Changes in chemical composition,minerals and amino acids during seed growth and development of four safflower cultivars

Investigation of four safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars (S208, S400, S541 and S303) showed that when the seeds were harvested at different stages of growth and development (10, 20, 30, and 40 days) after flowering, moisture content significantly decreased with time. Oil, protein, ash and crude fiber were increased up to day 30. Thereafter, these parameters started to decline gradually with time. The cultivars differed in their final values; oil content of the seeds varied from 10.90 to 45.40%, moisture varied from 4.20 to 8.10% and from 8.50 to 11.10%, protein from 12.10 to 20.30% and from 13.40 to 29.60%, ash from 2.30 to 5.40% and from 2.80 to 6.50%, for the seeds and defatted meal, respectively. Crude fiber for the defatted meal was found to vary from 29.50 to 38.60%. Carbohydrate for all cultivars decreased rapidly up to day 40 with final values varying from 28.10 to 63.30% and from 56.70 to 70.30% for the seeds and defatted meal, respectively. Mineral content (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg, Mn) fluctuated while phosphorus content significantly increased with time for all cultivars. Amino acid content of the defatted meal increased with time up to day 30 after which it started to decline gradually for all cultivars.     

玉米不同基础群体选系高效测验系筛选

采用常规方法从新组配的14个Reid类F₁基础群体中选育自交系,对S₄代选系与其他三大优势类群10个骨干自交系为测验系组配成的1 902个测交组合进行田间鉴定,分析从中筛选出428个优组合的子粒产量和百粒重表现及其与选系基础群体和测验系的关系。结果表明,来源于不同基础群体和同一基础群体的不同选系与不同优势类群和同一优势类群不同测验系间测交组合的子粒产量和百粒重均存在较大差异。来源于基础群体BP5选系子粒产量和百粒重的一般配合力较高,其与测验系昌7-2间子粒产量和百粒重以及与测验系浚926间百粒重的特殊配合力均较高;BP7群体选系百粒重和子粒产量、BP6群体选系百粒重和BP9群体选系子粒产量的一般配合力均较高;BP1、BP2和BP5群体选系与测验系浚926间组合的百粒重,BP6、BP7群体选系与测验系浚926间组合子粒产量,BP4、BP5、BP10和BP12群体选系与测验系昌7-2间组合百粒重,BP2和BP10群体选系与测验系昌7-2间组合子粒产量及BP4群体选系与测验系HL02间组合子粒产量的特殊配合力均较高。昌7-2、浚926和HL02是比较适宜的高效测验系。     

部分美国及我国小麦品种的遗传多样性分析

为了比较美国及我国小麦品种的遗传多样性,选用55对SSR引物对引自美国的67份小麦品种及我国黄淮麦区推广面积较大的17个品种进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明,67份美国小麦品种共检测到443个等位变异,单个引物位点的等位变异为2～24个,平均每个位点8.10个,各位点多态性信息含量(PIC)变幅为0.11～0.92,平均为0.59;黄淮麦区小麦品种共检测到266个等位变异,单个引物位点的等位变异为2～9个,平均每个位点4.82个,PIC变幅为0.10～0.84,平均为0.55。67个美国小麦品种A、B、D三个基因组的平均等位变异与平均PIC值大小分别为:B(8.60)>D(7.88)>A(7.63)和B(0.62)>A(0.58)>D(0.56);黄淮麦区17个小麦品种三个基因组的平均等位变异与平均PIC值大小分别为:B(5.30)>A(5.10)>D(3.94)和B(0.58)>A(0.57)>D(0.48)。聚类分析结果表明,55对SSR引物能将84份材料区分开来,并分为六大类,15个国内小麦品种被聚为一类,中国春自成一类,其余材料被聚为四类。由此可知,美国小麦品种的遗传多样性较高,与黄淮麦区小麦品种的遗传差异较大。     

广西斑茅表型性状遗传多样性分析

为有效评价和利用广西斑茅种质资源,扩增甘蔗遗传基础。对183份广西斑茅种质资源主要表型性状及遗传多样性进行分析。结果表明：广西斑茅种质资源表型遗传多样性比较低,13个描述型性状的遗传多样性指数在0.0000~1.2349之间,平均为0.3070,以毛群较高,生长带形状较低,空心、气根、根点排列和脱叶性4个性状无多态性表现;不同地区的斑茅资源遗传多样性指数在0.2851~0.5072之间,且以钦州的多样性最大,其次是桂林和崇左,以来宾的多样性最小。5个数值型性状的变异系数在13.54%~29.11%之间,平均为19.59%,以叶宽比较大,叶长较小;10个地区的斑茅资源变异系数在16.48%~21.92%之间,以桂林最大,百色最小。通过聚类分析,183份资源可以分为10个类群,各类群遗传分化不明显,与地理来源无密切联系。本研究揭示了广西不同地区斑茅的表型特异性和遗传多样性,为斑茅资源的采集、保育和杂交利用提供理论参考。     

