莆大麦9号高产高效优化栽培技术研究

为了探讨莆大麦9号高产高效优化栽培技术,采用四因素二次通用旋转组合设计试验方法,研究了基本苗及氮、磷、钾施用量四项主要栽培措施对大麦产量及效益的影响。通过产量及效益数学模型的优化与解析,明确了影响大麦产量及效益的关键因子和实现高产高效优化栽培的综合农艺措施。结果表明,在4个因素中,对大麦产量的影响为:基本苗(K2O(P2O5(N;要获得300 kg/667 m2以上产量和800元/667 m2以上的经济效益,其最佳栽培措施组合是:保持基本苗11.610~12.390万/667 m2,施纯N:11.580~12.420 kg/667 m2,P2O5:4.722~5.278 kg/667 m2,K2O:11.580~12.420 kg/667 m2。为良种良法配套、丰产增收及农艺措施的合理运筹提供科学依据。     

大豆综合农艺栽培措施与产量关系模型及效应分析

通过对内蒙古自治区大豆主栽品种的密度、施磷量、施钾量、种肥氮量、追肥氮量5项农艺栽培技术措施的综合试验研究,系统地分析了5项农艺措施对产量影响的单因素和交互效应,阐明了5项农艺栽培措施的产量效益.实现大豆单产200kg/667m2以上产量的优化农艺栽培措施是株数2.53～2.75×104株/667m2;施磷量(P2O5)4.56～5.44kg/667m2;施钾量(K2O)5.77～6.74kg/667m2;种肥氮量2.73～3.18kg/667m2;追肥氮量2.49～2.91kg/667m2.     

甜菜膜下滴灌高产优质农艺栽培措施的研究

采用5因素5水平二次正交旋转组合设计试验方法,对膜下滴灌甜菜主要栽培措施密度与生物有机肥、N、P2O5、K2O以及对甜菜产量和产糖量间的量化关系进行研究。通过对建立产量和产糖量数学模型的优化与解析,明确了影响甜菜产量和产糖量的关键因子及实现膜下滴灌甜菜高产优质高效优化栽培的综合农艺措施。结果表明:5个因素影响甜菜产量大小顺序是:氮肥生物有机肥磷肥钾肥密度;5个因素对产糖量影响大小顺序是:生物有机肥氮肥密度磷肥钾肥,实现甜菜块根产量在4000~4500kg/667m2的最优农艺组合是:密度5000株/667m2,生物有机肥33.0kg/667m2,氮肥9.4kg/667m2,磷肥11.30kg/667m2,钾肥6.2kg/667m2;甜菜产糖量650kg/667m2的最优农艺组合是:密度5350株/667m2,生物有机肥36.0kg/667m2,氮肥9.5kg/667m2,磷肥11.5kg/667m2,钾肥6.3kg/667m2。     

寒旱生态区地膜马铃薯持续高产栽培数学模型

本试验采用二次通用旋转组合设计方法,研究了影响地膜马铃薯产量、效益及产量主要构成性状与氮磷钾用量、配比及地膜覆盖间的关系,获得了地膜马铃薯高产高效数学模型及最佳农艺措施组合方案,并在试验的基础上,进行生产示范印证,建立了地膜马铃薯产量效益与氮磷钾施用量数学模型,根据模型利用计算机模拟寻优,得到地膜马铃薯667m2产量高于3000kg,纯收益大于300元的农艺组合方案31组。该方案95％置信域为667m2施纯N8．4～11．4kg．P2O510．4～13．2kg,K2O5．2～6．4kg。措施中心值是：667m2施纯N10．1kg,P2O511．8kg．K2O5．8kg,N、P2O5、K2O的比值约为1：1．17：0．57。     

