低温胁迫对玉米种子萌发及淀粉分解酶类活性的影响

采用玉米品种郑单958和先玉335为供试材料,研究适温(25℃)和低温(10℃、6℃)胁迫下玉米种子萌发特性及淀粉分解酶(α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶、总淀粉酶、淀粉磷酸化酶和淀粉去分支酶)活性的变化,探讨低温胁迫对玉米种子萌发及淀粉分解酶活性的影响。结果表明,大多数淀粉分解酶的活性在适温下随萌发天数先升后降,在低温胁迫下随萌发天数逐渐升高但未达到最适酶活。低温显著抑制玉米种子的发芽率,降低各淀粉分解酶活性,其中,6℃低温处理对两个品种的淀粉分解酶活性的影响最严重,尤其是对郑单958。在各类淀粉分解酶中,淀粉去分支酶活性下降幅度最大(先玉335和郑单958下降幅度最高可达75.5%和83.0%)。低温胁迫对玉米种子萌发和淀粉分解酶活性均有重要影响。     

京科968等系列玉米品种“易制种”性状选育与高产高效制种关键技术研究

分析京科968等系列玉米品种与易制种相关的农艺性状、典型制种高产田的产量及产量构成要素。结果表明,京科968等系列玉米品种具有良好的易制种特性,单位面积制种产量大幅高于先玉335,与郑单958相当或略高。按单位面积有效商品子粒数计,京科968玉米品种较郑单958和先玉335具有明显优势。先进的育种指导思想和技术路线是易制种京科968等系列玉米品种选育成功的关键,集成和优化制种关键技术措施是其实现高产高效制种和产业化推广应用的基础。     

先玉335、郑单958和京科968抗虫能力的比较研究

以先玉335、郑单958、京科968为材料,以玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)、黏虫(Mythimna separata)和禾谷缢管蚜(Rhopalosiphum padi)为供试昆虫,探究玉米品系大喇叭口期对玉米螟和黏虫及抽雄期对禾谷缢管蚜抗性差异,测定其主要抗虫化合物丁布类物质的含量。结果发现,京科968对玉米螟及禾谷缢管蚜抗性均高于另外两个品系;对黏虫的抗性,郑单958和京科968高于先玉335。大喇叭口期京科968中丁布类物质含量最高,抽雄期郑单958和京科968中主要丁布成分含量均高于先玉335,上述组织中丁布合成相关基因在郑单958及京科968中的表达量也均高于先玉335。本研究揭示杂交玉米抗虫性与抗性相关化合物含量及其相关基因表达间存在正向相关关系,为抗虫玉米分子育种提供理论参考。     

基于主成分分析的玉米萌发期抗旱性综合评定

试验在人工气候室内利用称重法精确控制75%和35%土壤相对含水量(RWC),通过分析播种后7 d不同玉米品种的发芽率、根系生长、干物质转化等对干旱胁迫的响应差异,对10个玉米品种进行萌发期抗旱性综合评定。结果表明,干旱胁迫降低了玉米的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、种子萌发抗旱指数、地上部与地下根物质积累和贮藏物质转运率,增大了根冠比。利用主成分分析与热图分析得出,玉米萌发期抗旱鉴定的四级指标分别为干物质积累量、发芽指数和种子萌发抗旱指数;根长、根冠比和根干重等;根体积和贮藏物质转运率;发芽势。将指标按照对抗旱性影响的差异分为4类,发芽率、发芽指数、种子萌发抗旱指数;根体积、贮藏物质转运率;根冠比;根长和芽长。依据综合值对10个玉米品种萌发期抗旱性评价,其抗旱性强弱依次为浚单29、蠡玉35、五谷704、吉祥1号、先玉335、博优989、郑单958、伟科702、农玉2号、登海605。     

4个玉米品种种子耐老化能力的模糊隶属函数法分析

以农大108、中农大4号、先玉335和郑单958玉米种子为试验材料,研究其人工老化后的生理特性和萌发特性,采用模糊数学隶属函数法综合评价其耐老化能力。结果表明,随着老化时间的延长,4个玉米品种的种子浸出液电导率和MDA(丙二醛)含量增加,脱氢酶活性、发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数降低。通过模糊隶属函数法综合评价分析,4个玉米品种的耐老化能力为郑单958>先玉335>中农大4号>农大108。     