Genome wide association studies (GWAS) of element contents in grain with a special focus on zinc and iron in a world collection of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Genome wide association studies (GWAS) were carried out to map Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) associated with element contents in the grain using 336 spring barley. Of the elements analyzed, Fe content ranged from 21.9 to 91.0 mg kg⁻¹, Zn from 10.4 to 54.5 mg kg⁻¹, Ba from 0.2 to 8.9, Ca from 186.4 to 977.5, Cu from 1.5 to 9.8, K from 353.2 to 7721.5, Mg from 1049.8 to 2024.2, Mn from 8.1 to 22.9, Na from 55.9 to 627.9, P from 2272.9 to 5428.8, S from 880.7 to 1898.0, Si from 19.1 to 663.2, and Sr from 0.35 to 2.62 mg kg⁻¹. GWAS were carried out using 6519 SNP markers and multiple elements in MLM:PCA + K model in TASSEL software. Population analyses showed two sub-populations, primarily based on row types. GWAS for row types showed association with INTERMEDIUM-C, a modifier gene for lateral spikelet fertility in the 4H chromosome, validating current GWAS approach. GWAS also showed that 2 QTL for Ba, 2 for Ca, 4 for Cu, 11 for Fe, 2 for K, 3 for Mg, 6 for Mn, 4 for Na, 3 for S, 5 for Si, and 3 for Zn were mapped in barley chromosomes. The QTL identified in the current study are valuable for breeding nutrient dense barley cultivars in the future, especially Zn and Fe.     

Foliar Symptoms Caused by Potato mop-top virus on Potato Plants During Vegetative Propagation in Scotland and Their Association With Tuber Yield, Spraing and Tuber Infection

The effect of foliar symptomatic infection by Potato mop-top virus (PMTV) on yield of tubers, spraing and infection in daughter tubers, and foliar symptom development and tuber infection in the following generations of propagation was investigated in commercial seed potato crops in Scotland. Six crops covering cvs Atlantic, Hermes, Nicola and Cara were studied between 2000 and 2006 by labelling paired replicates of plants with foliar symptoms and plants with no symptoms. Tubers from plants with no symptoms rarely produced plants with foliar symptoms in the following generation. Plants with no symptoms produced more infected tubers if they had been derived from plants with foliar symptoms the previous year than from plants with no symptoms. The proportion of daughter plants with foliar symptoms produced by tubers from plants with foliar symptoms in year 1 ranged from 19–41% and seemed to be associated with the severity of foliar symptoms. The detection of PMTV by ELISA in samples of leaves from plants with foliar symptoms ranged from 13% for cv. Cara to 59% for a crop of cv. Atlantic in 2004. The amounts of spraing were generally low but tended to be greater for tubers from plants with foliar symptoms than those from plants with no symptoms. These results indicate that roguing plants with foliar symptoms in seed potato crops could achieve an improvement in crop health but might be impractical when diseased plants are too prevalent.     

木薯分子标记遗传连锁图谱的构建及相关性状QTL定位

用木薯推广品种KU50为母本,SC124为父本通过杂交得到包含235个单株的F1分离群体,构建了一张包含150个标记的分子遗传连锁图谱,其中EST-SSR有72个位点,SSR有58个位点,SRAP有20个位点,这些位点分布了21个连锁群,总长度为1434.48cM,标记间距为9.56cM.遗传图谱的连锁群的长度在16.89～139.63 cM,标记的间距是0.2～47.0cM,标记位点比较多的是LG1、LG2、LG4、LG9、LG10,分别是17、18、13、14、15个,而标记数最少的是LG20,只有2个标记.用IciQTLMaping3.2软件在LOD=2.5进行QTL分析,检测了块根产量(WCY)、耐寒性分析(CR11、CR12)、干物质含量(DMC11、DMC12)3个木薯数量性状,总共得到34个QTL位点,分布在12个连锁群上.其中关于WCY的QTL位点总共有17个,贡献率为21.70％～55.23％,平均贡献率为40.74％;CR11相关的QTL位点有4个,贡献率为2.97％～33.29％,平均贡献率为18.20％.与CR12相关的QTL定位有3个,贡献率为5.23％～29.85％,平均贡献率为18.28％;与DMC12性状相关的QTL位点有4个,贡献率为15.87％～38.52％,平均贡献率为26.24％;与DMC11性状相关的位点有6个,贡献率为13.84％～22.15％,平均贡献率为17.56％.     

