水稻重金属镉吸收和转运的分子遗传机制研究进展

镉是对人体健康具有高度毒害作用的重金属元素之一。人体摄入镉的主要来源是食用镉超标的稻米,因此研究水稻对镉吸收、转运、积累的遗传机制尤为重要。目前,虽然水稻镉积累的遗传通路尚未完全明晰,但已明确了一些重要基因在稻米镉积累过程中的调控作用。本文就镉胁迫对水稻的危害、水稻品种间镉积累量的变异、水稻镉积累相关QTL、水稻镉吸收转运相关基因的研究进展及其育种利用加以综述,探讨了未来研究的方向。     

水稻重金属镉吸收和转运的分子遗传机制研究进展

镉是对人体健康具有高度毒害作用的重金属元素之一。人体摄入镉的主要来源是食用镉超标的稻米,因此研究水稻对镉吸收、转运、积累的遗传机制尤为重要。目前,虽然水稻镉积累的遗传通路尚未完全明晰,但已明确了一些重要基因在稻米镉积累过程中的调控作用。本文就镉胁迫对水稻的危害、水稻品种间镉积累量的变异、水稻镉积累相关QTL、水稻镉吸收转运相关基因的研究进展及其育种利用加以综述,探讨了未来研究的方向。     

水稻重金属镉吸收和转运的分子遗传机制研究进展

镉是对人体健康具有高度毒害作用的重金属元素之一。人体摄入镉的主要来源是食用镉超标的稻米，因此研究水稻对镉吸收、转运、积累的遗传机制尤为重要。目前，虽然水稻镉积累的遗传通路尚未完全明晰，但已明确了一些重要基因在稻米镉积累过程中的调控作用。本文就镉胁迫对水稻的危害、水稻品种间镉积累量的变异、水稻镉积累相关QTL、水稻镉吸收转运相关基因的研究进展及其育种利用加以综述，探讨了未来研究的方向。     

硅钾配施对水稻茎秆性状和抗倒伏能力的影响

以宜香优5979和旌优127为材料,研究了不同品种和硅钾配施处理对茎鞘物质积累转运、茎秆理化性状及抗倒伏能力的影响,探讨了茎鞘物质积累转运、茎秆理化性状与倒伏指数之间的关系。结果表明,齐穗期和成熟期茎鞘干物质量、成熟期生物量及茎秆理化性状与水稻抗倒伏能力关系密切。水稻品种间的抗倒伏能力差异显著,宜香优5979的抗倒伏能力显著强于旌优127。钾肥对水稻植株抗倒伏能力的影响大于硅肥,硅肥过多不利于水稻对硅的吸收及抗倒伏能力的提高。不同硅钾处理下,未施钾处理抗倒伏能力最差,少施钾肥处理倒伏风险较大;而硅肥50 kg/hm~2+钾肥150 kg/hm~2和硅肥100 kg/hm~2+钾肥100 kg/hm~22个处理,齐穗期和成熟期茎鞘干物质量较高,基部节间长度较短,茎粗、茎壁厚和节间干重较大,基部节间的物理强度较大,茎秆中Si O2和全钾含量较高,植株抗倒伏能力较强。     

硅肥对水稻产量及生理特性影响的研究进展

硅是水稻生长不可或缺的元素,对水稻生长具有极其重要的作用。本文主要从水稻吸硅特性、土壤供硅能力、增施硅肥指标,以及硅对水稻生长发育和产量的影响等方面,对稻田硅素肥力及水稻硅素营养研究进展进行了综述,并对该领域今后的研究方向进行了简要探讨。     

水稻对镉的吸收和转运的分子机理

日益严重的稻田镉污染威胁着中国生态安全和食品安全,培育低镉积累品种以降低稻米镉含量或者培育耐镉品种以用于植物修复是治理稻田镉污染的理想手段,阐明植物对镉的吸收和转运的分子机理是培育低镉品种和耐镉品种的前提。综述了水稻等植物对镉的吸收和转运的生理机制以及镉吸收、转运、隔离及外排过程中参与的各种镉诱导转运蛋白功能的研究进展有利于低镉积累水稻品种的培育,并促进水稻作为植物修复模式植物在降低土壤镉污染的生态治理中的应用。     

镉污染稻田施用钾硅肥对杂交晚稻吸收积累镉的影响

选择湖南攸县2块典型Cd污染稻田,研究施用富含硅的碱性钾硅肥对杂交晚稻吸收Cd及其在植株体内分配的影响。结果表明,施用钾硅肥可提高土壤p H值,降低土壤有效态Cd含量,减少水稻对Cd的吸收和稻米对Cd的积累,阻控水稻植株体内的Cd向籽粒转运,降低Cd在糙米中的分配比例。     

Cd在水稻籽粒中的积累及运输机制

Cd是毒性最大的重金属之一,在环境中的活性与在土壤一植物系统中的迁移能力都很强植物能积累较高浓度的Cd,并通过食物链进入人体引起人体的疾病.综述了Cd在水稻中的积累及运输机制的研究进展,包括根的吸收、木质部调节向上运输及韧皮部调节向籽粒中转运等方面     

