2016年日照口岸进口大豆截获杂草籽疫情分析及建议

对日照口岸2016年进口大豆贸易及杂草籽截获情况进行了统计分析,通过分析在进口大豆中检疫截获杂草籽的年度趋势、科属类别、截获种次和频率,总结不同来源国大豆中易于截获的杂草籽种类,汇总进口大豆中截获的检疫性杂草籽名单,为进口大豆检疫工作提供参考.     

2009-2019年中国进口大豆中检疫性有害生物截获情况分析

大豆是中国进口量最大的农产品,因此其携带有害生物风险很高.为提高进口大豆中检疫性有害生物的截获能力,给进口大豆检疫工作及其他相关工作提供参考,本研究统计分析2009-2019年全国口岸进口大豆基本情况,比较分析不同来源国(或地区)大豆中截获杂草、昆虫、真菌等检疫性有害生物的种类数和种次数.结果显示:2009-2019年中国大豆进口量整体呈逐年上升的趋势,2017年大豆进口量达到最大;大豆中截获的检疫性有害生物共136种,包括杂草84种、昆虫24种、真菌14种、病毒8种、细菌3种、线虫2种和软体动物1种.在所截获检疫性有害生物中,疫情问题最突出的是杂草,检出种次数最多的3种杂草分别是假高粱(及其杂交种)、豚草和刺蒺藜草;检疫性昆虫检出种次数最多的是四纹豆象;检疫性真菌检出种次数最多的是大豆北方茎溃疡病菌;检疫性病毒检出种次数最多的是菜豆荚斑驳病毒.从疫情来源国来看,巴西、美国、阿根廷是截获检疫性有害生物种类及种次数最多的3个国家,其中巴西大豆以杂草、昆虫及真菌疫情为主,美国大豆以杂草、真菌及病毒疫情为主,阿根廷大豆以杂草和真菌疫情为主.     

2011-2015年全国口岸进口木片截获疫情分析

对2011-2015年全国口岸进口木片截获有害生物情况进行了统计分析.结果显示,全国口岸共截获有害生物为343种(属)、3732种次,其中检疫性有害生物有4种、7种次,全部为昆虫和杂草.截获的有害生物主要来源国家为越南、泰国和澳大利亚;主要疫情种类包括昆虫、线虫、螨类、真菌、杂草和其它种类主要来源木片种材为相思树、桉树、白千层木、针叶木.截获次数较高的有害生物主要有隐翅虫属、隆胸露尾甲、粉螨科、露尾甲属、步甲属、蠼螋属、酱曲露尾甲、腐霉属、锯谷盗、滑刃线虫属等,通过分析进口木片疫情截获情况,提出了相应的对策及建议,以期为口岸木片检疫工作提供参考.     

北海口岸进口大豆杂草疫情分析及检疫策略

根据2012—2015年北海口岸进口大豆检出杂草疫情的统计数据,对来自5个国家的250批次大豆的杂草检出情况进行分析,结果显示,自2012年以来共截获杂草种子26科173种,其中检疫性杂草5科15种。不同国家进口大豆中检出的杂草种子种类和数量差异较大。针对上述情况,提出了有关进境大豆杂草检疫监管的建议。     

进境大豆风险分析及监管防控初探

统计近几年全国大豆进口情况及有害生物截获情况,然后根据有害生物在国内的分布情况、口岸实际截获情况,结合国内外文献资料,对有害生物的进行风险评估,初步确定重点有害生物名单,为国内农业生产及进口大豆有害生物的监管防控提出对策。     

杂草疫情分析在大豆产地溯源中的辅助性应用研究

中国是进口大豆主要消费国,近15年,累计进口大豆90 875万t.由于各国大豆品质不一,征税标准不同,国际大豆贸易中的掺假行为日益凸显.为了进一步完善大豆溯源技术,本研究对2005-2019年进口大豆中携带杂草籽的种类、截获频次、来源国等信息进行整合分析,采用主成分分析和聚类分析方法提取累计贡献率高的主成分,并分析各类杂草是否存在地域差异.结果显示:确定杂草种类981种,其中单一来源国杂草251种.主成分分析提取的前2个因子贡献率达95.41％,可反映进口大豆中携带杂草疫情的绝大多数信息.以上述2个因子为分类变量,对综合因子得分前100的杂草进行聚类分析的结果显示,进口大豆携带的部分杂草地域特征明显,杂草种类与地理位置密切相关,按其来源特征可分为一般性杂草、南美区和北美区3类.如圆叶牵牛(Ipomoeapurpurea)等24种杂草在南美洲国家进口大豆中截获率更高,而苘麻(Abutilontheophrasti)等14种杂草在北美洲国家进口大豆中则更加常见,可为进口大豆产地溯源提供辅助性指标,为商品归类属性鉴别业务提供参考依据.     

