zma-miR827与水稻(Oryza sativa)中参与磷调控的osa-miR827高度同源。     

青贮玉米中性洗涤纤维含量全基因组关联分析

中性洗涤纤维(NDF)是衡量青贮玉米纤维质量重要指标之一。以341份玉米自交系为材料,于2018年在沈阳和通辽种植并收获,对其秸秆NDF含量测定。利用全基因组重测序获得高质量的6 276 612个SNPs用于全基因组关联分析,结果表明,在所有染色体上共检测到69个显著SNPs位点(P1.0×10~(-6)),在显著水平P1.0×10~(-8)上检测到10个SNPs位点。在此基础上共找到10个和秸秆NDF关联的候选基因,其编码产物生物学功能主要涉及到细胞生长发育、胁迫应答、DNA修复损伤等。     

应用候选基因定位水稻抗稻瘟病QTL

 应用经克隆了的已知功能或有潜在功能的DNA序列,即候选基因，作为分子标记，在中156/谷梅2号F8重组自交系群体中进行水稻抗稻瘟病QTL的分析。大部分候选基因在水稻染色体上成簇分布，并且位于已知抗病基因簇区域。应用复合区间法检测到1个调控病斑大小和1个调控病斑数量的QTL，前者位于第1染色体CG36a~RM212区间，贡献率为4.17%，抗性等位基因来自父本谷梅2号；后者定位于第2染色体CG18a~RM263区间，贡献率为6.25%，抗性等位基因来自母本中156。同时检测到2对控制病叶面积和1对控制病斑大小的基因互作。这些QTL和互作基因涉及抗性基因同源序列、离子通道调控子以及编码致病相关蛋白和几丁质酶的基因，表明候选基因的应用有助于揭示QTL的功能。玉米锈病抗性基因Rp1与稻瘟病抗性有关，提示了利用水稻这个模式作物来克隆较大基因组中有利基因的可能性。     

基于共线性分析的大豆种子硬实性QTL定位及候选基因预测

大豆种子硬实度关乎食品与饲料加工。为提高大豆种子硬实度分子标记辅助选择的效率，发现相关候选基因，利用染色体片段代换系（chromosome segment substitution lines, CSSL）对大豆种子硬实性进行了两年的QTL定位研究，结合前人得到的25个种子硬实性QTL，利用MCScanX对整个大豆基因组进行分析，生成共线性区组，评估大豆种子硬实性QTL之间的共线性，确定了位于Gm02片段的中心QTL。利用多个数据库分析hub-QTL区段的基因，锚定了8个与大豆种子硬实性相关的候选基因。从CSSL群体中选择种子硬实性不同的两个品系和轮回亲本，用于随后的实时荧光定量PCR分析，发现候选基因Glyma.02G269400和Glyma.02G269500在CSSL群体中硬实性不同的2个品系及轮回亲本绥农14中的表达差异显著。Glyma.02G262600在绥农14中的相对表达量约是CSSL-136的5倍，而在CSSL-200中表达量中等，推测该基因抑制大豆种皮的形成。     

玉米抗虫分子标记研究进展

玉米螟是危害玉米的主要害虫之一,总结玉米对咀嚼式口器害虫的抗虫机制。玉米的抗虫性与丁布含量、蛋白质种类及含量、蛋白酶抑制剂、植物组织或器官硬化程度等多种因素相关。综述玉米对4种主要害虫抗虫数量性状位点QTL的研究进展,将这些QTL与目前已知的抗虫相关基因和经过全基因组关联分析(GWAS)获得的候选基因进行对比,并对重叠基因进行分析介绍。     

利用三倍体胚乳遗传模型定位爆裂玉米子粒蛋白含量QTL

在两种环境条件下种植以普通玉米自交系丹232和爆裂玉米自交系N04为亲本构建的259个F23∶家系群体,采用SSR标记构建了包含183个标记的爆裂玉米遗传连锁图谱,覆盖玉米基因组1762.2cM,标记间平均距离为9.6cM。利用三倍体胚乳遗传模型和区间作图方法对子粒蛋白含量进行了QTL定位和效应分析。在春、夏播条件下均检测到6个QTL,分别位于第1、3、4、6、7和第8染色体上,其中春、夏播条件下都检测到的QTL有3个,可解释的表型总变异分别为42.85%和53.19%,单个QTL可解释的表型变异为4.50%～17.70%。表现为加性、部分显性、显性和超显性的QTL数目分别为2、2、2和6。3个QTL的增效基因均来自丹232,其余QTL的增效基因均来自N04。     

玉米种子耐储性的全基因组关联分析及候选基因预测

以197份玉米自交系为试材,人工加速老化后进行标准发芽试验,检测种子耐储性相关表型性状,结合平均分布于玉米基因组的SNP标记进行关联分析,挖掘关联SNP位点和候选基因。结果表明,共检测出8个与相对发芽势（RGE）、相对发芽指数（RGI）、相对活力指数（RVI）和相对简易活力指数（RSVI）等性状呈显著关联的SNP位点（P<0.000 1）,分布于染色体bin1.08、bin3.08、bin4.03、bin4.05和bin6.05区域;PZE-104063000、PZE-104064763和PZE-106085414这3个SNP位点均与2个性状关联。预测到7个候选基因,分别与纤维素合成酶活性、翻译起始因子、丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶活性、磷酸二酯酶活性、类囊体膜组分、脂肪酸生物合成酰基转运活性和微管有关组分等相关。     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

稻文化的再思考3:稻与社稷——印度、泰国等东南亚、南亚主要国家

东南亚、南亚地区是世界上重要的稻米产区,稻米在民众饮食生活和国家社会政治中占有重要地位,民众生活中也保存了非常悠久和丰富的稻作文化习俗及稻谷起源神话传说。本文分析了水稻在东南亚、南亚主要国家印度、印度尼西亚、泰国、越南、菲律宾、孟加拉国、缅甸的作用、地位、生产、消费、文化等情况,并指出了印度、印度尼西亚稻文化的主要标志。     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Model of wheat yield response to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)

A general model of crop yield response to herbicide application is proposed. The model includes three components: the effect of herbicide dosage on weed density, the effect of surviving weed density on crop yield and the effect of herbicide directly on the crop. The model is used to estimate the response of wheat yield to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Australia. It is found that the competitiveness of ryegrass plants surviving treatment is reduced by the treatment and that the proportion of yield loss at a given ryegrass density is not independent of the absolute weed-free yield. The response function is used to calculate economic thresholds and optimal herbicide dosages.