中国超级杂交稻在海南试种667m~2产再次突破800kg

位于海南省三亚市田独镇新村田洋的中国超级杂交稻“百亩片试种示范田”2004年5月13日在海南省三亚市正式通过了海南省级验收。经由全国多位农业专家共同检测,这批超级杂交稻的产量高达833.23kg/667m2。令国内外瞩目的中国“超级杂交稻”研究项目由中国工程院院士、“杂交水稻之父”袁隆平亲自领导研究。产量超过800kg/667m2的超级杂交稻项目的研究成功,使得中国超级稻育种理论及新品种选育技术继续保持国际领先地位。据海南省农业科学研究院院长黄礼光介绍,此次在三亚6.7hm2连片试验田中播种的是超级杂交稻新组合P88S/0293。这个“百亩片…     

超级杂交稻协优9308生理模型的研究

观察比较了超级杂交稻协优9308和高产杂交稻协优63的生理特性。与高产杂交稻协优63相比,超级杂交稻协优9308表现出两个明显的顶端优势,即营养生长期间的“茎蘖顶端优势”和灌浆成熟期间的“粒间顶端优势”。认为这两优势是协优9308超高产的生理特性和基础,据此提出以单茎（蘖）物质生产优势为基础,以“两个顶端优势”为中心的超级杂交稻协优9308的“生理模型”,即(1) 协优9308 干物质生产能力高,全生育期单株干物质生产量达120 g;抽穗后仍具有较高生产力,此间生物产量占总生物产量的40%。(2) 营养生长期“茎蘖顶端优势”显著,有效分蘖终止期较早,出现在移栽后2周左右,幼穗发育整齐,成穗率>65 %。(3) 灌浆成熟期“粒间顶端优势”显著,优势粒灌浆势高,齐穗后第2周便达到灌浆势的峰值,此后仍保持一定的灌浆能力;劣势粒灌浆进程比优势粒滞后,在临近成熟时,仍未出现灌浆势峰值;支撑劣势粒灌浆势不减的生理机制是：根系衰老迟缓,花后物质运转势较高,功能叶衰老迟缓。这一超级杂交稻“生理模型”的经济产量指标是11~12 t/hm2。     

协优9308单秀稻连片单产超11t/hm2的调控技术

协优9308是中国水稻研究所育成的超级杂交水稻组合,诸暨市自2000年引进推广以来,每年种植面积均在700hm2左右.协优9308表现为植株高,株型紧凑;穗大粒多,根系发达;但分蘖力较弱,如技术不到位往往引起退化;虽茎秆抗倒性较强,但由于植株高,倒伏风险较大;叶片颜色较深,易遭虫害.为探索超级稻超高产栽培的技术,从2000年开始,在诸暨市三都镇等地建立10 hm2协优9308超高产示范方,经验收,示范方连续两年平均单产超过11t/hm2,初步形成了协优9308连片单产超过11t/hm2的集成技术.     

超级杂交稻的生育特性及经济性状分析

在大田栽培条件下,以5个超级杂交稻组合和汕优63为供试材料,设计从4月20日到6月20日的7个播期,研究超级杂交稻组合的生育特性和经济性状。结果表明,两优培九、P88S/0293、协优9308、协优9320的生育期显著长于汕优63,适宜作一季稻栽培;国稻1号的生育期与汕优63相近,可作一季稻或双季晚稻栽培;两优培九、P88S/0293、国稻1号表现较强的感温性,协优9308和协优9320还表现一定的感光性,协优9320和协优9308的基本营养生长期较长,国稻1号较短;超级杂交稻组合具有明显的穗重优势,表现穗大粒多;协优9308和协优9320具有较高的生物学产量;在适宜条件下,5个超级杂交稻组合的产量优势明显;产量≥10.5 t/hm2的平均穗粒结构是:有效穗222.93万/hm2,每穗总粒数216.15粒,结实率83.75%,千粒重27.42 g。     

2004年各地水稻新品种示范种植产量创新高

(本刊综合消息 )今年 ,各地陆续有消息报道 ,水稻新品种示范种植产量创下新高。由中国水稻研究所与浙江省天台县农业局在街头镇埠头村实施的超级杂交稻新组合“内2优6号”百亩示范片 (102亩 )经浙江省科技厅组织专家组验收 ,百亩示范片平均单产达805.5kg/667m2,最高产量达825.7kg/667m2,创浙江省水稻百亩平均单产和小面积单产记录 ,达到了农业部制定的超级稻第二阶段的产量 (800kg/667m2)目标 ,表明了中国水稻研究所在三系法超级杂交稻选育与生产技术集成方面继续保持了世界领先地位。超级杂交稻新组合“内2优6号”是由“中国超级稻研究”计…     