基于环介导等温扩增技术检测东北地区大豆主要品种(系)种子携带的病原菌

为了解东北地区大豆种子携带病原菌的情况,选取了该地区52个大豆主要品种(系),采用环介导等温扩增技术(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)快速检测其种子携带胶孢炭疽菌、平头炭疽菌、冬青丽赤壳菌、亚细亚镰孢菌、黄色镰孢菌、木贼镰孢菌、禾谷镰孢菌、层出镰孢菌、尖镰孢菌、茄腐镰孢菌、轮枝镰孢菌、接骨木镰孢菌、大豆炭腐病菌、大豆拟茎点种腐病菌、大豆疫霉菌和立枯丝核菌16种大豆主要病原菌的状况。结果表明:在其中38个品种(系)的种子样本中累计检测出上述8种病原菌,检出率由高到低依次为:大豆拟茎点种腐病菌、立枯丝核菌、木贼镰孢菌、亚细亚镰孢菌、禾谷镰孢菌、层出镰孢菌、尖镰孢菌和平头炭疽菌。不同大豆品种(系)种子带菌的种类及数量存在较大差异,其中品种绥12-18和29182被检出的病原菌多达4种。本研究对了解东北地区大豆种子携带病原菌的状况有参考价值,并为大豆种子带菌检测提供了新的方法。     

山东口岸进口棉花包装质量状况分析

针对山东口岸进口棉花包装外观质量情况，进行了包装尺寸、包装质（重）量、包装材料、捆扎材料、棉包方法和棉包标志等项目的抽样调查，分析了主要进口来源国棉花包装的质量状况，根据GB 6975―2013《棉花包装》的要求，提出了在进口棉花检验检疫中的实施建议。     

苏北沿海棉田杂草种类与防除技术

１杂草的种类、分布及群落组成１．１种类本地系统调查棉田杂草共有１７科,４０种,其中分布面广,发生量大的常见杂草有１０余种,主要优势种有禾本科的马唐、狗尾草、牛筋草、旱稗、千金子;菊科的鳢肠、小蓟;玄参科的婆婆纳;大戟科的铁苋菜;苋科的马齿苋,局部发生...     

土壤真菌防治大豆孢囊线虫的效果测定

在室内水洋菜平板上测定从山东胶县大豆孢囊线虫卵中分离到的草酸青霉菌Peni—cillium oxalicum Currie ＆ Thom、枝顶孢霉菌Acremonium persicinum(Nic—ot)W.Gams、地霉菌Geotrichum sp.、茄病镰刀菌Fusarium solani(Mart.)Sacc和尖孢镰刀菌F、oxysporum Schlecht在大豆孢囊线虫卵上的寄生率,分别为43％、28％、21％、29％和37％。盆钵实验结果表明,5％的草酸青霉菌和茄病镰刀菌菌剂防治大豆孢囊线虫的效果分别为72％和70％,前者1％的菌剂用量即有明显防效。这2种真菌是大豆的非病原菌。     

Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

2009年中国稻米市场分析及2010年展望

以翔实的资料对2009年中国稻米生产、消费、进出口、供求平衡、库存、价格走势、购销政策和国际稻米供求等情况进行了全面地分析,对影响2010年稻米市场价格走势的各种因素进行了深入研究,并在此基础上对2010年我国稻米市场价格走势进行了预测,结论是我国稻米价格仍呈上行趋势。     

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate in potato in two environments

Summary Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate were measured in a furrow-irrigated potato crop and in a riverbed crop where the water table was always maintained at 20–28 cm from the soil surface. In the irrigated crop, the photosynthetic rate during mid-afternoon was about half the peak rate observed at noon. This reduction was accompanied by a near tripling of stomatal resistance, a 45% reduction in transpiration, and a 5-fold increase in the difference between leaf and air temperatures. No such changes were observed in the riverbed crop where the photosynthetic rate remained nearly constant at about 0.9 mg m⁻² s⁻¹ between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Tuber yield in the riverbed crop was about 30% higher than in the irrigated crop.     

我国干热区甘蔗抗旱植蔗主要问题研讨

我国干热蔗区是我国甘蔗糖业的重要生产基地,蔗区光热资源丰富,唯降水分布不均成为植蔗生产的主要限制因子;根据蔗区植蔗特点和甘蔗需水规律,苗期抗旱是干热蔗区抗旱植蔗的关键,保证较多的总苗数和足够的生长量是苗期抗旱植蔗需解决的关键技术难题,制定相应的苗期抗旱植蔗栽培技术措施是解决该难题的重要保障;该观点为我国干热蔗区植蔗生产、甘蔗引育种提供理论和技术支持。     

我国高粱育种研究进展

对我国高粱育种的主要途径和研究方向进行了概述,针对目前高粱产量徘徊现象,提出了高粱超高产育种设想,并对其技术路线进行了探讨。     

棉花体细胞无性系变异的研究进展

体细胞无性系变异是一种重要的细胞工程育种技术,其应用于棉花育种的前提是建立高效的组织培养诱导再生植株体系.本文简要综述了棉花离体诱导植株再生研究的现状,重点讨论了棉花体细胞无性系变异的表现、利用方法及机理,提出了当前研究存在的问题并对今后的研究进行了展望.     

Advances in Variable Rate Technology Application in Potato in The Netherlands

Precision agriculture is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter- and intra-field variability in crops. In this paper, we focus on responding to intra-field variability in potato crops and analyse variable rate applications (VRAs). We made an overview of potential VRAs in potato crop management in The Netherlands. We identified 13 potential VRAs in potato, ranging from soil tillage to planting to crop care to selective harvest. We ranked them on availability of ‘proof of concept’ and on-farm test results. For five VRAs, we found test results allowing to make a cost-benefit assessment. These five VRAs were as follows: planting, soil herbicide weed control, N side dress, late blight control and haulm killing. They use one of two types of spatial data: soil maps or biomass index maps. Data on costs and savings of the VRAs showed that the investments in VRAs will pay off under practical conditions in The Netherlands. Savings on pesticide use and N-fertilizer use with the VRAs were on average about 25%, which benefits the environment too. We foresee a slow but gradual adoption of VRAs in potato production. More VRAs will become available given ongoing R&D. The perspectives of VRAs in potatoes are discussed.