甬优系列籼粳杂交稻中熟高产品系的株型特征

以甬优系列籼粳杂交稻中熟类型品系为试材,常规粳稻宁粳3号和武运粳29、杂交籼稻丰两优香1号和新两优6380为对照,比较各类型在穗部特征、叶片形态以及茎秆特性上的差异。结果表明,1)依据甬优系列籼粳杂交稻两年中的产量表现,将其分成高产品系(产量>10.5 t/hm²)和中产品系(产量<10.5 t/hm²)。两年中,甬优系列籼粳杂交稻高产品系为甬优2638、甬优2640、甬优1610、甬优1612和甬优1640,中产品系为甬优1851、甬优1852、甬优7753、甬优1763和甬优 5854。产量构成因素方面,不同类型品种单株穗数、结实率和千粒重以常规粳稻最高,每穗粒数以高产品系最高。2)穗长以杂交籼稻最高,单穗重和着粒密度以高产品系最高;除穗下部二次枝粳籽粒数以杂交籼稻最高外,穗部其余5部位籽粒数均以高产品系、中产品系显著高于常规粳稻和杂交籼稻,且籽粒数以上部二次枝粳和中部二次枝粳的增加最为明显。3)上三叶的叶长和叶宽为中产品系>杂交籼稻>高产品系>常规粳稻,高产品系上三叶的卷曲率高于对应的中产品系;上部第1、2叶的叶基角和披垂角以高产品系最低。4)高产品系株高为118.7cm,高于常规粳稻(96.6cm),低于杂交籼稻(132.9cm)和中产品系(144.1cm);上部第1、2、3节间长度以中产品系最高、常规粳稻最低;穗长与穗下节间长占株高比例、穗下节间占秆长比例均以高产品系最低。单茎干质量、单茎鞘干质量、茎秆单位节间干质量以高产品系最高。提出了甬优籼粳交中熟高产品系的株型选育指标及配套高产栽培措施。     

甬优中熟籼粳杂交稻栽后植株磷素积累特征与模型分析

【目的】基于模型定量描述中熟籼粳杂交稻栽后植株磷素积累动态特征。【方法】以甬优中熟籼粳杂交稻甬优2640和甬优1640为试材,常规粳稻扬粳4038和扬粳4227、杂交籼稻新两优6380和扬两优6号为对照,研究甬优中熟籼粳杂交稻移栽后植株磷素积累特征及比较不同类型品种栽后植株磷素吸收利用特征差异。【结果】籼粳杂交稻产量和成熟期植株磷素积累量均显著高于常规粳稻和杂交籼稻。与常规粳稻和杂交籼稻相比,籼粳杂交稻籽粒吸磷量较高,磷素籽粒生产率则较低。籼粳杂交稻花后叶片磷素转运量低于常规粳稻和杂交籼稻,花后茎鞘磷素转运则介于二者之间。籼粳杂交稻栽后植株磷素积累动态以Gompertz方程拟合较好,常规粳稻和杂交籼稻则以Logistic方程拟合较好。籼粳杂交稻最大磷素积累速率高于常规粳稻和杂交籼稻。籼粳杂交稻、常规粳稻、杂交籼稻达到最大磷素积累速率的时间大致在栽后50~52、59~60和61~63 d。籼粳杂交稻在快增期和缓增期的磷素积累量显著高于常规粳稻和杂交籼稻,渐增期的磷素积累量则低于对照。籼粳杂交稻在快增期和缓增期的磷素积累速率和积累时间均高于常规粳稻和杂交籼稻。【结论】与常规粳稻和杂交籼稻相比,甬优中熟籼粳杂交稻在产量和成熟期植株磷素积累量上均具优势,其磷素积累优势主要体现在快增期和缓增期,这主要是由于在此两阶段较高的磷素积累速率和较长的积累时间。     