《中国稻米》2002年第1～6期总目录

·专题报道·中国超级稻育种及生产示范概述…………………………………闽绍楷程式华等(2—5)超级稻生产集成技术示范及其效应………………………………朱德峰林贤青等(2—8)超级稻高产栽培株型模式…………………………………………林贤青朱德峰等(2—10)协优9308连作晚稻超高产栽培生产集成技术……………………赵宣楼王铁忠(2—12)超级稻协优9308单季生产集成技术示范…………………………陈霞吴光明等(2—14)协优9308单季稻连片单产超II t/hl的调控技术……………蔡克锋寿建尧等(2.16)超级稻协优9308营养特性与施肥技术……………………     

两系超级杂交稻百亩片平均单产12.26 t/hm2的栽培技术

2002年由国家杂交水稻工程技术研究中心选育的超级杂交稻新组合P88S／0293在龙山县的百亩示范片获得平均单产12.26t/hm^2，达到了12t/hm^2的我国超级稻第2期产量目标，成为长江中下游地区首个平均单产达到超级稻第2期产量指标中稻百亩片。从适期播种、培育壮秧、规范移栽、配方施肥、病虫防治，合理用水等方面对其栽培技术进行了详细介绍。     

超级杂交稻育种三步法设想与实践

介绍了国内外水稻超高产育种的基本情况,提出了当前我国水稻超高产育种面临的新问题,即超级稻品种资源匮乏、部分超级杂交稻组合适应性较差、超高产水稻育种理论过于模式化等。针对当前形势,结合多年育种实践,提出了超级杂交稻育种三步法设想,即超级亲本选育——超级杂交组合选育——超级杂交制种,并详细阐述了各步骤的标准和实现其目标的技术路线。超级亲本要求综合性状优良,产量水平或库容量达到或基本达到各级区试对照杂交稻组合的水平。超级杂交稻组合的标准是品质优、适应性广、耐肥抗倒、对主要病虫害达中抗以上水平,产量水平较国家或省区试中对照增产8%左右。其选育的技术路线是通过双亲最佳组配方式,增加选择压力,注重理想株型和优良生理机能及其各性状间的高度协调。超级杂交制种产量水平根据不育系的类型来确定,其中早稻类型不育系杂交制种产量要求大面积达到3.75 t/hm2以上,中稻类型的不育系要求达到5.25 t/hm2以上。其技术路线是通过选择最佳的制种基地,选用库容量大和异交结实特性好的不育系,通过超大行比与超常规培育父本措施提高父本的花粉量,从而提高制种产量。按照超级杂交稻育种三步法的技术路线,成功选育了父本996和两用核不育系C815S两个超级杂交稻亲本,利用前者选育出适合长江中下游稻区作双季早稻种植的超级杂交早稻组合陆两优996,用后者选配出几个增产幅度大、极有应用前景的超级稻新组合。     

超级杂交稻的生长发育和产量形成特性研究

选用4个籼型超级杂交稻组合Ⅱ优602、准两优527、协优9308和国稻1号为试验材料,以汕优63为对照,对超级杂交稻的生长发育和产量形成特性进行了研究。结果表明:超级杂交稻具有最高分蘖数低、分蘖成穗率高、有效库容量和齐穗后干物质积累量大、收获指数高等特点;在成都平原生态区,增加有效穗数和每穗实粒数是实现超级杂交稻高产的重要途径;在水稻生长前期积累合理的总生物量,提高生育后期群体质量,增强生育后期光合生产能力和提高茎鞘物质向穗部的运转效率是实现超级杂交稻高产的关键。     

高产优质籼粳杂交稻嘉禾优5号特征特性及主要栽培技术

嘉禾优5号是由中国水稻研究所、嘉兴市农业科学研究院、中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所和浙江勿忘农种业股份有限公司联合选育的强优势籼粳杂交稻组合，其生育期较早，分蘖力中等，叶色较淡，米质优，穗粒结构协调，高产潜力大。嘉禾优5号在2021年超级稻百亩方测产验收中平均产量达到831.8 kg/667 m²。文章总结了嘉禾优5号特征特性及主要栽培技术。     

籼粳杂交水稻榆杂29的选育与应用研究

滇型籼粳杂交水稻榆杂２９是用滇榆１号不育系（籼粳交偏梗型）与恢复系南２９组配 成的，具有丰产性好、抗逆性较强、适应性广的特点，１９９５年通过云南省农作物品种审定。介绍了该组合的选育经过、特征特性、栽培及繁殖制种配套技术。     

