2016年我国审定的水稻品种及基本特性分析

分析了2016年我国水稻品种的审定情况及通过省级以上审定水稻品种的基本特性.结果表明,2016年我国通过省级以上审定的水稻品种共有492个次(有13个品种通过两个及以上省份审定),其中,籼型常规稻36个、籼型两系杂交稻137个、籼型三系杂交稻166个、粳型常规稻87个、粳型杂交稻25个(其中19个为籼粳杂交稻)、 不育系41个.区试平均产量籼型常规稻为501.36 kg/667 m2,比区试对照增产3.86%;籼型两系杂交稻为592.54 kg/667 m2,比区试对照增产5.46%;籼型三系杂交稻为552.96 kg/667 m2,比区试对照增产5.16%;粳型常规稻为624.94 kg/667 m2,比区试对照增产7.48%;粳型杂交稻为651.96 kg/667 m2,比区试对照增产8.91%.品种品质表现是粳稻好于籼稻,常规稻好于杂交稻,优质达标率粳稻为51.79%、籼稻为43.95%,常规稻为56.91%、杂交水稻为41.77%.并列举了一些对单个病害抗性表现较好的品种.     

2015年我国审定的水稻品种基本特性分析

对2015年我国通过省级以上审定的水稻品种进行了简要分析.结果表明,2015年我国通过省级以上审定的水稻品种共有487个次(有7个品种通过2个及以上省份审定),其中,籼型常规稻34个、籼型两系杂交稻105个、籼型三系杂交稻209个、粳型常规稻101个、粳型杂交稻19个、不育系18个;区试平均产量籼型常规稻为466.44kg667 m2、比对照增产5.54％,籼型两系杂交稻为575.40 kg/667 m2、比对照增产5.46％,籼型三系杂交稻为547.87 kg/667 m2、比对照增产5.39％,粳型常规稻为622.85 kg/667 m2、比对照增产6.71％,粳型杂交稻为661.66 kg/667 m2、比对照增产9.40％;品种优质达标率粳稻为74.17％、籼稻为34.93％、常规稻为69.92％、杂交稻为35.09％,其中,籼型常规稻为45.45％、籼型三系杂交稻为32.32％、籼型两系杂交稻为36.45％、粳型常规稻为78.00％、粳型杂交稻为55.00％.可见,粳稻品种品质要明显好于籼稻,常规稻要明显好于杂交稻.虽然对多个病虫害综合抗性表现较好的品种不多,但有些品种对单个病害的抗性表现还是比较突出的,这些品种中有些品种同时品质表现也较好.     

2014年我国审定的水稻品种基本特性分析

对2014年我国通过省级以上审定的水稻品种进行了简要分析。结果表明,2014年我国通过省级以上审定的水稻品种共有469个次(有5个品种在2个省份省审定),其中,籼型三系杂交稻185个、籼型两系杂交稻94个、籼型常规稻36个、粳型三系杂交稻17个、粳型常规稻122个;籼型三系杂交稻区试平均产量为543.45 kg/667m2、比对照增产5.56%,籼型两系杂交稻为557.84 kg/667 m2、比对照增产5.95%,籼型常规稻为479.02 kg/667 m2、比对照增产4.83%,粳型杂交稻为617.97 kg/667 m2、比对照增产9.16%,粳型常规稻为612.86 kg/667 m2、比对照增产7.45%;粳稻品种品质要明显好于籼稻,常规稻要明显好于杂交稻,粳稻品质优质达标率为63.31%、籼稻为39.38%,常规稻为61.39%、杂交稻为38.87%。病虫害综合抗性较好的品种不多,但有些品种对单个病害的抗性表现较突出。     

2012年我国通过审定的水稻品种产量及品质性状分析

2012年,我国通过省级以上审定的水稻品种共有411个,其中,籼型常规稻30个、籼型三系杂交稻181个、籼型两系杂交稻66个、粳型常规稻102个、粳型杂交稻14个、不育系18个;每667m。产量籼型常规稻为461．77kg、籼型三系杂交稻为537．62kg、籼型两系杂交稻为548．86kg、粳型常规稻为585．77kg、粳型杂交稻为658．86kg;品质优质达标率粳稻明显好于籼稻,常规稻明显好于杂交稻,粳稻品质优质达标率为56．03％、籼稻为35．02％,常规稻为58．33％、杂交稻为32．57％,达国标优质1级的品种有5个,分别为新稻22、南粳49、辽粳132、辽粳212、川优8377;抗性评价较为复杂,本文未作详细分析,只列举了几个对稻瘟病、白叶枯病和条纹叶枯病抗性表现较好的品种。     