籼粳亚种间杂交稻甬优6号超高产株形特征与竞争优势分析

2003-2005年的试验结果表明,与常规晚粳稻秀水63和籼型杂交晚稻汕优63相比,三系籼粳亚种间杂交晚粳稻甬优6号的超高产与其生育期间株形特征及竞争优势密切相关。生育前期,甬优6号的分蘖数介于籼、粳稻之间,消长平稳,分蘖力中等,无效分蘖少;生育中期,植株的茎、鞘、叶生长快,生物量大,上3叶长而内卷挺立,群体上下受光态势好;生育后期,植株高大,茎秆粗壮,鞘叶长而抱秆紧密,茎基部节间短而厚重;成熟期,穗呈弧形,一、二次枝梗数特别多,粒多穗重,着粒密度适中,粒形偏团;各生育阶段的根冠比高。另外,对籼粳亚种间超级杂交稻的理想株形进行了讨论。     

籼粳杂交稻甬优2640氮素吸收利用特点

【目的】探明籼粳杂交稻甬优2640的氮素吸收利用特点。【方法】籼粳杂交稻甬优2640、常规粳稻连粳7号和常规籼稻扬稻6号种植于大田,设置6种施氮量处理(0、100、200、300、400、500 kg/hm ²)和 ¹⁵N示踪微区试验。【结果】在0~400 N kg/hm ²范围内,甬优2640的稻谷产量随施氮量的增加而提高;连粳7号和扬稻6号的产量则是先增加后降低,在施氮量300 kg/hm ²时产量最高;相同施氮量下,甬优2640的产量均高于连粳7号和扬稻6号。甬优2640产量较高,这得益于地上部较高的干物质量和库容量(总颖花量)。适量增施氮肥提高了籽粒中 ¹⁵N积累量,但其在籽粒中的分配比例却随施氮量的增加而降低。甬优2640穗中的 ¹⁵N分配比例高于连粳7号和扬稻6号。高施氮量降低水稻氮收获指数。增施氮肥明显提高3个水稻品种穗分化期、抽穗期和灌浆中期叶片的硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸合酶活性;相同施氮量下,甬优2640的各种酶活性显著高于连粳7号和扬稻6号。【结论】籼粳杂交稻甬优2640较常规水稻品种具有更强的氮素吸收与利用能力。     

甬优系列杂交稻组合开花期耐冷性评价

以籼粳杂交稻甬优系列及杂交籼稻钱优2号和常规粳稻浙粳88为材料,于主茎见穗开花日起,用人工气候箱低温(17℃)和适温(25℃)分别处理4d和7d,以室外自然温度为对照,研究不同籼粳成分水稻低温胁迫下籽粒的结实特性。结果表明,低温处理显著降低甬优系列的籽粒结实率和穗重,低温胁迫效应以处理7d较大。按照耐冷性指数来划分,甬优538、浙粳88、甬优10号、甬优6号和甬优15号为耐冷型,甬优8号、甬优12号、甬优9号和甬优17号为冷敏感型,其余为中间型。此外,甬优系列耐冷型与冷敏感型籼粳成分并无明显的差异。进一步分析表明,低温处理7d,相对冷敏指数与水稻结实率和空粒率极显著相关(r=-0.9552,0.9602)。     

中国杂交水稻与常规稻产量和稻谷品质的比较分析

以2001—2002年国家和省级农作物品种审定委员会审定的383个水稻品种为材料,对杂交水稻和常规稻在区域试验中的平均产量和主要稻谷品质性状进行了比较分析。结果表明：杂交籼稻平均产量为7.720 t/hm^2,比常规籼稻高11.72%,达极显著水平;杂交粳稻平均产量为8.991 t/hm^2,比常规粳稻高6.91%,达显著水平。籼、粳杂交稻整精米率和直链淀粉含量的优质达标率均高于常规稻,但垩白粒率和垩白度的优质达标率均明显低于常规稻,垩白粒率和垩白度是籼、粳杂交稻品质改良的重点,其中杂交籼稻还应加强胶稠度的改良;垩白度、整精米率和垩白粒率为籼、粳常规稻品质改良的重点,其中常规籼稻还应注重直链淀粉含量的改良。     