低温冻害对玉米种子发芽特性的影响

以不同水分含量的玉米杂交种富农1号、郑单958和辽单565的成熟鲜果穗为试验材料,通过0℃、-5℃、-10℃、-15℃、-20℃和-25℃低温处理12 h,研究不同处理下不同品种的萌发特性。结果表明,当种子水分含量低于15%时,低温冻害对种子的萌发活力影响不明显;当水分含量处于15%～25%之间、温度低于-20℃时,发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数下降明显;当水分含量处于25%～30%之间、温度低于-15℃时,会明显影响发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数。同一水分下,温度低于-20℃时,郑单958和辽单565的发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数下降幅度最大,富农1号下降幅度远小于前两者;当温度降至-25℃时,3个品种的发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数都降到了最低值。     

人工老化玉米种子活力指标、生理指标与基因组DNA甲基化变异的研究

以玉米单交种郑单958和先玉335为试验材料,采用老化箱加速种子老化。随着种子老化时间的延长,郑单958和先玉335种子的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数逐渐降低,老化至8 d,种子活力指标降至极低的水平。过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活力逐渐降低,电导率、丙二醛含量逐渐升高。MSAP分子标记扩增出2 750条有效峰值,随老化时间的延长,郑单958的CG甲基化水平呈现出逐渐降低的趋势,先玉335的CG甲基化水平逐渐升高。基因组DNA的CHG与CHG+CG甲基化水平变化不规律,郑单958基因组DNA的CHG和CG+CHG甲基化均高于对照,先玉335基因组DNA的CHG甲基化均低于对照。郑单958和先玉335的DNA发生甲基化模式变异,郑单958 DNA的CG去甲基化模式变异高于超甲基化,先玉335DNA的CG去甲基化模式变异低于超甲基化。相关性分析表明,种子的活力指标、生理指标与基因组DNA的CG甲基化相关系数较高。     

抗低温助长剂对低温胁迫下玉米生长发育及生理生化变化的影响

试验以玉米品种郑单958为材料,研究了低温胁迫下A、B 两种抗低温助长剂不同浓度药剂对玉米种子发芽及其生理生化变化的影响。结果表明,低温逆境下各化控处理均提高了郑单958的种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和种子简易活力指数;A、B两种药剂处理比对照都明显提高了低温胁迫下玉米幼苗的苗高、干物重、叶面积以及叶绿素含量,起到了良好的壮苗作用。在低温胁迫后,各化控处理都显著提高了叶片SOD、POD的活性,减缓了MDA含量的增高。     

不同施氮水平下郑单958和先玉335产量特征比较研究

以玉米品种郑单958和先玉335为试验材料,对不同施氮水平下超高产玉米产量及产量构成因素的比较研究。结果表明,郑单958的百粒重高于先玉335,产量和穗粒数低于先玉335。郑单958和先玉335产量随施氮量的增加均呈单峰曲线变化,拟合系数达极显著水平(P<0.01);不同施氮水平下先玉335产量高于郑单958,差异均达显著水平(P<0.05)。     

夏玉米品种盐碱胁迫耐受能力评价

以郑单958为对照,在盆栽条件下,对土壤进行对照(非盐碱土)、轻度盐碱(0.188%)、中度盐碱(0.268%)3种处理,对12个黄淮海地区主推夏玉米品种分别进行萌发期和苗期的盐碱耐性评价。结果表明,品种间发芽率和发芽势对盐碱胁迫敏感程度存在显著差异,其中,承玉10在中度盐碱条件下发芽率和发芽势相对值分别比郑单958高21%和43%。与对照土壤相比,在轻度盐碱和中度盐碱胁迫条件下,鲁单818根表面积、根体积、总根长均有明显地增加,金海5号、登海605、德利农318则显著下降。在中度盐碱胁迫条件下,济丰96和郑单958叶片MDA含量和SOD活性均有所下降,鲁单818的POD活性和可溶性蛋白相对值均最高。根据轻、中度盐碱土壤下7个指标隶属函数值综合评价,鲁单818、承玉10为早期耐盐碱品种,济丰96、德利农318、浚单20为早期不耐盐碱品种,其他为早期中等耐盐碱品种。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

芦笋枯萎病病原鉴定

对造成福建省漳州市东山县的芦笋枯萎病病原菌进行分子鉴定,以期确定病原菌的属、种名,为防治该病害寻求理论依据。试验对分离纯化的病原菌核糖体DNA的ITS区进行测序,在Genbank中搜索其同源性并构建它们的系统发育树,结果表明：引起芦笋枯萎病的病原菌是镰刀属中的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),且病原菌之间的同源性高达89%,遗传差异不显著。     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin

Insect pest management is facing the economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to the human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanicals containing active insecticidal phytochemicals appear to be promising to address some of these problems. Therefore, there is a continuous need to explore new active molecules with different mechanisms of action. Secondary metabolites present in plants apparently function as defense (toxic), which inhibits reproduction and other processes. The phytochemical biomolecules could be used for maximizing the effectiveness and specificity in future insecticide design with specific or multiple target sites, while ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability. In this article, the current state of knowledge on phytochemical sources and insecticidal activity, their mechanism of action in insects, resistance, and promising advances made in phytochemical research are reviewed.     

中耕方式对土壤理化特性及玉米生长发育影响研究Ⅰ.中耕方式对玉米生长发育的影响

2002～2003年在0～3次中耕条件下研究了中耕方式对玉米生长发育和产量形成的影响。结果表明,多次中耕增大了玉米倒伏率,降低了玉米最大叶面积指数、株高及各时期叶片叶绿素含量,对花粒期玉米净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率也产生一定的负面影响。少中耕有增产的趋势,并且可以降低生产成本、增加经济效益。     

玉米产量性状配合力遗传分析

通过对8个中晚熟玉米自交系产量性状进行双列杂交分析，表明各个自交系产量性状的一般配合力与特殊配合力存在显著差异，玉米杂交种F₁的产量构成受到一般配合力与特殊配合力的共同作用，用特殊配合力对F₁的作用大于一般配合力。特殊配合力高低与一般配合力无明显相关关系。因此在玉米杂交种组配与自交系改良工作中，既要兼顾双亲的一般配合力与特殊配合力，又要保持杂交优势利用模式与选系模式的种质关系。     

论长白山人参主要品种类型栽种方式及其商品分类

本文论述了长白山人参主要品种类型的栽种方式、总结其规范化种植的工艺流程、对各人参品种类型栽种方式、技术要点、品种退化的主要原因及其解决措施作了详细的研讨。强调指出人参的各种栽种方式必须实施GAP标准化管理才是最好的栽种方式。重点报告了人参主产区,最新最好的栽种方式。并对人参商品分类及野山参分等质量标准中的野山参、移山参的定义提出修改意见,为提高我国人参产品质量在国际市场上的竞争能力,保持人参产业可持续发展提供科学依据。     

12份白花泡桐材料亲缘关系的ISSR分析

以‘福桐’、‘绿桐’2个无性系与10个不同种源的白花泡桐个体为研究对象，采用ISSR分子标记对12份白花泡桐材料的亲缘关系进行研究，并利用DPSv3.01进行聚类分析。结果表明：10条引物共扩增出66条条带，其中有37条多态带，多态性比例为56.1%。根据ISSR聚类分析结果，在遗传距离为0.35时，12份白花泡桐材料可分为5类，第1类为‘福桐’无性系与河南、河北种源个体；第2类为‘绿桐’无性系与湖南、湖北、江苏种源个体；第3类为浙江、广东种源个体；第4类为江西、福建种源个体；第5类为广西种源个体。此结果     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。     

Use of mechanics of cohesive granular media for analysis of hardness and vitreousness of wheat endosperm

The characterisation of the wheat endosperm by mechanical tests of compression highlighted a relation between the rupture energy and the elasticity modulus for different varieties of wheat; this relation allows us to distinguish mealy and vitreous endosperms. An approach based on the micromechanics of cohesive granular materials is used to analyse these experimental results. A geometrical model of the wheat endosperm made of grains linked by cohesive bonds is proposed. We introduced two parameters, the first one α represents the percentage of active bonds (bonds where the stiffness and strength are non-zero), and the second one β represents the threshold of the bond's rupture. The parameter β can be related to the cross-section of the bond. This model successfully describes the mechanical tests on the wheat endosperm. The comparison with the experimental tests makes it possible to clearly differentiate vitreous wheats and mealy wheats and then attribute this property to the parameter β. The model shows the same tendency as regards the evolution of the rupture energy and the elastic modulus with the parameter α. The modelling of endosperm by the mechanics of cohesive granular media provides a new theoretical framework to interpret the rheology of endosperm. This approach allows us to connect this rheology to the mechanical actions at the scale of the granules.