2018年我国审定的水稻品种基本特性分析

小结分析了2018年我国通过省级以上审定的水稻品种的基本特性。2018年我国通过省级以上审定的水稻品种共1 004个次,其中,籼型常规稻76个、籼型两系杂交稻279个、籼型三系杂交稻383个、粳型常规稻210个、粳型杂交稻21个、籼粳交杂交稻12个、不育系23个;从品种选育主体看,企业参与选育的品种高达79.10%;2018年籼型常规稻、籼型三系杂交稻、籼型两系杂交稻、粳型常规稻和粳型杂交稻平均区试单产分别为493.06、578.90、595.94、630.68和661.15 kg/667 m2;2018年通过审定水稻品种的优质达标率为65.04%,其中,籼稻为46.75%、粳稻为79.42%、杂交稻为47.19%、常规稻为73.43%;广东和辽宁具有较优异的稻瘟病抗性资源,云南、福建、广东和江苏有较好的白叶枯病抗性资源,安徽、山东具有较好的条纹叶枯病抗性资源,安徽和云南具有较好的稻曲病抗性资源,云南选育的品种对纹枯病抗性较好。     

2020年我国审定的水稻品种基本特性分析

归纳分析了2020年我国通过省级以上审定水稻品种的基本特性。2020年我国通过省级以上审定的水稻品种共有1 936个次（574个品种通过国家审定）,籼型常规稻、籼型三系杂交稻、籼型两系杂交稻、粳型常规稻、籼粳交杂交稻和不育系分别为144、670、582、424、45和71个,其中,国审品种数比2019年增加54.30%,非国审品种数比2019年增加43.07%。2020年通过审定的籼型常规稻、籼型两系杂交稻、籼型三系杂产稻、粳型常规稻和粳型杂交稻区试产量分别为519.59、609.99、589.82、610.00和685.30 kg/667 m²,除粳型常规稻外,其他类型品种的区试产量相比2015—2019年均有一定程度提升。2020年国审品种优质达标率为78.57%,非国审水稻品种优质达标率为60.61%,均比2019年有提高,表现好。2020年通过审定的品种综合抗性表现总体仍不够好,国审品种中仅13.59%的品种对稻瘟病表现为中抗以上水平,仅5.11%的品种对白叶枯病表现为中抗,非国审品种中仅34.08%的品种对稻瘟病表现为中抗以上水平,仅20.09%的品种对白叶枯病表现为中抗以上水平,但有部分品种对稻瘟病和白叶枯病表现出高抗。     

2011年我国审定的水稻品种产量及品质性状分析

以2008—2010年我国审定通过的水稻舶种为对照,对我国2011年审定通过的382个水稻舳种（组合）进行了比较分析。2011年,每667m^2产量籼型三系杂交稻为529．53kg,籼型两系杂交稻为525．24kg,籼型常姚稻为460．74kg,粳型杂交稻为589．61kg,粳塑常规稻为579．09kg;品质达国标三级以上粳稻为55．81％,籼稻为30．04％。并介绍了几个对稻瘟病、白叶枯病、条纹叶枯病抗性较好的品种。     

2001-2018年通过河南省审定的水稻品种情况分析

对2001-2018年通过河南省审定的水稻品种基本情况及其产量、米质等性状进行了介绍分析。结果表明,2001-2018年河南省通过审定品种132个,其中籼型水稻77个、占比58.33%,粳型水稻54个、占比40.91%,籼粳杂交稻1个、占比0.76%;育种单位涉及科研、教学及推广单位、种业企业等,种业企业选育或参与选育的品种比例正逐渐增加;审定品种年度间产量总体呈上升趋势,并以粳型杂交稻和籼型两系杂交稻产量最高;46.21%的水稻品种达到国标优质稻谷等级,粳型水稻优质达标率高于籼型水稻,垩白粒率和垩白度是限制河南稻米品质等级的主要因素,有待进一步提高。     