Practices and Prospects of Super Hybrid Rice Breeding

The great progress in super rice breeding both in China and other countries has been made in recent years. However, there were three main problems in super rice breeding: 1) the super rice varieties were still rare; 2) most super rice varieties exhibited narrow adaptability; and 3) current breeding theories emphasized too much on the rice growth model, but they were unpractical in guidance for rice breeding. According to the authors’ experience on the rice breeding, the breeding strategies including three steps (super parent breeding, super hybrid rice breeding and super hybrid rice seed production) were proposed, and the objectives of each step and the key technologies to achieve the goals were elucidated in detail. The super parent of hybrid rice should exhibit excellent performance in all agronomic traits, with the yield or sink capacity reached the level of the hybrid rice control in regional trials. The super hybrid rice combination should meet the following criteria: good rice quality, wide adaptation, lodging resistance, resistance to main insects and diseases, and the yield exceeded above 8% over the control varieties in the national and provincial regional trials. To achieve the goal, the technical strategies, such as selecting optimal combination of the parents, increasing selection pressure, paying more attention to harmony of ideal plant type, excellent physiological traits and all the agronomic traits, should be emphasized. The yield of seed production should reach 3.75 t/ha and 5.25 t/ha for the super hybrid rice combinations derived from early-season and middle-season types of male sterile lines, respectively. The main technologies for raising seed production yield included selecting optimum seed production site, using the male sterile line with large sink capacity and good outcrossing characteristics, and improving the amount of the pollen by intensive cultivation of the male parent. According to the technologies of the three-step breeding on super hybrid rice, two super rice parents, including a male parent 996 and a thermo(photo)-genic male sterile [T(P)GMS] line C815S, were bred. Furthermore, a super early hybrid rice combination, Luliangyou 996, which could be used as a double-season early rice variety in middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China, was bred by using the super rice variety 996 as the male parent, and several hybrid rice combinations with higher yield than control variety in regional trials both of Hunan Province and state were bred with the T(P)GMS line C815S as the female parent.     

超级稻高产栽培生理研究进展

 我国于1996年启动了理想株型与亚种间杂种优势相结合为技术路线的超级稻育种计划,目前已育成约80个超级稻品种。这些品种产量高,兼顾品质与抗性,在试验示范区或特定气候条件下产量可达到12～21 t/hm2,展示了超级稻的巨大增产潜力。对于超级稻品种高产的原因,可概括为以下几个方面：与常规高产品种相比,超级稻品种每穗颖花数多、库容量大(即单位面积颖花数多);叶面积指数大、绿叶面积持续期长、光合速率高、茎秆抗倒性强;  抽穗前干物质累积量高, 结实期茎叶中碳水化合物转运到籽粒中的量大;  根量大、根系活性强。但是,超级稻品种在生产上也存在一些问题,突出地表现在两个方面：一是强势粒(着生在穗子中上部、开花较早的籽粒)、弱势粒(着生在穗子基部、开花较迟的籽粒)充实整齐性差;二是结实率低且不稳定。综述了超级稻的生物特性、产量结构、群体质量特征以及相关生理机理方面的研究进展,提出深入开展超级稻栽培生理研究的建议。     

水稻超高产育种理论与方法的辩证分析

综述了水稻超高产育种的研究现状,并对水稻超高产育种的理论和方法进行了辩证的分析,阐述了超高产新株型创制、水稻杂种优势利用等水稻超高产育种的实践探索,提出未来水稻超高产育种研究的方向。冠层结构、光合作用、物质积累、分配与调运的综合作用是作物产量形成的基础,充分利用遗传资源和高光效育种以及传统育种和生物技术相结合,协调生物产量与收获指数的关系,协调穗数、穗粒数与粒重的关系,建立合理的产量结构,理想株型与杂种优势利用相结合,实现超高产育种。生态设计育种和分子育种是未来超高产育种的研究方向。     

北方超级粳稻育种研究进展与前景

从育种理论、育种技术及新品种选育等方面,综合评述了中国北方超级粳稻育种研究的进展与前景,认为培育和推广超级稻是继株型育种和杂交稻之后,提高北方粳稻综合生产能力,实现北方水稻生产跨越式发展的重要途径。在“利用籼粳稻杂交创造新株型和强优势,通过回交或复交优化性状组配,聚合有利基因,进而选育理想株型与优势利用相结合的超级稻”育种理论与技术路线确立之后,常规超级梗稻育种已取得了重大突破,成功地培育出一批优质抗病的超级稻新品种并已广泛应用于生产。与常规超级稻育种相比,超级杂交粳稻育种研究进展相对较缓慢。这一方面是由于北方气候与生态条件的限制,另一方面是育种技术研究相对落后。解决优势与生育期的矛盾、产量与品质的矛盾以及提高制种产量等问题,仍然是北方超级杂交粳稻育种所面临的严峻挑战。讨论了与超级粳稻育种有关的生理和遗传问题。     

稻油两熟区机插水稻的适宜秧龄与品种鉴选研究

以8个高产杂交中籼稻组合为材料,研究了秧龄和品种对稻油两熟区机插水稻秧苗素质、栽插质量和产量的影响.结果表明:45 d秧龄处理的秧苗素质、秧块状态和栽插质量较高,8个品种能获得8.23 t/hm~2的平均产量,极显著高于55和35 d秧龄处理;供试品种中,Ⅱ优498较适宜大苗机插,45 d秧龄条件下可获得9.52 t/hm~2的高产,其次为川香9838,早熟组合中优448的产量较低.     

