拔节期和花后渍水对不同品种小麦产量及相关农艺性状的影响

为给小麦抗逆高产栽培提供参考,以22个小麦品种为材料,于2018—2019和2019—2020年度分别开展拔节期和花后渍水处理,以自然生长条件为对照,分析渍水对籽粒产量及其相关农艺性状的影响,筛选耐渍高产品种并明确其耐渍高产机制。结果表明,拔节期和花后渍水处理造成小麦籽粒产量分别下降29.6%~59.1%和7.9%~49.1%,均显著降低穗粒数、千粒重、花后干物质积累量和乳熟期LAI。根据两年度不同水分处理下平均籽粒产量和渍后产量的降幅,筛选出相对高产耐渍品种扬麦25及耐渍性较突出品种宁麦22和生选6号。相关性分析表明,不同水分处理下穗粒数、乳熟期LAI、旗叶RuBPCase活性以及花后和成熟期干物质积累量与籽粒产量均呈显著正相关。渍水处理下穗粒数降幅、千粒重降幅、花后干物质积累量降幅、乳熟期LAI降幅与产量降幅均呈显著正相关。花后光合面积大、光合速率高的品种,通过多生产光合物质以供应籽粒灌浆,促进产量形成;渍水导致的光合面积减少和物质生产能力降低是制约高产稳产的关键因素。因此,渍水胁迫下改善小麦生育中后期叶片光合生产能力,尤其是绿叶面积,有助于降低穗粒数和千粒重的渍后降幅;渍水条件下高叶片光合生产能力和穗产量可作为高效筛选高产耐渍品种的依据。     

淮北地区机插超级粳稻产量形成及氮素吸收利用特征

为探究淮北地区不同氮肥水平下粳型超级稻产量形成及氮素吸收利用特征。在大田机插条件下,以常规中熟中粳超级稻和非超级稻(对照)为试材,设置3个氮肥水平即0、225、300 kg/hm2。从产量构成因素、干物质和氮素积累、茎蘖动态、叶面积指数等角度分析不同氮肥水平下粳型超级稻产量形成及氮素吸收利用特征。结果表明,随着氮肥施用量的增加超级稻平均产量呈增加趋势,对照产量则是先增加后减少。粳型超级稻最高产量平均值较对照最高产量平均值高10.98%。与对照相比,超级稻在3个氮肥水平下每穗粒数和群体颖花量高,结实率和千粒重与之相当;群体茎蘖移栽后早发快长,最终成穗率高;拔节前叶面积指数和光合势比对照低,拔节后比对照高,超级稻粒叶比在3个氮肥处理下均高于对照;拔节前,超级稻干物质积累量比对照低,而拔节至抽穗、抽穗至成熟阶段干物质积累量分别比对照高7.77%和6.96%;植株氮素阶段积累量和植株阶段吸收速率,移栽至拔节、拔节至抽穗、抽穗至成熟阶段超级稻均比对照高。淮北地区粳型超级稻籽粒产量在3个氮肥处理下均表现出明显的增产优势。超级稻移栽后叶面积指数、粒叶比和光合势较高,最终茎蘖成穗率高;穗型大,群体总颖花量高,穗后干物质积累量多;生育期相近的中熟中粳超级稻产量高于对照与其较强的氮素吸收特性有关。     

插植密度与插植苗数对超级稻产量和抗倒力的影响

2009年早、晚季以常规超级稻桂农占为试验材料,研究不同插植密度和栽插苗数对产量、产量构成和植株抗倒力的影响。结果表明,(1)栽插密度对晚季水稻产量具有极显著的影响,高密度有利于高产,但对早季水稻产量的影响不显著;插植苗数对早、晚季的产量影响较小,未达显著水平。(2)栽插密度对单位面积的有效穗数、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数和群体颖花量影响较大,对结实率和千粒重影响较小;插植苗数对单位面积的有效穗数、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数影响较大,对群体颖花量、结实率和千粒重影响较小。(3)丛、株抗倒力随插植密度的增大和插植苗数的增多而下降。综上所述,对于常规超级稻品种桂农占在高肥力稻田、适宜的施N量和合理的N肥运畴条件下,早季插植密度以24万丛/hm2、每丛插3苗,晚季插植密度以30万丛/hm2、每丛插4苗,能较好兼顾高产、高效和有效防止倒伏。     