中国杂交水稻与常规稻产量和稻谷品质的比较分析

以2001—2002年国家和省级农作物品种审定委员会审定的383个水稻品种为材料,对杂交水稻和常规稻在区域试验中的平均产量和主要稻谷品质性状进行了比较分析。结果表明：杂交籼稻平均产量为7.720 t/hm^2,比常规籼稻高11.72%,达极显著水平;杂交粳稻平均产量为8.991 t/hm^2,比常规粳稻高6.91%,达显著水平。籼、粳杂交稻整精米率和直链淀粉含量的优质达标率均高于常规稻,但垩白粒率和垩白度的优质达标率均明显低于常规稻,垩白粒率和垩白度是籼、粳杂交稻品质改良的重点,其中杂交籼稻还应加强胶稠度的改良;垩白度、整精米率和垩白粒率为籼、粳常规稻品质改良的重点,其中常规籼稻还应注重直链淀粉含量的改良。     

高产优质两系杂交稻培杂茂三的特征特性与栽培要点

培杂茂三是我们利用培矮６４Ｓ与优质常规稻粳籼８９杂交选育的优良变异单株 ,于１９９５年测配而成的两系杂交稻新组合。该组合具有优质、高产、抗性好、适应性广的特点 ,２０００年３月通过广东省品种审定 ,同年１２月通过广西区品种认定 ,２００１年８月通过全国审定。一、产量表现１９９８年早季参加广东省杂交水稻区试 ,平均产量６．６ｔ／ｈｍ２,比汕优６３减产１．６０ % ,减产不显著 ;１９９９年早季复试 ,平均产量７．２ｔ／ｈｍ２,比汕优６３增产１．５５% ,不显著。１９９８年晚季参加广西水稻品种中熟组区试 ,桂中４个试点 ,平…     

从粳稻的比较优势看豫南“籼改粳”

基于粳稻的品种特性和豫南稻麦耕作制度,在豫南种植粳稻相对于种植籼稻有产量高、品质优、茬口好三大优势。粳稻品种产量水平比籼稻高70 kg/667 m2左右,麦茬粳稻比麦茬籼稻高100 kg/667 m2以上;粳米适口性好,价格比籼米高30%~50%。种植粳稻技术上要求推迟播种,可以提高资源利用率,避免麦茬稻秧龄过长导致的减产,适应机械插秧、抛秧和小麦套种技术的应用,有利于水稻的规模化、专业化生产,推动豫南稻麦耕作方式和生产方式的转变。本文对豫南地区"籼改粳"的前景进行了展望,并对江淮流域"籼改粳"的核心技术提出了建议。     

Differences in Response of Grain Yield,Nitrogen Absorption and Utilization to Elevated CO2 Concentration in Different Rice Varieties

【Objective】Our aim is to investigate the differences in response of grain yield, nitrogen absorption and utilization to FACE (atmospheric CO2 concentration increase) of different rice varieties. 【Method】Six rice varieties, including conventional japonica rice, hybrid indica rice, and conventional indica rice, were used to study the effects of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) (atmospheric CO2 concentration increase) on the nitrogen absorption, utilization, and yield of different types of rice.【Result】 1) FACE treatment dramatically increased rice yield by 24.17% on average and the maximum increment was observed in conventional indica rice. Compared with other types of rice varieties, hybrid indica showed the highest grain yield under both FACE and control (CK) treatments. 2) Panicle number was significantly improved in FACE treatment with conventional japonica rice varieties having the maximum increment. Spikelet number per panicle was significantly improved in hybrid and conventional indica rice varieties in FACE treatment. 3) The nitrogen absorption (NA) and nitrogen use efficiency for grain yield (NUEg) were significantly higher in FACE treatment than those in CK treatment. The average increase of NA was 21.23% with the maximum increment in hybrid indica rice varieties. Compared with other rice varieties, conventional indica rice varieties had the highest NA both in FACE and CK treatments. The average increase of NUEg was 7.33% with hybrid indica rice varieties enjoying the maximum increment. The hybrid indica rice varieties had the highest NUEg in FACE treatment and in CK treatment, respectively. 4) Nitrogen content was decreased in FACE treatment with the average decrease of 0.105%, among which the maximum decrease was observed in conventional japonica rice. Dry matter weight was extremely and significantly increased in FACE treatment. The average increase of dry weight was 23.95% with the maximum increment in conventional indica rice varieties. NA of single panicle was significantly improved in FACE treatment with the average increase of 10.79% in conventional indica rice varieties and 13.93% in hybrid indica rice varieties, but NA of single panicle was decrease by 9.60% in conventional japonica rice. FACE treatment significantly increased rice NA intensity with an average increase of 22.29% and the maximum increment was observed in hybrid indica rice varieties. The growth duration was not influenced by FACE treatment in all rice varieties. NAs of stem, leaf and panicle were significantly higher in FACE treatment than in CK treatment with the highest increase of 51.86% in leaf. The largest increase of NA was observed in hybrid indica rice. NA in different rice growth stages was significantly improved with the maximum increment of 108.90% during heading-maturity. The maximum increment of NA from heading to maturity was observed in hybrid indica rice varieties.5) Effects of dry matter weight, NA per panicle, NA intensity, NA of panicle and NA from heading to maturity on NA at maturity were greater than those of nitrogen content, panicle number, growth duration, NAA of leaf, stem and sheath, NAA during transplanting-tillering and tillering-heading. 6) Partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer (PFPN) was significantly improved in FACE treatment with an average increase of 24.16% and the maximum increment in conventional indica rice. NAA per 100 kg grains was significantly reduced in FACE treatment with an average decrease of 4.7%. The maximum decrease of NAA per 100 kg grains was observed in conventional indica rice varieties.【Conclusion】The results indicated that FACE could markedly increased both grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in all rice varieties, but the increases varied with the variety types.     