杂交水稻新组合德香4103的选育及高产原因初析

德香4103（德香074A／泸恢H103）是四川省农科院水稻高梁研究所选育的高产杂交水稻新组合,在四川省区试中平均比对照冈优725增产5．9％,且稻瘟病抗性和稻米品质均优于对照,2008年通过四川省品种审定。该组合高产的原因：一是因为日产量的提高而非生育期的延长;二是因为单位面积穗数和单穗重的协同增加,而以单穗重的贡献率更大,其中单穗重的提高主要是千粒重的增加所致。对超级稻的育种路线进行了讨论。     

超级杂交稻P88S/0293的生长发育及产量结构特性

以两优培九为对照,研究了超级杂交稻组合P88S/0293的生长发育和产量结构特性.结果表明:P88S/0293比两优培九分蘖发生快,分蘖能力强,最高苗期出现早;株高稍矮,抗倒性好;穗数、穗粒、千粒重较高;总库容量比两优培九高14%,具有更高的产量潜力,更依赖大穗发挥产量优势;但P88S/0293成穗率低于两优培九.对提高P88S/0293成穗率的途径进行了初步探讨.     

利用香稻改良杂交水稻稻米品质

To improve grain quality of the high-yielding hybrid rice in China, we introduced the aromatic rice MR365, an improved Indian cultivar with aroma and other desirable grain quality characters such as long grain and low chalkiness, from IRRI in 1984 and began to transfer its aroma and good quality characters into the existing maintainer lines with good combining ability but poor grain quality. In the meantime, we also conducted the research on the inheritance of aroma for increasing the breeding efficiency. Through years of research and breeding practices, two cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines Xiangxiang 2 A and Xinxiang A and a series of quasi-aromatic hybrids mated from these aromatic CMS lines have been developed and released for commercial production in China. It was found that the inheritance of aroma in MR 365 and its derivatives including Xiangxiang 2 A, Xinxiang A and Xiang 2B S was controlled by one pair of recessive major genes based on the identification of aroma by the KOH-soaking method. We also found that there existed disparity in aroma degree among different grains of F2 generation, and different aromatic CMS lines derived from the same aromatic donor such as Xiangxiang 2 A and Xinxiang A had also a little difference in the degree of aroma, which implies that, besides the major genes, aroma may also be affected by the genetic backgrounds or minor genes. Xiangxiang 2 A, developed from the cross of V20A∥V20B/MR365, is the first aromatic CMS line bred in China. It is not only aromatic but has good grain quality and combining ability. Using it as female parent, Xiangyou 63 (Xiangxiang 2A/Minghui 63), the first quasi-aromatic hybrid rice combination in China, was developed and approved to release to farmers in 1995. Xiangyou 63 is characteristic of quasi-aromatic or partially aromatic (because only a portion of or NOT ALL grains are aromatic), good grain quality, high-yielding ability, good blast resistance and wide adaptability. However, Xiangxiang 2 A has an evident drawback, i.e., instablility in male sterility under higher temperature conditions resulting from the existence of restoring minor genes in it, which greatly hampered the extension of its elite hybrid Xiangyou 63 with both high yield and fine quality in commercial production. To improve Xiangxiang 2 A, we made hybridization of Xiangxiang 2 B with V20 B again in 1990. A new aromatic CMS line Xinxiang A was successfully developed in 1994. It not only retains the favorable characteristics of Xiangxiang 2 A in grain quality and combining ability, but also expresses complete and stable male sterility and high seed production yield potential. Up to now, by using it as female parent, a series of quasi-aromatic hybrids have been developed. Some of them such as Xinxiangyou 63 (Xinxiang A/Minghui 63), Xinxiangyou 77 (Xinxiang A/Minghui 77), Xinxiangyou 80 (Xinxiang A/R80), Xinxiangyou 207 (Xinxiang A/R207) and Xinxiangyou 96 (Xinxiang A/R96) have been released to farmers. Such hybrids have been preferred and well welcome by the farmers in China, because they can not only yield higher or as high as but also possess a better grain quality than the current common high-yielding hybrid rice varieties, especially, they are naturally-mixed aromatic rice so that it can be consumed daily just like non-aromatic common rice. The planting area under these hybrids is increasing rapidly in China. It is expected that the quasi-aromatic hybrid rice will have a good prospect in the coming years.