水稻结实率和若干生理因素的品种间差异及其相关研究

 在云南水稻高产环境下种植6个籼稻品种(IR65598、IR59682、IR65467、IR72、汕优63、桂朝2号),在没有破坏水稻自身的源库关系的情况下,分析了开花期、成熟期及开花至成熟期的部分生理因素对结实率的影响。结果表明,开花期总颖花数、粒叶比、物粒比、比叶重、颖花茎鞘量是影响结实率的主要因素。开花至成熟期间,运转量是影响结实率的唯一因素。成熟期结实率对产量、收获指数的影响较大,而成熟期结实率本身又受到物粒比的制约。     

超级稻新品种南粳9108产量稳定性及高产特征分析

对超级稻新品种南粳9108在2011-2012年江苏省区域试验中产量的稳定性和2013-2014年江苏省机插高产栽培示范方中高产形成的特征特性进行了分析,以期为南粳9108的超高产栽培及示范推广提供理论依据。研究结果表明:(1)南粳9108的丰产性、稳产性和适应性均优于对照淮稻9号,产量潜力较高,通过改善栽培技术或环境能显著增加产量。(2)南粳9108从中高产到高产到更高产再到超高产,群体颖花量不断提高,且不同产量等级间差异显著,而结实率和千粒重在4个产量等级间略有增减,但差异不显著。群体颖花量的提高在由中高产提高到高产的水平上,主要依靠单位面积有效穗数的增加,而由高产提高到更高产再提高到超高产水平,则主要依靠在稳定足够穗数基础上增加每穗粒数。南粳9108产量与群体总颖花量和每穗粒数呈显著正相关,与有效穗数、千粒重和结实率呈不显著正相关。通径分析显示,群体总颖花量对产量的直接作用最大,其次是每穗粒数和有效穗数。千粒重和结实率通过影响有效穗数、每穗粒数和总颖花量而间接影响产量。因此,南粳9108超高产栽培应以足量的穗数获取较大的穗型,保证群体具有较大的总颖花量,并保持正常的结实率与千粒重。     

超高产杂交稻C两优396和C两优87的源库特性研究

以汕优63为对照,研究了超高产杂交稻组合C两优396和C两优87的源、库、流特性。结果表明,C两优396和C两优87库容较大,填库能力强,单位面积总颖花量、叶面积指数和粒叶比均高于汕优63;抽穗后剑叶的净光合速率高,光合能力强;孕穗后光合产物积累速度快,增量大,抽穗后茎鞘叶干物质向籽粒运转量多,对籽粒的贡献率高;产量与总颖花量呈极显著正相关,与粒叶比和抽穗后干物质生产量呈显著正相关。库大、源强、流畅且三者之间能在较高水平上协调,是C两优396和C两优87超高产的主要成因。     

浙江台州地区早籼稻产量与干物质生产特征研究

对7个早籼稻品种（系）的产量及其构成因素和干物质积累量进行了相关分析。结果表明,杂交稻产量高于常规稻,平均较常规稻高10.0%。相关分析表明,产量与总颖花数和有效穗数分别呈极显著正相关和显著正相关,与每穗粒数、结实率、千粒重呈负相关,但均不显著。通径分析表明,总颖花数、结实率和千粒重对产量的直接作用均为正效应,其中,总颖花数贡献最大,结实率次之,千粒重作用最小。随生育期的推进,干物质积累量品种间差异逐渐减小,完熟期干物质积累量以陵两优106表现最高,金早47表现最低。干物质总积累量和干物质平均日积累量与总颖花数和产量分别呈极显著正相关和显著正相关,与结实率呈极显著负相关;抽穗前干物质积累量与产量相关度高于抽穗后干物质积累量。综上所述,台州地区早稻生产宜选用两系杂交早籼稻品种在生产上推广。生产中注重提高单位面积穗粒数,促进干物质积累量,更有利于早稻获得高产。     

移栽密度对北方稻鸭种养模式不同类型粳稻产量及生理特性的影响

采用裂区设计,在稻鸭种养有机栽培模式下研究了移栽密度对穗粒兼顾型品种沈稻47和穗数型品种沈稻505产量及生理特性的影响。结果表明,随着移栽密度增加,2个品种的叶面积指数（LAI）和单位面积有效穗数均增加;沈稻47齐穗前干物质积累所占比例、干物质总积累量和产量明显增加,每穗颖花数、结实率明显减少;沈稻505每穗颖花数明显减少,结实率、群体干物质积累量和产量先增后降;品种和密度在产量等多个性状上互作效应显著;穗粒兼顾型品种沈稻47取得高产的适宜移栽密度为30.0 cm×9.9 cm（33.0万丛/hm²）,穗数型品种沈稻505为30.0 cm×16.7 cm（20.0万丛/hm²）。     