莆大麦7号高产高效优化栽培技术研究

采用五因素二次回归正交旋转组合设计试验方法，对大麦新品种莆大麦7号的主要栽培措施与产量及效益间的量化关系进行系统研究，通过时建立的产量度效益数学模型的优化与解析，以明确影响莆大麦7号产量及效益的关键因子和实现高产高效优化栽培的综合农艺措施。结果表明，在5个因素中，对莆大麦7号的影响为施氮总量〉基本苗〉K20〉P205〉施N比例;要获得300～350kg／666．7m^2的产量和385元／666．7m^2以上的经济效益，其最佳栽培措施组合是：保持基本苗14．92万～16．12万／666.7m^2，施纯N16．19～17．04kg／666．7m^2，其中基施纯N比例为58．1％～61．3％，P2O5 3．43～4．10kg／666．7m^2，K2O 6.67～7．75kg／666．7m^2．     

沙漠种稻高产栽培优化数学模型研究

为进一步探讨沙漠种稻高效技术体系,采用二次回归旋转组合设计,研究了丛距和氮、磷、钾肥等主要栽培因素与产量间的关系,建立产量与栽培因素间的数学模型。经模拟寻优,决策出平均产量达500 kg/667 m2以上的最佳实施方案为：丛距12.13～12.86 cm,氮肥（N）用量13.70～14.27 kg/667 m2,磷肥（P2O5）用量6.71～7.02 kg/667 m2,钾肥（K2O）用量12.92～13.83 kg/667 m2。各因素对产量影响大小顺序为：氮肥〉磷肥〉钾肥〉丛距。     

花生新品种莆花3号高产栽培优化方案研究

采用五元二次正交旋转组合试验设计,研究种植密度、施氮量、施磷量、施钾量和施钙量等5个栽培因素对春花生新品种莆花3号产量的影响.结果表明,五因子对花生产量影响的大小顺序依次为:种植密度＞CaO＞纯N＞K2O＞P2O5;莆花3号实现产量＞4500kg/hm2的最优农艺措施组合方案为:种植密度2.6271×105～2.7369×105株/hm2,施氮量149.46～153.21kg/hm2,施磷量87.48～91.05kg/hm2,施钾量177.66～181.32kg/hm2,施钙量56.04～57.87kg/hm2.     

佳辐占烟后作保优高效栽培技术

经过2003～2004年连续2a的试验对比和示范调查,佳辐占在海拔600m左右山区作烟后稻栽培可实现产量目标450～500kg/667m2,掌握秧龄20d左右为宜,播种期选择取决于前作烤烟的终采期,适宜的密植规格为(16.7～20)cm×20cm,每667m2 插足基本苗10～12万,提出了每667m2 施纯N10kg,N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.3∶0.8及基肥补施硫酸镁5kg等有利于实现优质高产的相关栽培技术措施.     

花生新品种莆花4号高产优化栽培模式研究

采用五因素二次正交旋转组合试验设计,研究种植密度、施氮量、施磷量、施钾量和施钙量等5个栽培因素对春花生新品种莆花4号产量的影响。结果表明,五因子对花生产量影响的大小顺序为:种植密度﹥纯N﹥K2O﹥CaO﹥P2O5;莆花4号实现产量≥4000kg/hm2的最优农艺措施组合方案为种植密度26.91~27.27万株/hm2、纯N量134.04~138.51kg/hm2、P2O5量89.07~93.72kg/hm2、K2O量178.59~183.27kg/hm2和CaO量58.84~61.15kg/hm2。     

旱作春小麦优化栽培农艺措施与产量关系模型的研究

为了给高产栽培提供试验依据,以不同旱作类型的春小麦高产(≥350kg/667m~2,呼盟;≥200kg/667m~2,赤峰)为目标,通过四因素最优组合设计试验,以对春小麦生育影响较大的基本苗数、施磷量、施钾量、施氮量四项主要农艺栽培措施为决策变量,以产量为目标函数,建立了内蒙古不同旱作区春小麦主要农艺栽培措施与产量关系的二次多项式回归数学模型,通过频数寻优,定量化提出了不同旱作地区春小麦实现高产的综合农艺栽培措施优化方案。即施磷量、施钾量、施氮量和基本苗在呼盟地区分别为4.02～4.70 kg P_2O_5/667m~2、3.26～4.39 kg K_2O/667m~2、3.66～4.80 kg N/667m~2和45.3×10~4～47.8×10~4株/667m~2;赤峰地区则分别为5.13～5.74 kg P_2O_5/667m~2、3.50～4.02 kg K_2O/667m~2、7.49～8.86 kg N/667m~2和3.06×10~4～32.2×10~4株/667m~2。     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

