不同剂量的低能N+离子束照射对玉米种子当代幼苗期性状的影响

以豫玉32和豫玉33干种子为原始材料，用低能N⁺离子注入，观察并记载低能N⁺离子注入玉米干种子后对当代玉米幼苗期几个性状的影响。发现不同品种的玉米种子对相同剂量的N⁺离子注入的敏感程度不同；低能N⁺离子对种子的发芽率、幼苗的根长、株高都有很大的影响；从玉米防倒伏的角度考虑，发现1.0×10¹⁷ ion/cm²可能是对豫玉33和豫玉32进行诱变的最佳剂量，为下一步大规模地开展玉米低能N⁺离子诱变打下了基础。     

品种与种植密度对黄淮海地区粮饲通用型玉米生物产量和营养品质的影响

粮饲通用型玉米产量高品质优良，在生产上应用越来越广泛。为探讨其适宜种植密度，以4个粮饲通用型玉米品种登海605、登海圣丰168、青农118和天泰366为试验材料，研究4个种植密度(4.5×10⁴、6.75×10⁴、9×10⁴和11.25×10⁴株/hm²)对粮饲通用玉米产量和饲用品质的影响。结果表明，在一定范围内随着种植密度的增加，玉米的鲜草和干草产量呈增加的趋势。种植密度对中洗涤纤维影响不显著，对酸性洗涤纤维、粗蛋白、淀粉和粗脂肪的影响在不同品种间变化趋势不一致。综合生物产量和粗饲料分级指数，在黄淮海地区天泰366和登海605推荐种植密度分别为9×10⁴株/hm²和11.25×10⁴株/hm²，青农118和登海圣丰168推荐种植密度为9×10⁴～11.25×10⁴株/hm²。     

种植密度对小麦籽粒HMW GS含量及GMP粒度分布的影响

为给小麦优质栽培提供理论依据,以强筋小麦品种藁优8901和中筋小麦品种泰农18为材料,研究了高（HD,24×10⁵·hm^-2）、中（MD,18×10⁵·hm^-2）、低（LD,12×10⁵·hm^-2）3个种植密度对小麦籽粒高分子量谷蛋白亚基（HMW GS）含量和谷蛋白大聚合体（GMP）形成的影响。结果表明,在不同种植密度下,藁优8901的GMP含量表现为MD＞HD＞LD,而泰农18则表现为MD＞LD＞HD,均以MD的最高。不同密度条件下藁优8901籽粒的总HMW GS含量均高于泰农18,表明强筋小麦具有较强的谷蛋白积累能力。2个品种籽粒的单个HMW GS含量对不同种植密度的响应不同,但都以MD的最高,种植密度过高、过低均不利于小麦籽粒HMW GS含量的提高。GMP的粒度分析表明,MD处理提高了2个品种籽粒GMP大颗粒（粒径＞100 μm）体积百分比,说明中等种植密度有利于大粒径GMP颗粒的形成。     

种植密度对不同熟期玉米品种子粒含水率和产量的影响

2019～2020年以陕单 650(中熟)和东单 60(晚熟)为材料,设置 4个种植密度 6.0×10⁴、 7.5×10⁴、 9.0×10⁴和10.5×10⁴株/hm²,研究密度对玉米产量及子粒含水率的影响。结果表明,增密可以提高不同熟期玉米品种的产量,陕单 650在密度为 9.0×10⁴株/hm²时最优产量为 18 083.5 kg/hm²,东单 60在密度 7.5×10⁴株/hm²时最优产量为17 472.9 kg/hm²。两个品种粒重及子粒含水率随密度的增大而减小,陕单 650达到最大灌浆速率的天数、平均灌浆速率较东单 60均早 4 d和高 0.06 g/d;陕单 650和东单 60子粒平均脱水速率为 0.98%/d和 0.93%/d,陕单 650在生理成熟 4 d后子粒含水率迅速降至 25%。当密度为 9.0×104株/hm²时,陕单 650的叶片干物质转运率明显高于东单 60。通过适度增密提高产量、缩短生育期降低子粒水分的技术途径,协同实现陕西春玉米密植高产机械子粒收获生产。     