Hay production from lowland semi-natural grasslands: a review of implications for ruminant livestock systems

Data on total, seasonal and between-year variability in the productivity and nutritional quality of cut forages obtained from a range of lowland semi-natural grasslands are reviewed. Dry-matter production, as hay, from unfertilized species-rich semi-natural grasslands ranged from less than 20% to about 80% of the production that might be expected from agriculturally improved and intensively managed grasslands. Unfertilized species-rich grasslands had lower growth rates, reflecting low nutrient availability in spring and early summer. Low soil phosphorus availability appears to be a key factor allowing high species-richness to be maintained. The in vitro digestibilities of herbage cut for hay from semi-natural grasslands were 20%, or more, below values for conserved forages from intensively managed grassland. When losses incurred during the hay-making process were taken into account, then the nitrogen content of hays from many semi-natural grasslands appear to be sub-optimal for productive livestock. Metabolizable energy values of herbage cut for hay were 10–40% below values for intensively managed conserved grass. Phosphorus content of forages from most species-rich grasslands was either below the metabolic requirement of livestock or inadequate to sustain high individual animal performance. Potential problems associated with supplementation of the diet with phosphorus, and with high calcium-to-phosphorus ratios, are discussed. Although potassium content of most of the herbage cut for hay was adequate for productive ruminant livestock, exceptions arise with hay cut after July. The magnesium content of cut herbage from some semi-natural grasslands was below an adequate level for productive livestock. Most cut herbage appeared to contain adequate amounts of sodium. Inadequacy of the mineral content of hays from semi-natural grasslands for ruminant livestock will be exacerbated by nutrient losses incurred during the hay-making process and particularly so when hay- making is prolonged by wet weather. Few feeding studies using hays from semi-natural grasslands of high nature conservation interest have been conducted. Lack of such data makes it difficult to plan any integrated use of these hays in ruminant feed budgets for livestock systems.     

湖南浓香型产区烟叶的香气特性

为明确湖南浓香型产区烟叶香气特性评价指标的区域特征和空间分布特征，对来自湖南烟区的44个烟叶样品进行感官评价。结果表明：①湖南浓香型产区烟叶香气质尚好至较好，香气量尚足至较足，香气尚透发至较透发，微有枯焦气和木质气；②不同地区之间香气质差异显著，香气量、透发性、枯焦气和木质气则无统计学差异；③香气质呈从东南部向西北部递减的趋势分布，香气量呈从南部向北部递减的趋势分布，透发性呈从东北部向西南部递减的趋势分布，枯焦气呈从东北部、西南部分别向中部递减的趋势分布，木质气呈从东北部向南部递减的趋势分布；榆香气质、香气量和透发性年度间较稳定，枯焦气和木质气年度间有差异。     

Incidence of Cymbidium mosaic virus and Odontoglossum ringspot virus affecting Oncidium orchids in Hainan Island,China

Oncidium is the most popular cut flower for the orchid industry in Hainan Island and several viruses have been reported to negatively impact their growth and yield. A survey of Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV) and Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) in Oncidium orchids cultivated in Hainan Island was conducted during 2009–2012 with indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A total of 171,585 samples from adult plant, tissue-culture flask, seedling, and medium seedling were tested for CymMV and ORSV. Of the 24,125 adult plant samples from eighteen commercial orchid farms, 77.58% were infected with CymMV, 16.04% with ORSV, and 10.19% with both CymMV and ORSV. Of the 67,080 samples cultivated in tissue-culture flasks from eight tissue culture laboratories, 41.18% were infected with CymMV, 6.11% with ORSV, and 4.46% with both CymMV and ORSV. Of the 54,450 seedling samples from eight seedling nurseries, 53.20% were infected with CymMV, 9.00% with ORSV, and 5.23% with both CymMV and ORSV. And of the other 25,930 medium seedling samples from twelve medium seedling nurseries, 44.96% were infected with CymMV, 7.90% with ORSV, and 5.15% with both CymMV and ORSV. Plant material must be tested for the presence of viruses before being used for mass production by tissue culture, and sanitation during propagation of orchid plants and harvesting of flowers is essential in order to prevent the virus from spreading. These findings emphasize the need to implement a virus-free certification programme that would greatly enhance the management of these two prevalent viruses in the Hainan orchid industry.     