我国干热区甘蔗抗旱植蔗主要问题研讨

我国干热蔗区是我国甘蔗糖业的重要生产基地,蔗区光热资源丰富,唯降水分布不均成为植蔗生产的主要限制因子;根据蔗区植蔗特点和甘蔗需水规律,苗期抗旱是干热蔗区抗旱植蔗的关键,保证较多的总苗数和足够的生长量是苗期抗旱植蔗需解决的关键技术难题,制定相应的苗期抗旱植蔗栽培技术措施是解决该难题的重要保障;该观点为我国干热蔗区植蔗生产、甘蔗引育种提供理论和技术支持。     

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate in potato in two environments

Summary Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate were measured in a furrow-irrigated potato crop and in a riverbed crop where the water table was always maintained at 20–28 cm from the soil surface. In the irrigated crop, the photosynthetic rate during mid-afternoon was about half the peak rate observed at noon. This reduction was accompanied by a near tripling of stomatal resistance, a 45% reduction in transpiration, and a 5-fold increase in the difference between leaf and air temperatures. No such changes were observed in the riverbed crop where the photosynthetic rate remained nearly constant at about 0.9 mg m⁻² s⁻¹ between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Tuber yield in the riverbed crop was about 30% higher than in the irrigated crop.     

棉花体细胞无性系变异的研究进展

体细胞无性系变异是一种重要的细胞工程育种技术,其应用于棉花育种的前提是建立高效的组织培养诱导再生植株体系.本文简要综述了棉花离体诱导植株再生研究的现状,重点讨论了棉花体细胞无性系变异的表现、利用方法及机理,提出了当前研究存在的问题并对今后的研究进行了展望.     

2009年中国稻米市场分析及2010年展望

以翔实的资料对2009年中国稻米生产、消费、进出口、供求平衡、库存、价格走势、购销政策和国际稻米供求等情况进行了全面地分析,对影响2010年稻米市场价格走势的各种因素进行了深入研究,并在此基础上对2010年我国稻米市场价格走势进行了预测,结论是我国稻米价格仍呈上行趋势。     

Advances in Variable Rate Technology Application in Potato in The Netherlands

Precision agriculture is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter- and intra-field variability in crops. In this paper, we focus on responding to intra-field variability in potato crops and analyse variable rate applications (VRAs). We made an overview of potential VRAs in potato crop management in The Netherlands. We identified 13 potential VRAs in potato, ranging from soil tillage to planting to crop care to selective harvest. We ranked them on availability of ‘proof of concept’ and on-farm test results. For five VRAs, we found test results allowing to make a cost-benefit assessment. These five VRAs were as follows: planting, soil herbicide weed control, N side dress, late blight control and haulm killing. They use one of two types of spatial data: soil maps or biomass index maps. Data on costs and savings of the VRAs showed that the investments in VRAs will pay off under practical conditions in The Netherlands. Savings on pesticide use and N-fertilizer use with the VRAs were on average about 25%, which benefits the environment too. We foresee a slow but gradual adoption of VRAs in potato production. More VRAs will become available given ongoing R&D. The perspectives of VRAs in potatoes are discussed.     

我国高粱育种研究进展

对我国高粱育种的主要途径和研究方向进行了概述,针对目前高粱产量徘徊现象,提出了高粱超高产育种设想,并对其技术路线进行了探讨。