不同产量水平粳稻品种间比较

对高、中、低产粳稻品种的株高、穗长、有效穗、颖花数、结实率、千粒重、一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数、一次枝梗粒数、二次枝梗粒数、生物产量进行比较,认为高产、中产、低产品种在颖花数、结实率、一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数、一次枝梗粒数、二次枝梗粒数、生物产量和有效穗数上存在差异,表现为高产品种较高,中产品种次之,低产品种最低,有效穗数表现相反趋势。另外,不论是高产品种还是低产品种,结实率均随颖花数的增加而变小,在相同颖花数量条件下,高产品种的结实率普遍高于低产品种。     

不同产量水平粳稻品种间比较

对高、中、低产粳稻品种的株高、穗长、有效穗、颖花数、结实率、千粒重、一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数、一次枝梗粒数、二次枝梗粒数、生物产量进行比较，认为高产、中产、低产品种在颖花数、结实率、一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数、一次枝梗粒数、二次枝梗粒数、生物产量和有效穗数上存在差异，表现为高产品种较高，中产品种次之，低产品种最低，有效穗数表现相反趋势。另外，不论是高产品种还是低产品种，结实率均随颖花数的增加而变小，在相同颖花数量条件下，高产品种的结实率普遍高于低产品种。     

Research Advances in High-Yielding Cultivation and Physiology of Super Rice

In 1996,China launched a program to breed super rice or super hybrid rice by combining intersubspecific heterosis with ideal plant types.Today,approximately 80 super rice varieties have been released and some of them show high grain yields of 12-21 t/hm2 in field experiments.The main reasons for the high yields of super rice varieties,compared with those of conventional varieties,can be summarized as follows:more spikelets per panicle and larger sink size (number of spikelets per square meter);larger leaf area index,longer duration of green leaf,greater photosynthetic rate,higher lodging resistance,greater dry matter accumulation before the heading stage,greater remobilization of pre-stored carbohydrates from stems and leaves to grains during the grain-filling period;and larger root system and greater root activity.However,there are two main problems in super rice production:poor grain-filling of the later-flowering inferior spikelets (in contrast to earlier-flowering superior spikelets),and low and unstable seed-setting rate.Here,we review recent research advances in the crop physiology of super rice,focusing on biological features,formation of yield components,and population quality.Finally,we suggest further research on crop physiology of super rice.     

Pre-anthesis non-structural carbohydrate reserve in the stem enhances the sink strength of inferior spikelets during grain filling of rice

Sink strength plays an important role in grain filling of cereals but how it is related to the pre-anthesis non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) reserves is not clear. This study investigated if and how an increase in NSC reserves could enhance sink strength, and consequently improve grain filling of later-flowering inferior spikelets (in contrast to the earlier flowering superior spikelets) for rice varieties with large panicles. Two “super” rice varieties (the recently bred high-yielding rice) and two New Plant Type (NPT, named in IRRI for the extra-large panicle) rice lines were compared with two elite inbred varieties under field-grown conditions. Three nitrogen (N) treatments, applied at the stages of panicle initiation, spikelet differentiation or both, were adopted with no N application during the mid-season as control. Both super rice and NPT rice showed a greater yield capacity as a result of a larger panicle than the elite inbred rice. However, a lower percentage of filled grains limited the realization of higher yield potential in super rice and especially in NPT rice, due to their lower grain filling rate and the smaller grain weight of their inferior spikelets. The low grain filling rate and small grain weight of inferior spikelets are mainly attributed to a poor sink strength as a result of small sink size (small number of endosperm cells) and low sink activity, e.g. low activities of sucrose synthase (SuSase) and adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase). The amounts of NSC in the stem and NSC per spikelet at the heading time are significantly and positively correlated with sink strength (number of endosperm cells and activities of SuSase and AGPase), grain filling rate, and grain weight of inferior spikelets. Nitrogen application at the spikelet differentiation stage significantly increased, whereas N application at the panicle initiation or at both panicle initiation and spikelet differentiation stages, significantly reduced, NSC per spikelet at the heading time, sink strength, grain filling rate, and grain weight of inferior spikelets in super rice. The results suggest that pre-anthesis NSC reserves in the stem are closely associated with the sink strength during grain filling of rice, and N application at the spikelet differentiation stage would be a good practice to increase pre-anthesis NSC reserves, and consequently to enhance sink strength for rice varieties with large panicles, such as super rice varieties.     