大豆种质资源对SMV3号株系的抗性鉴定

本研究对３４８份大豆种质资源,包括“七五”、“八五”鉴定出的抗源,各地推广品种及国外引进品种,人工汁液摩擦法接种ＳＭＶ３号株系进行抗性鉴定。鉴定结果表明,１１３份资源表现为高抗ＳＭＶ３,占３２．４７％,１１３份表现为中抗,占３２．４７％,１２２份感病,占３５．０６％。抗源主要来自于东北春作大豆区和黄淮海夏作大豆区,本实验南方大豆产区资源抗性较弱。高抗资源主要来源于辽宁、山东、山西、北京以及美国和韩国。不同品种接种后的症状类型不同,表明症状反应是品种与株系互作的结果。国外引进资源接种后顶枯症状较多,表明症状反应和品种的地理来源有一定关系。本文还分析了美国一些抗源对ＳＭＶ３的抗性反应及抗性基因的关系。     

Monitoring resistance of field populations of diamondback moth Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) to five insecticides in South China: A ten-year case study

Diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.) is a cosmopolitan pest of crucifers and it is particularly notorious for its resistance to commonly used insecticides. To provide a basis for future resistance management strategies, this study evaluated the resistance status of this pest to five insecticides, namely abamectin, β-cypermethrin, fipronil, monosultap and phoxim, in South China from 1999 to 2009 with 4-6 populations tested each year. Laboratory bioassays using a standard leaf-dip method were conducted on 3rd instar larvae which were the progeny of field collected insects. LC₅₀ values were estimated by probit analysis and resistance factors were calculated by comparing the field populations with a fully insecticide-susceptible lab population. The results showed that the diamondback moth populations generally had low resistance to abamectin from 1999 to 2005, but that resistance increased significantly during 2007-2009 with resistance factors as high as 122.4. Resistance factors for β-cypermethrin in 35 populations tested were high to very high in all 10 years with values ranging from 32.2 to 683.6. Resistance to fipronil had a progressive increase and increased markedly from 2007 to 2009 with one resistance factor of 56.1. Resistance to monosultap was low in 2004, but increased progressively from 2007 to 2009 with one resistance factor of 129.1. Resistance to phoxim was low to moderate from 2004 to 2008, but was moderate and high in 2009 with resistance factors ranging from 58.7 to 129.1. These results indicate that resistance of diamondback moth populations to most commonly used insecticides in South China has increased and is now generally high.     

小麦抽穗期QTL及其与环境的互作

为筛选稳定表达的小麦抽穗期QTL用于辅助选择,以旱选10号×鲁麦14的DH群体为试材,在四种环境下对抽穗期进行QTL。结果表明,该DH群体抽穗期呈连续性分布,表现为多基因控制的数量性状。四种环境下共检测到6个抽穗期加性QTLs,分别位于1B、1D、4D、6B、7B、7D染色体上,LOD值为3.13~10.88,贡献率在1.57%~6.72%之间,其中QHd-1D-1和QHd-7B与环境具有互作效应。共检测到10对上位性QTL位点,互作效应值为-0.39~0.423,表型贡献率在1.39%~4.86%之间,其中4对上位性位点与环境具有互作效应。     

Relationship of milled grain percentages and flowering-related traits in rice

The economic value of harvested rice is determined by the grain yield and the percentages of head rice (at least 3/4 the length of a head or kernel) and total milled rice. This study was conducted to determine the effects of flowering-related traits such as duration of flowering, rate of flowering, heading, and duration from heading to maturity on head rice and total milling percentages of rice. Flowering data, gathered for two years from 105 long grain rice genotypes grown in Beaumont, Texas were analyzed for their effects on and relationship with milling traits. A positive linear relationship was obtained for rate of flowering and the duration from heading to maturity but negative for duration of flowering and days to heading. Genotypes with early heading had relatively shorter flowering durations, and genotypes with shorter flowering duration had higher head rice and total milled rice. A faster rate in attaining 100% flowering and more days from heading to maturity were favorable in increasing head rice and total milled grains. The duration from the start of flowering to heading or to 100% flowering can be used in the evaluation and selection for high head rice and total milled rice percentages in rice.     