中熟类型甬优籼粳杂交稻组合产量优势形成及其形态生理特征

以中熟类型甬优籼粳杂交稻组合甬优2640、甬优1640为材料,常规粳稻镇稻11、武运粳30和杂交籼稻丰两优香1号、新两优6380为对照,比较各类型品种在干物质积累、穗部特征、叶片形态及茎秆特性上的差异。结果表明,甬优籼粳杂交稻两年平均产量为11.3 t/hm~2(11.1、11.4 t/hm~2),较常规粳稻和杂交籼稻分别高6.6%和13.0%;产量构成上,甬优籼粳杂交稻的每穗粒数和群体颖花量显著高于对照,有效穗数、结实率和千粒重低于对照;甬优籼粳杂交稻抽穗期、成熟期的干物质量及抽穗至成熟期的干物质积累量依次为13.4 t/hm2、21.6 t/hm~2、6.9 t/hm~2,均显著高于对照;穗部特征上,甬优籼粳杂交稻的单穗质量和着粒密度高于对照,穗长略低于杂交籼稻,近80%的籽粒集中于中上部,而常规粳稻75%的籽粒集中于中下部,杂交籼稻籽粒分布相对匀称;甬优籼粳杂交稻上3叶的叶宽和卷曲率高于对照,叶长和叶基角处于对照之间(以杂交籼稻最大),披垂度最低,上部1、3叶差异显著;株高、穗高、秆长及穗下节间占秆长的比例以杂交籼稻甬优籼粳杂交稻常规粳稻;成熟期单茎茎干质量、单茎鞘干质量及基部节间单位长度干质量以甬优籼粳杂交稻最高。中熟类型甬优籼粳杂交稻组合产量优势特征为足穗基础上,主攻大穗,并保持较高的结实率和千粒重;形态生理特征表现为籽粒集中于中上部,上3叶大小适宜,叶片内卷且直立,株高及穗下节间占秆长的比例适中,成熟期茎秆充实度好。     

Difference in Growth Characteristics,Utilization of Temperature and Illumination of Double- Cropping High Quality Late Rice in Different Ecological Regions of the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River