籼粳杂交稻机插与二段育秧手插栽培的产量与效益分析

以籼粳杂交稻甬优12和甬优1540以及常规晚粳稻宁81为材料,比较分析二段育秧手插栽培与机插栽培的生育期、产量形成和经济效益,探讨水稻与经济作物2季种植模式。结果表明:甬优12和甬优1540二段秧手插栽培比机插栽培从播种到齐穗生育期分别延长5和10 d,全生育期分别延长4和7 d;甬优12和甬优1540二段秧手插栽培比机插栽培高峰苗降低1/3,成穗率提高25.5~30.0个百分点,有效穗增加10%~15%,每穗总粒数减少3%~5%;甬优12和甬优1540二段秧手插栽培比机插栽培平均增产4.82%;籼粳杂交稻比常规晚粳稻增产20.79%~26.22%,主要原因是因为籼粳杂交稻大穗多粒;籼粳杂交稻二段育秧手插栽培比常规晚粳稻湿润育秧手插栽培每公顷增收6 250~7 000元。     

四川盆地不同类型水稻品种机插栽培的干物质生产及产量特性分析

【目的】阐明机插栽培对不同类型水稻的干物质生产及产量特性的影响,为四川盆地机插秧的推广、品种选育和高产栽培提供依据。【方法】于2012年在四川盆地以中籼中熟杂交稻、中籼迟熟杂交稻、粳稻三类共计10个品种为材料,研究不同类型水稻品种在机插栽培条件下的干物质生产及产量形成特性。【结果】1)三种不同类型品种的水稻移栽后干物质积累均很好地符合Logistic曲线。中籼中熟杂交稻、中籼迟熟杂交稻物质积累均较快,缓增期短,快增期长,物质积累有一定优势;粳稻物质积累速率小,渐增期、缓增期较长,快增期短,物质积累处于劣势。2)三种类型水稻品种相比,在成熟期中籼中熟杂交稻营养器官干物质所占比例最低,生殖器官干物质所占比例最高;中籼迟熟杂交稻成熟期叶片占比最高,而粳稻则是茎鞘比例高、穗比例低。3)中籼中熟杂交稻、中籼迟熟杂交稻的茎鞘、叶片物质输出率和物质转化率均为正值,但粳稻茎鞘物质输出率、转化率和叶片物质转化率均小于0,叶片物质输出率也仅为1.26%。4)中籼中熟杂交稻的产量、每穗实粒数、籽粒充实率、充实度最高,中籼迟熟杂交稻的结实率、千粒重最大,粳稻的有效穗数、成穗率最高,说明籼稻产量主要与穗部性状有关,而粳稻主要与田间有效穗数有关。【结论】在四川盆地的机插栽培条件下,杂交籼稻需提高其有效穗数、成穗率;粳稻需筛选大穗型品种,提高每穗粒数和籽粒充实度。     

不同类型水稻品种产量和氮素吸收利用对大气CO2浓度升高响应的差异

目的 探明不同类型水稻品种产量和氮素吸收利用对FACE(大气CO₂浓度增高)响应的差异。方法 以常规粳稻、杂交籼稻、常规籼稻共6个品种为供试材料,研究FACE对不同类型水稻产量、氮素吸收利用的影响。结果 1）FACE处理极显著提高了水稻产量,平均增加24.17%, 常规籼稻增幅最大,FACE和对照均以杂交籼稻最高;2）FACE处理显著增加了单位面积穗数,常规粳稻增幅最大,并显著增加了杂交籼稻和常规籼稻每穗粒数;3）FACE处理显著提高了成熟期吸氮量和氮素籽粒生产效率,成熟期吸氮量平均增加21.23%,杂交籼稻增幅最大, FACE和对照均以常规籼稻最高;氮素籽粒生产效率平均增加7.33%,杂交籼稻增幅最大,FACE和对照均以杂交籼稻最高。成熟期吸氮量对产量促进作用略大于成熟期氮素籽粒生产效率;4）FACE处理降低了植株含氮率,成熟期平均下降0.105个百分点,常规粳稻降幅最大。FACE处理极显著提高植株干物质量,成熟期平均增加23.95%,常规籼稻增幅最大;FACE处理显著提高常规籼稻和杂交籼稻成熟期单穗吸氮量,分别增加10.79%、13.93%,但常规粳稻下降了9.60%;FACE处理显著提高了成熟期群体吸氮强度,平均增加22.29%,杂交籼稻增幅最大。FACE处理对水稻全生育期天数无显著影响;FACE处理显著提高茎鞘、叶片、穗各器官吸氮量,叶片增幅最大,平均增加51.86%,杂交籼稻增幅最大;FACE处理显著提高了不同生育阶段吸氮量,抽穗-成熟阶段增幅最大,平均增加108.90%,杂交籼稻增幅最大;5）植株干物质量、单穗吸氮量、吸氮强度、穗吸氮量、抽穗-成熟阶段吸氮量对成熟期总吸氮量的促进作用分别大于植株含氮率、单位面积穗数、生育天数、茎鞘叶吸氮量、移栽-分蘖和分蘖-抽穗阶段吸氮量;6）FACE处理显著提高了氮肥偏生产力,降低了每百千克籽粒需氮量,前者平均增加24.16%,常规籼稻增加最多;后者平均降低4.7%,常规籼稻降幅最大。结论 FACE处理可显著提高水稻产量和氮素吸收利用效率,但品种间差异较大。     