Changes in Enzyme Activities Involved in Starch Synthesis and Hormone Concentrations in Superior and Inferior Spikelets and Their Association with Grain Filling of Super Rice

The changes in activities of key enzymes involved in sucrose-to-starch conversion and concentrations of hormones in superior and inferior spikelets of super rice were investigated and their association with grain filling was analyzed.Four super rice cultivars,Liangyoupeijiu,IIyou 084,Huaidao 9 and Wujing 15,and two high-yielding and elite check cultivars,Shanyou 63 and Yangfujing 8,were used.The activities of sucrose synthase (SuSase),adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase),starch synthase (StSase) and starch branching enzyme (SBE),and the concentrations of zeatin + zeatin riboside (Z + ZR),indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in superior and inferior spikelets were determined during the grain filling period and their relationships with grain filling rate were analyzed.Maximum grain filling rate,the time reaching the maximum grain-filling rate,mean grain filling rate and brown rice weight for superior spikelets showed a slight difference between the super and check rice cultivars,but were significantly lower in the super rice than in the check rice for inferior spikelets.Changes of enzyme activities and hormone concentrations in grains exhibited single peak curves during the grain filling period.The peak values and the mean activities of SuSase,AGPase,StSase and SBE were lower in inferior spikelets than in superior ones,as well as the peak values and the mean concentrations of Z + ZR and IAA.However,the peak value and the mean concentration of ABA were significantly higher in inferior spikelets than in superior ones and greater in the super rice than in the check rice.The grain filling rate was positively and significantly correlated with the activities of SuSase,AGPase and StSase and the concentrations of Z + ZR and IAA.The results suggested that the low activities of SuSase,AGPase and StSase and the low concentrations of Z + ZR and IAA might be important physiological reasons for the slow grain filling rate and light grain weight of inferior spikelets in super rice.     

广两优676作再生稻超高产栽培的产量结构特征分析

为了解广两优676作再生稻超高产栽培的产量结构特征,调查分析了不同产量水平的产量构成因素。结果表明,在产量4个构成因素中,再生稻头季以每穗粒数的变异最大,与产量相关最密切,对产量的贡献率最高,其次是每平方米穗数;再生季则以每平方米穗数的变异最大,与产量相关最密切,对产量的贡献率最高,其次是每穗粒数。再生稻要获得高产,头季应主攻大穗,而再生季则应培育多穗,以形成巨大的库容量。     

超级稻花后强、弱势粒淀粉合成相关酶活性和激素含量变化及其与籽粒灌浆的关系

 种植4个超级稻品种\[两优培九和Ⅱ优084（杂交籼稻）、淮稻9号和武粳15（粳稻）\]和2个高产对照品种\[汕优63（杂交籼稻）和扬辐粳8号（粳稻）\],观察其结实期强、弱势粒中蔗糖合酶（SuSase）、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（AGPase）、淀粉合酶（StSase）和淀粉分支酶（SBE）活性及玉米素+玉米素核苷（Z+ZR）、3 吲哚乙酸（IAA）和脱落酸（ABA）含量的变化,并测定了强、弱势粒灌浆速率。结果表明,超级稻品种强势粒的最大灌浆速率、到达最大灌浆速率的时间、平均灌浆速率和糙米重与对照品种差异较小,超级稻品种弱势粒的灌浆速率和糙米重显著低于对照。灌浆期强、弱势粒的SuSase、AGPase 、StSase 和SBE活性变化及Z+ZR、IAA 和ABA 含量变化均呈单峰曲线。弱势粒的SuSase、AGPase、StSase 和SBE的峰值活性和平均活性及其Z+ZR 和IAA的峰值含量和平均含量均低于强势粒。弱势粒的ABA 峰值含量和平均含量显著高于强势粒,超级稻品种高于对照品种。籽粒灌浆速率与SuSase、AGPase和StSase 活性及Z+ZR 和IAA含量均呈显著或极显著正相关,与SBE活性及ABA含量的相关不显著。说明超级稻品种弱势粒中较低的SuSase、AGPase和StSase活性及较低的Z+ZR和IAA含量是其灌浆速率小、粒重轻的一个重要原因。     