北疆超晚播小麦品种生育特性及产量比较

为探明北疆超晚播条件下，冬、春性小麦品种间生育特性及产量的差异，采用田间试验（10月31日播种，冬前不灌水），比较了6个冬性和5个春性小麦品种的生育特性及产量。结果表明，春性品种出苗率明显高于冬性品种，春性品种平均生育期（91.8 d）比冬性品种(95.0 d)短约3.0 d；春性品种总茎数平均峰值（869.3×10⁴·hm^-2）明显高于冬性品种（772.4×10⁴·hm^-2）；叶面积指数和干物质积累量的平均值在春、冬性品种间差异不明显；新冬41、新春6号、新春43号的产量较高，为7 581.6~7 935.6 kg·hm^-2，获得高产的穗数为431.7×10⁴~515.8× 10⁴·hm^-2，穗粒数 31.6~36.3，千粒重46.8~52.8 g。综合考虑产量、出苗率、成熟期等因素，初步认为新春6号、新冬41号、新春43号适合在北疆超晚播。     

玉米田间整齐度、单株生产力和群体产量的相关分析

通过8112×关17-1、晋单27两个玉米品种六种密度试验的各生育期株高及成株期穗部性状调查,用量化指标对玉米田间整齐度、单株生产力和群体产量之间的关系进行了分析。结果表明:玉米田间整齐度在玉米生育进程中有逐渐提高的趋势;株高整齐度与单株生产力呈极显著正相关,8112×关17-1的相关系数r为0.9274,晋单27的相关系数r为0.9214,二者均随密度的提高而降低;群体产量首先服从于密度的压力,不同的品种,其密度极限值不同,8112×关17-1的适宜密度为6.75万株hm²,晋单27的适宜密度为6万株hm²;在相同密度条件下,整齐度与群体产量呈极显著正相关,相关系数r=0.9665^**。     

密度对四川丘陵旱地带状种植小麦群体质量、产量及边际效应的影响

为了解四川丘陵旱地“双三零小麦/玉米”带状种植条件下小麦群体发展与产量构成的变化规律,以当地主推品种川麦42为材料,探讨了60×10⁴、120×10⁴、180×10⁴、240×10⁴和300×10⁴·hm^-2种植密度对带状种植小麦不同行间个体、群体发展的影响及其边际效应。结果表明,套作小麦的边行优势主要发生在生育后期;小麦苗期单株分蘖力及拔节期单茎干物质积累量在不同行间差异不显著;孕穗以后,边行优势明显;各种植密度下均以边行小麦的成穗率、单株成穗数、单茎干物质积累量最高,其有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量也较高,边行产量对群体产量的贡献最大;边行较内行增产的主要原因为有效穗数增加,其次是穗粒数增加,千粒重在行间差异不显著。180×10⁴·hm^-2密度下边行有效穗数基本达到饱和,穗粒数较大,边行和次边行的产量最高,为四川丘陵旱地”双三零”带状种植小麦最适宜种植密度。     

玉米瘤黑粉病抗性鉴定技术研究

比较了不同接种方法、接种时期、接种量及接种液预处理方法对大田玉米瘤黑粉病发病率的影响,结果表明:大田玉米瘤黑粉病的最佳接种时期为6叶1心期,最佳接种方法为孢子液注射法和菌沙法,注射法最适宜接种孢子浓度为7～8×103个/mL,孢子液预处理能明显提高接种效果。     