甬优系列杂交水稻SSR标记指纹图谱和籼粳属性

用22个SSR分子标记对13份甬优系列杂交水稻组合及其亲本材料和6份籼粳对照种进行分析,共获得87个等位基因,每对引物扩增的等位基因数为2~8个。所有供试材料间均检测到了差异,从而建立起甬优1号~甬优6号杂交水稻组合及其亲本的DNA指纹图谱。聚类分析结果表明,9份供试材料与3份粳稻对照种聚于一类,属粳稻;4份供试材料与籼稻对照种IR36聚于一类,属籼稻。这与形态分类结果基本一致。从分子水平确认了杂交水稻甬优6号和甬优4号为籼粳亚种间杂交稻。     

Differences in Response of Grain Yield,Nitrogen Absorption and Utilization to Elevated CO2 Concentration in Different Rice Varieties

【Objective】Our aim is to investigate the differences in response of grain yield, nitrogen absorption and utilization to FACE (atmospheric CO2 concentration increase) of different rice varieties. 【Method】Six rice varieties, including conventional japonica rice, hybrid indica rice, and conventional indica rice, were used to study the effects of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) (atmospheric CO2 concentration increase) on the nitrogen absorption, utilization, and yield of different types of rice.【Result】 1) FACE treatment dramatically increased rice yield by 24.17% on average and the maximum increment was observed in conventional indica rice. Compared with other types of rice varieties, hybrid indica showed the highest grain yield under both FACE and control (CK) treatments. 2) Panicle number was significantly improved in FACE treatment with conventional japonica rice varieties having the maximum increment. Spikelet number per panicle was significantly improved in hybrid and conventional indica rice varieties in FACE treatment. 3) The nitrogen absorption (NA) and nitrogen use efficiency for grain yield (NUEg) were significantly higher in FACE treatment than those in CK treatment. The average increase of NA was 21.23% with the maximum increment in hybrid indica rice varieties. Compared with other rice varieties, conventional indica rice varieties had the highest NA both in FACE and CK treatments. The average increase of NUEg was 7.33% with hybrid indica rice varieties enjoying the maximum increment. The hybrid indica rice varieties had the highest NUEg in FACE treatment and in CK treatment, respectively. 4) Nitrogen content was decreased in FACE treatment with the average decrease of 0.105%, among which the maximum decrease was observed in conventional japonica rice. Dry matter weight was extremely and significantly increased in FACE treatment. The average increase of dry weight was 23.95% with the maximum increment in conventional indica rice varieties. NA of single panicle was significantly improved in FACE treatment with the average increase of 10.79% in conventional indica rice varieties and 13.93% in hybrid indica rice varieties, but NA of single panicle was decrease by 9.60% in conventional japonica rice. FACE treatment significantly increased rice NA intensity with an average increase of 22.29% and the maximum increment was observed in hybrid indica rice varieties. The growth duration was not influenced by FACE treatment in all rice varieties. NAs of stem, leaf and panicle were significantly higher in FACE treatment than in CK treatment with the highest increase of 51.86% in leaf. The largest increase of NA was observed in hybrid indica rice. NA in different rice growth stages was significantly improved with the maximum increment of 108.90% during heading-maturity. The maximum increment of NA from heading to maturity was observed in hybrid indica rice varieties.5) Effects of dry matter weight, NA per panicle, NA intensity, NA of panicle and NA from heading to maturity on NA at maturity were greater than those of nitrogen content, panicle number, growth duration, NAA of leaf, stem and sheath, NAA during transplanting-tillering and tillering-heading. 6) Partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer (PFPN) was significantly improved in FACE treatment with an average increase of 24.16% and the maximum increment in conventional indica rice. NAA per 100 kg grains was significantly reduced in FACE treatment with an average decrease of 4.7%. The maximum decrease of NAA per 100 kg grains was observed in conventional indica rice varieties.【Conclusion】The results indicated that FACE could markedly increased both grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in all rice varieties, but the increases varied with the variety types.     