【Objective】Under machine-transplanting conditions, four different types of late rice cultivars with high quality were used to investigate the differences of yield, growth characteristics, utilization of temperature and illumination. The results will lay a theoretical basis for the selection of double-cropping late rice varieties suitable for different ecological regions in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.【Method】The yield, growth duration, dry matter accumulation, and utilization of temperature and illumination of double-cropping late rice were comparatively studied using four kinds of rice varieties as test materials namely indica conventional rice, indica hybrid rice, japonica conventional rice and Changyou japonica hybrid rice (20 varieties in total, selected between 2016 and 2017, all of which were high-quality rice in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River as double-cropping late rice). The experiment was carried out in two cities, Fuyang, Zhejiang Province (30.05º N, 119.95º E, 17.93 m above sea level) and Lujiang, Anhui Province (31.15º N, 117.16º E, 14 m above sea level).【Result】The yield of the four-types of late rice at high latitude was higher than that at low latitude. The yield of indica conventional rice, indica hybrid rice, japonica conventional rice, and Changyou japonica hybrid rice grown in Lujiang, Anhui Province was 11.1%, 12.9%, 6.6% and 12.4% higher than that in Fuyang, Zhejiang Province. When planted in the same places, Changyou japonica hybrid rice had the highest yield, and conventional indica rice had the lowest. The growth period was longer and dry matter accumulation was higher at high latitudes. When planted at high altitudes, the indica hybrid rice growth duration was the longest (10.4 d), and the increase in dry matter accumulation was the largest in conventional japonica rice (11.93% in full heading stage and 9.44% in mature stage). When planted in the same place, the dry matter accumulation was higher in hybrid rice than conventional rice. There was no significant difference in effective accumulated temperature between the filling stage and the whole growth duration of indica rice, but the sunshine hours, solar radiation, and its utilization rate were significantly higher at high latitudes. The effective accumulated temperature decreased significantly in the filling stage and the whole growth stage of japonica rice, but the change of accumulated sunshine hours was not obvious, while the accumulated solar radiation increased significantly at high latitudes. These were consistent with the changing trend of the utilization rate of the temperature and light resources. When planted at the same latitude, the growth period, dry matter accumulation, temperature and light resource utilization rate of japonica rice were higher than those of indica rice.【Conclusion】Late indica rice could make full use of temperature and light resources in order to improve its yield when planted in Lujiang, Anhui Province, but the difference of the utilization efficiency in the temperature and light resources of late japonica rice was not obvious. The yield of late japonica rice in Lujiang, Anhui Province increased because of the extension of the growth duration and the increase of dry matter accumulation.     

利用微卫星标记分析浙江省近年来主要水稻品种的遗传多样性

 利用12个DNA微卫星标记分析了浙江省近年来主要的44个常规水稻品种和54个杂交水稻组合,共检测到等位基因68个,每个标记2~10个;带型数共127种,每个标记3~18种;平均多态性频率0.752,变幅为0.567~0905。常规品种和杂交组合均表现为亚种间遗传差异明显、亚种内遗传差异较小,籼型遗传多样性高于粳型。平均遗传相似系数,常规品种籼型为0.672,粳型为0.711,籼粳间为0.103,杂交组合籼型为0.636,粳型为0.669,籼粳间为0.343。聚类分析显示,以遗传相似系数0.618为阈值将常规品种分成6类,以0.601为阈值将杂交组合分成7类,且多数同类型品种或组合聚为同一类。     

Genetic Structure and Indica/Japonica Component Changes in Major Inbred Rice Varieties in China

We used 39 SSR markers to analyze the genetic structure of 304 major Chinese inbred rice varieties, and to compare changes in the indica or japonica components in these varieties that have been widely cultivated from the 1950s to the 1990s in China. The genetic structure analysis showed that these rice varieties were distinctly divided into two populations, indica and japonica. The sub-structure of indica varieties was more complex than that of japonica ones. Among the various lines, late-season indica and early season japonica varieties had simpler genetic backgrounds. The seasonal ecotypes were not quite consistent with the subtypes of genetic structure. Twelve SSR loci with specific differentiation between indica and japonica were used to calculate the indica/japonica components. The differences in indica/japonica components among the five decades were not significant, except for late-season indica varieties in the 1990s, which had a significantly higher japonica component. These results will help to understand the genetic structure of the major Chinese inbred rice varieties and will be useful for indica-japonica hybrid breeding in China.     

不同类型水稻品质性状变异特性及差异性分析

对来自全国各地的8 390份稻米样品按籼型常规稻、籼型杂交稻、粳型常规稻和粳型杂交稻进行分类,并对其品质性状做了比较分析。结果表明：（1）常规稻品质性状的变异系数略高于杂交稻。糙米率、精米率、粒长和长宽比的变异系数较小,垩白米率、透明度和垩白度的变异系数较大。（2）粳稻的品质优于籼稻。垩白、整精米率和直链淀粉含量是籼稻品质改良的重点,垩白和整精米率是粳稻品质改良的重点。（3）籼型杂交稻的稻米品质得到明显改善,除垩白外,其他品质性状达到优质米一、二级标准的比率均较高。（4）籼型常规稻的垩白和直链淀粉含量呈两极分布,籼型常规稻中米质较优和较差的样品比例均较高。