两系杂交稻两优培九产量构成及其生态关联

为探明两系杂交稻两优培九在不同生态条件下的产量水平及其构成,揭示引发产量变异的主要构成因素及其与生态因子的关联性,应用2006和2007年中国南方稻区8个气候生态试验点的生育进程、茎蘖消长、籽粒灌浆、产量及其构成与同期气象数据,建立了产量与其构成因素、各构成因素与温光因子的统计关系。两优培九稻谷产量变幅为5~18 t/hm2。以每平方米总粒数引发产量变异的贡献率最高(60.5%),其次为结实率(32.9%)。扩增总粒数主要依赖每平方米穗数与每穗粒数的平衡增加。华南双季早稻生育中期的梅雨寡照对于每穗粒数、开花期持续高温对于结实率、长江中下游麦(油)茬稻生育前期高温对于穗数、乳熟期日照骤减对于结实率都有负面影响。云南河谷地区稻作期的适温、长日、强辐射,促成每平方米425穗、7.2万粒、结实率90%的产量结构,产量高达18.2 t/hm2。结实率累积动态呈左偏不对称的S形曲线。谷粒干物质积累呈Logistic曲线,拐点在花后8~14 d。穗数与本田营养生长期、每穗粒数与生育中期日照时数、结实率与后期日照时数都呈极显著正相关。开花期持续高温、乳熟期障碍型冷害和台风等气象灾害制约结实率的提高。每平方米总粒数是影响两优培九产量的主要因素,发挥其大穗优势、在有效分蘖临界期形成目标穗数的茎蘖数、构建足穗大穗群体,是进一步提高其产量的主攻方向。     

川东南轻简栽培方式再生稻产量构成特征和经济效益分析

为了探明轻简栽培方式对中稻⁺再生稻产量构成特征和经济效益的影响,以黄华占和金农丝苗为材料,于2017年在四川泸州进行不同栽培方式（翻耕移栽、翻耕直播、免耕移栽）的大田试验,分析了中稻-再生稻干物质生产特性、产量、产量构成和经济效益。结果表明,不同栽培方式间头季稻产量差异不显著。翻耕直播头季稻产量较翻耕移栽平均增加3.5%,免耕移栽头季稻产量与翻耕移栽相当。再生季产量表现为翻耕移栽>免耕移栽>翻耕直播的趋势,但各栽培方式间差异不显著。与翻耕移栽相比,翻耕直播头季稻有效穗数较多而每穗粒数较少,成熟期干物质较高而收获指数较低。翻耕直播再生季有效穗数较多而每穗粒数和结实率较少。免耕移栽与翻耕移栽在有效穗数、每穗粒数、结实率、千粒重、干物质和收获指数上差异不显著。不同栽培方式之间产值差异较小,但经济效益差异较大。与翻耕移栽相比,翻耕直播、免耕移栽的经济效益分别增加0.4%和6.2%。可见,头季稻高产途径是培育足够的有效穗数和提高千粒重,再生季高产途径是在足穗的基础上,协同提高结实率和千粒重。轻简化栽培技术具有节本、省工、经济效益高等优点,在川东南地区具有很大的发展前景。     

强化栽培对杂交中稻籽粒充实度的影响及其与源库结构的关系

以18个杂交中稻组合为材料,分别进行强化栽培和传统栽培两组试验,研究了源库结构与强化栽培的籽粒充实度之间的关系。结果表明,强化栽培的籽粒充实度与组合的着粒数关系密切,不同组合强化栽培与传统栽培籽粒充实度的差值（强化栽培-传统栽培）分别与强化栽培和传统栽培下各组合相应的着粒数呈极显著负相关。尽管在强化栽培条件下所有组合穗子变大使其叶粒比均有所下降,但中小穗型组合仍有足够的光合源保证籽粒的正常灌浆结实。与此相反,大穗型组合在强化栽培条件下因库的增大使源库矛盾进一步加剧,致使结实率、充实率和充实指数较传统栽培显著降低。在四川南部中稻区,传统栽培条件下的着粒数不超过173粒的中小穗型组合可作为强化栽培选择品种的参考指标。     

三系和两系杂交中籼组合间产量优势比较

对供试２１ 个杂交中籼三系组合和两系组合产量优势及构成因素进行了分析比较,表明两系组合产量相对有较高潜力,表现为库大粒多,相对差异极显著,且穗数、结实率并不因穗大而降低。认为三系和两系组合提高产量途径相同之处是要保证穗数,不同之处是三系组合的选育要着眼于增大穗型,提高结实率,两系组合则在大穗基础上增加实粒数,并提高籽重。