早籼稻品种遗传改良进程中株型的演变特征

 以不同年代育成的28个代表性早籼稻品种为材料,在同一生态条件下种植,系统研究了叶型、茎型、穗型若干株型性状的演变特征。结果表明,早籼稻品种改良进程中,上部3片功能叶均变短、变厚、变直、变挺;各节间变短、变粗,节间密度变大,尤以基部节间和穗下节间最为显著,而单位鞘重变化不显著;每穗粒数、二次枝梗数、着粒密度均变大。据此认为,早籼稻叶型改良应在保持现有叶片曲率的前提下增加叶长;茎型改良应增加基部节间的粗度和穗下节间的长度;穗型改良应增加每穗粒数和枝梗数。     

生态环境对籼粳交后代株型特性和产量构成的影响

 以两个籼粳稻杂交F2群体（F2 A：晚轮422/沈农265;F2 B：泸恢99/沈农265）为试材,在四川和辽宁同年种植,研究生态环境对株型特性、产量构成及其相互关系的影响。结果表明,生态环境对株型特性和产量构成因素具有较为明显的影响。从四川到辽宁,株高和穗弯曲度显著提高,而穗长、剑叶长、剑叶宽及剑叶张角则表现出降低趋势。在辽宁,有效穗数、千粒重、结实率以及产量均显著高于四川,每穗粒数则显著低于四川。千粒重、结实率和产量表现为Cw（长剑叶、弯穗）> Cz（长剑叶、直穗） > Dw（短剑叶、弯穗） > Dz（短剑叶、直穗）,穗数和每穗粒数以Dz最低,Cz和Cw较高。剑叶长与产量构成因素间的相关性均未达到显著水平,而剑叶宽与每穗粒数均呈显著或极显著正相关,在辽宁,剑叶宽与结实率呈显著负相关。穗弯曲度只在四川分别与结实率及产量显著或极显著正相关,在辽宁则表现为与大多数产量构成因素相关不显著。     

水稻盆栽速效氮淋洗法及短期亏氮效果分析

【目的】 探索一种简易、有效的盆栽土壤速效氮淋洗方法,并分析水稻花前不同时期土壤氮亏缺对不同类型水稻主功能叶及植株花后氮积累的影响,以期为阐明水稻花后氮素积累、转运特征和大田生产减氮技术应用奠定研究基础。【方法】 比较了3种水稻盆栽土壤速效氮淋洗方法的减氮效果,同时探讨了水稻花前14 d和花前3 d短期亏氮对籼粳杂交稻甬优12号、籼型杂交稻中浙优1号上3叶SPAD值、氮浓度和花后植株含氮量的影响。【结果】 通过淋洗结构+沙土混合基质方法进行3次淋洗,即可将土壤中85.6%的硝态氮和67.1%的铵态氮洗脱;水稻花前处理后,土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量分别降低42.1%~59.3%和35.0%~43.9%,可实现预期的土壤减氮效果,短期内对土壤速效氮供应能力形成有效抑制。花前土壤氮亏缺导致甬优12上3叶SPAD值和氮浓度以及齐穗后10 d植株茎鞘、叶、穗和单株含氮量显著降低,且茎鞘、穗和单株含氮量在两淋洗处理间差异显著。花前14 d淋洗减氮导致中浙优1号上3叶SPAD值和氮浓度以及齐穗后10 d单株和穗部含氮量显著下降,花前3 d淋洗处理则对中浙优1号上3叶氮浓度和植株氮积累量几乎无影响。【结论】 水稻对花前14 d氮亏缺的敏感性显著高于花前3 d,植株不同叶位叶片的叶色和氮浓度对土壤氮亏缺敏感度由下而上增强,两时期土壤氮亏缺对籼粳杂交稻甬优12的影响均远大于籼型杂交稻中浙优1号,意味着籼型杂交稻中浙优1号花后对土壤速效氮需求明显降低,而籼粳杂交稻甬优12减数分裂期后对土壤速效氮存在更高需求。     