水稻镉吸收及其在各器官间转运积累的研究进展

随着土壤和大气沉降物中重金属污染的问题日益严峻,农作物重金属超标时有发生。土壤中的重金属难以降解,容易被植物根部吸收,在作物中积累;大气中的重金属沉降到叶片上,通过叶片吸收进入作物中,最终通过食物链被人类食用,危害人体健康。水稻是我国最重要的粮食作物,大米中存在镉超标问题。镉(Cd)是水稻的非必需元素,主要借助其他金属离子通道蛋白进入水稻根细胞,还可以通过叶片角质层的吸附内化和气孔的渗透作用进入水稻叶片。Cd依赖其他金属离子的转运体在水稻体内运输,Cd从土壤中吸收和植物内部的分配是一个动态过程,通过根吸收转运蛋白、根-地上部转运(木质部转运)和韧皮部的源-库转运(包括种子装载)驱动,实现器官间的转运分配。本文综述了水稻Cd的吸收与转运、器官间Cd的运输分配以及Cd向籽粒转运积累,以期为减少水稻籽粒中Cd含量的研究和解决我国南方部分种植地区Cd污染问题提供一些参考。     

低镉胁迫下水稻幼苗硅一镉互作初步研究

Tk稻是典型的喜硅作物,通过水培试验,主要从硅和镉在水稻幼苗共质体和质外体中的分布等方面研究了硅缓解水稻幼苗Cd毒性的机制。结果表明,施硅能显著增加水稻幼苗地上部和地下部长度,明显缓解Cd对水稻幼苗生长的抑制作用;施Si可明显降低根系和茎叶中共质体、质外体中Cd含量;同时添加Si和Cd,根系中共质体与质外体中Cd含量比值成增加趋势,质外体中Cd含量远低于共质体;Cd促进了根系质外体中Si含量的富集,且根系中Si含量皆高于茎叶;根系／茎叶Cd含量比值比单加Cd处理时明显增加,至18d时比值为单加Cd处理的1．33倍,说明Si能使更多的Cd积累在根系中,阻止其向地上部转运。     

Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

2009年中国稻米市场分析及2010年展望

以翔实的资料对2009年中国稻米生产、消费、进出口、供求平衡、库存、价格走势、购销政策和国际稻米供求等情况进行了全面地分析,对影响2010年稻米市场价格走势的各种因素进行了深入研究,并在此基础上对2010年我国稻米市场价格走势进行了预测,结论是我国稻米价格仍呈上行趋势。     

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate in potato in two environments

Summary Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate were measured in a furrow-irrigated potato crop and in a riverbed crop where the water table was always maintained at 20–28 cm from the soil surface. In the irrigated crop, the photosynthetic rate during mid-afternoon was about half the peak rate observed at noon. This reduction was accompanied by a near tripling of stomatal resistance, a 45% reduction in transpiration, and a 5-fold increase in the difference between leaf and air temperatures. No such changes were observed in the riverbed crop where the photosynthetic rate remained nearly constant at about 0.9 mg m⁻² s⁻¹ between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Tuber yield in the riverbed crop was about 30% higher than in the irrigated crop.     

我国干热区甘蔗抗旱植蔗主要问题研讨

我国干热蔗区是我国甘蔗糖业的重要生产基地,蔗区光热资源丰富,唯降水分布不均成为植蔗生产的主要限制因子;根据蔗区植蔗特点和甘蔗需水规律,苗期抗旱是干热蔗区抗旱植蔗的关键,保证较多的总苗数和足够的生长量是苗期抗旱植蔗需解决的关键技术难题,制定相应的苗期抗旱植蔗栽培技术措施是解决该难题的重要保障;该观点为我国干热蔗区植蔗生产、甘蔗引育种提供理论和技术支持。     

棉花体细胞无性系变异的研究进展

体细胞无性系变异是一种重要的细胞工程育种技术,其应用于棉花育种的前提是建立高效的组织培养诱导再生植株体系.本文简要综述了棉花离体诱导植株再生研究的现状,重点讨论了棉花体细胞无性系变异的表现、利用方法及机理,提出了当前研究存在的问题并对今后的研究进行了展望.     

我国高粱育种研究进展

对我国高粱育种的主要途径和研究方向进行了概述,针对目前高粱产量徘徊现象,提出了高粱超高产育种设想,并对其技术路线进行了探讨。     

Advances in Variable Rate Technology Application in Potato in The Netherlands

Precision agriculture is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter- and intra-field variability in crops. In this paper, we focus on responding to intra-field variability in potato crops and analyse variable rate applications (VRAs). We made an overview of potential VRAs in potato crop management in The Netherlands. We identified 13 potential VRAs in potato, ranging from soil tillage to planting to crop care to selective harvest. We ranked them on availability of ‘proof of concept’ and on-farm test results. For five VRAs, we found test results allowing to make a cost-benefit assessment. These five VRAs were as follows: planting, soil herbicide weed control, N side dress, late blight control and haulm killing. They use one of two types of spatial data: soil maps or biomass index maps. Data on costs and savings of the VRAs showed that the investments in VRAs will pay off under practical conditions in The Netherlands. Savings on pesticide use and N-fertilizer use with the VRAs were on average about 25%, which benefits the environment too. We foresee a slow but gradual adoption of VRAs in potato production. More VRAs will become available given ongoing R&D. The perspectives of VRAs in potatoes are discussed.