园艺植物体胚发生及植株再生技术研究

通过无患子科荔枝,龙眼,天南星科白鹤芋,火鹤芋,花叶芋,芭蕉科香蕉,葫芦科西瓜甜瓜甜兰科卡特兰,大花蕙兰,石竹科满天星,康乃馨等５０多个品种品系体细胞胚胎发生的诱导技术研究,探索出园艺植物获得体细胞发生的两种。途径。第一途径由外植体先诱导出愈伤组织然后产生胚状体,此途径的技术关键在于前期必需在附加高浓度２,４－Ｄ的培养基上作激发培养,如荔枝,天星,康乃馨,火鹤芋,香芋等可由引途径产生体胚。第二种途     

Rapid DNA extraction protocol from stool, suitable for molecular genetic diagnosis of colon cancer

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common forms of cancers in the world and is curable if diagnosed at the early stage. Analysis of DNA extracted from stool specimens is a recent advantage to cancer diagnostics. Many protocols have been recommended for DNA extraction from stool, and almost all of them are difficult and time consuming, dealing with high amount of toxic materials like phenol. Their results vary due to sample collection method and further purification treatment. In this study, an easy and rapid method was optimized for isolating the human DNA with reduced PCR inhibitors present in stool. METHODS: Fecal samples were collected from 10 colonoscopy-negative adult volunteers and 10 patients with CRC. Stool (1 g) was extracted using phenol/chloroform based protocol. The amplification of P53 exon 9 was examined to evaluate the extraction efficiency for human genomic targets and also compared its efficiency with Machiels et al. and Ito et al. protocols. RESULTS: The amplification of exon 9 of P53 from isolated fecal DNA was possible in most cases in 35 rounds of PCR using no additional purification procedure for elimination of the remaining inhibitors. CONCLUSION: A useful, rapid and easy protocol for routine extraction of DNA from stool was introduced and compared with two previous protocols.     

基于SSR标记的菠萝种质DNA指纹图谱构建

以来自9个国家或地区的26份菠萝种质为材料,利用SSR标记进行了DNA指纹图谱的构建。筛选出多态性高、稳定性好的8对SSR引物共检测到35个多态性位点,每对引物的多态性位点数平均为4.38,引物的多态性条带百分比平均高达92.92％,PIC值介于0.26～0.39之间,平均为0.33。利用这8对SSR引物构建了26份菠萝种质的指纹图谱,并对菠萝种质做遗传相似性分析和聚类分析。结果表明,菠萝种质遗传相似系数分布在0.421～0.974之间,平均为0.689,26份菠萝种质在遗传相似系数0.633处被划分为3类。该研究结果将为菠萝种质鉴定、分类及分子育种提供重要科学依据。     

Marine Microorganism-Invertebrate Assemblages: Perspectives to Solve the “Supply Problem” in the Initial Steps of Drug Discovery

The chemical diversity associated with marine natural products (MNP) is unanimously acknowledged as the “blue gold” in the urgent quest for new drugs. Consequently, a significant increase in the discovery of MNP published in the literature has been observed in the past decades, particularly from marine invertebrates. However, it remains unclear whether target metabolites originate from the marine invertebrates themselves or from their microbial symbionts. This issue underlines critical challenges associated with the lack of biomass required to supply the early stages of the drug discovery pipeline. The present review discusses potential solutions for such challenges, with particular emphasis on innovative approaches to culture invertebrate holobionts (microorganism-invertebrate assemblages) through in toto aquaculture, together with methods for the discovery and initial production of bioactive compounds from these microbial symbionts.     

不同温光条件下水稻抽穗期QTL的定位与分析

以广陆矮4号为受体,日本晴为供体的85个染色体单片段代换系群体为试验材料,通过单因素方差分析和Dunnett多重比较,测验单片段代换系与广陆矮4号之间抽穗期的差异,对代换片段上抽穗期相关的QTL进行了定位。以P≤0.001为阈值,在南京和海南不同温光条件下共定位到40个抽穗期相关的QTL。其中,21个QTL在2个环境中均被检测到;15个QTL只在南京环境中被检测到;4个QTL只在海南环境中被检测到。南京环境中定位到的36个抽穗期相关QTL,其加性效应值变化范围为2.8d~15.7d,加性效应百分率变化范围为3.8%~21.1%;海南环境中定位到的25个抽穗期相关QTL,加性效应值变化范围为1.8d~12.1d,加性效应百分率变化范围为1.7%~11.3%。这些QTL的定位,为进一步精细定位并克隆相应主效QTL和优异品种特定环境下的生育期改良奠定了基础。     

Chlorogenic acid content of Russet Burbank potato in Alberta

Samples of Russet Burbank potatoes, collected from the major production areas in Alberta, were analysed for tuber chlorogenic acid content. Chlorogenic acid is known to be associated with the tendency for tuber tissue to darken after cooking. Results indicate a trend for chlorogenic acid content to decrease from Edmonton in the north to Vauxhall in the south. This may be associated with cooler temperatures and higher soil organic matter in the northerly locations