Phosphorus Accumulation Characteristics of Medium-maturity Yongyou japonica/indica Hybrid Rice After Transplanting and Its Modeling

【Objective】This study was conducted to quantitatively describe the dynamic changes of phosphorus accumulation of medium-maturity japonica/indica hybrids (MJIH) after transplanting based on simulation equations. 【Method】Yongyou 2640 and Yongyou 1640 were used as the test materials, and the japonica conventional rice (JC) cultivar Yangjing 4038 and Yangjing 4227, and indica hybrid rice (IH) Xinliangyou 6380 and Yangliangyou 6 were used as controls to study phosphorus accumulation characteristics after transplanting, and the differences in phosphorus uptake and utilization characteristics after transplanting among different rice types were compared. 【Result】Grain yield and total phosphorus accumulation at maturity of MJIH were both significantly higher than JC and IH. Compared with JC and IH, MJIH had higher grain phosphorus accumulation, while lower phosphorus grain productivity. MJIH showed lower phosphorus translocation from leaf after heading compared with JC and IH, and its phosphorus translocation from stem after heading fell in between. Gompertz equation was used to simulate phosphorus accumulation after transplanting of MJIH, while logistic equations for JC and IH. MJIH showed higher maximum nitrogen accumulation rate than JC and IH. The maximum phosphorus accumulation rate of MJIH was observed at 50－52 d after transplanting, 59－60 d after transplanting for JC, and 61－63 d for IH, respectively. Compared with JC and IH, MJIH had higher phosphorus accumulation at the middle and late stages, while lower phosphorus accumulation at the early stage. The higher phosphorus accumulation at the middle and late stages of MJIH was attributed to its longer duration and higher accumulation rate, relative to JC and IH. 【Conclusion】Our results indicated that compared with JC and IH, MJIH had superior grain yield and total phosphorus accumulation. The advantage in phosphorus accumulation of MIJH over JC and IH was seen at the middle and late stages, mainly owing to its longer duration and higher accumulation rate.     

两个籼粳交杂种F2几个重要性状的分布

比较了02428/培矮64和台中65/特青两个不同的籼粳交组合F2结实率、株高和几个程氏分类性状的分布。结果表明：（1）两个组合的株高呈现相似的正态分布,不受其F1结实率和株高的影响,说明F2株高不存在配子选择问题;在杂交亲和性较好的02428/培矮64中,F2的平均结实率与其F1的结实率几乎相等,而台中65/特青结实率则表现为由F1到F2增加的趋势,说明配子选择在亲和性较好的杂种中很少或不存在,而在亲和性相对较差的组合中存在。（2）在程氏分类性状的分布中,叶毛、抽穗时稃色和第１~２穗轴节长等存在大量的中间类型,表现明显的正态分布,稃毛和酚反应虽呈双峰分布,但仍然存在少量的中间类型,而谷粒长宽比则表现极端的偏斜分布,明显地偏向粳型。虽然各分类性状表现不同的分布类型,但程氏分类指数表现出正态分布,即偏籼偏粳的中间型占绝大多数。关键词     

孕穗期低温对水稻生长及产量形成的影响

以粳稻品种南粳9108和籼稻品种扬两优6号为材料,于孕穗期在人工气候室内分别进行不同低温(13℃、15℃和17℃)及持续时间(3 d、5 d、7 d、9 d)处理,研究不同低温强度与持续天数对水稻生长及产量形成的影响。结果表明,孕穗期低温处理降低了水稻株高、穗长与节间长度,成熟期干物质量显著减少,籽粒空壳率增加,结实率、每穗实粒数减少,籽粒充实度和千粒重降低,产量显著下降。不同类型品种间,籼稻品种扬两优6号耐低温能力弱于粳稻品种南粳9108。