株行距配置对宽幅播种小麦产量形成的影响

为探明不同株行距配置对宽幅播种高产栽培下冬小麦产量形成调控的生理基础,选用高产冬小麦品种泰山28为材料,采用裂区设计,主区为种植密度（150×10⁴、225×10⁴和300×10⁴株·hm^-2）,副区为播种行距（25、20和15 cm）,研究了不同株行距配置下小麦干物质积累、转运及产量的影响。结果表明,在150×10⁴株·hm^-2种植密度下,小麦干物质积累量均处于较低水平,产量亦较低;在种植密度225×10⁴株·hm^-2配置20或25 cm行距和种植密度300×10⁴株·hm^-2配置25 cm行距时,小麦干物质积累量和产量均达到较高水平。在种植密度225万株·hm^-2和行距20 cm处理下,小麦开花前营养器官贮藏的同化物向籽粒的转运量、开花后光合产物在籽粒中的积累量及其对籽粒产量的贡献率均显著高于其他处理。泰山28在种植密度225×10⁴株·hm^-2配置20或25 cm行距和种植密度300×10⁴株·hm^-2配置25 cm行距下均可实现三者的协调,获得较高的产量。因此,合理的种植密度和行距配置是实现宽幅播种高产栽培小麦高产的重要技术途径。     

玉米自交系授粉后外源DNA的导入转化及性状变异的研究初报

本实验对外源DNA导入技术中花粉管通道技术在玉米自交系中的导入、转化及性状变异做了进一步的探讨。提取大豆DNA，在玉米自交系自交授粉后22小时、24小时、26小时导入，变异率在1.9×10^-3～6.05×10^-2，变异顺序为24小时＞22小时＞26小时，从变异性状上看，24小时的变异性状多表现为供体的早熟性状，且变异范围广。     

A glasshouse test for assessing resistance to early blight (Alternaria solani)

Summary Fourteen genotypes of potato were assessed for resistance toAlternaria solani Sor., both in the glasshouse at the Scottish Crop Research Institute in Scotland and in the field in the Negev, Israel. Glasshouse assessments agreed well with field results, identifying the most resistant and susceptible genotypes. The effects on the glasshouse test of plant age, inoculum concentration, and length of time plants were kept damp after inoculation, were examined. The best agreement with field results was shown by plants inoculated at flowering, and the best discrimination between genotypes was achieved by keeping the foliage damp for 24 h after inoculating with a spore suspension containing 2.5×10³ spores/ml.     

Induction of systemic resistance in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants to late blight by local treatment withPhytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary,Phytophthora cryptogea Pethyb. & laff. or dipotassium phosphate

Summary Induced systemic resistance to late blight was found in the potato cultivar Bintje which has no major or minor resistance genes to late blight. The prerequisite was a local inoculation with 5×10³ zoospores/mo, ofPhytophthora infestans race 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, a local inoculation with 2×10³ zoospores/ml ofPhytophthora cryptogea isolated from wheat or local treatment with 50–100 mM solution of K₂HPO₄. Potato plants used in the experiments were propagated in vitro from nodal cuttings. Protection caused by the different inductions was 30 to 70% (assessed as a reduced number of lesions/plant and reduced necrotic tissue/leaf or plant) and tended to positively influence yield and dry matter of the haulm. The induced protection in the potato plant was better in young developing leaves than in fully expanded leaves.     

Effect of the Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lentilactobacillus buchneri on corn and sorghum silage quality and sheep energy partition under tropical conditions

This study aimed to evaluate the silage quality, ingestive behaviour, and sheep energy partition fed corn and sorghum silages, with or without inoculation with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lentilactobacillus buchneri. Whole plants of one dent corn hybrid (DCS), one flint corn hybrid (FCS), and one forage sorghum hybrid (SS) were ensiled with or without an inoculant containing L. plantarum and L. buchneri (4 × 10⁵ CFU g⁻¹), totalling six treatments (3 × 2 factorial scheme). The treatments were ensiled in metal drums with 200 L capacity. The lactic acid concentrations in the inoculated FCS and DCS were higher by 13.4% and 12.8%, respectively, than those in the non-inoculated plants. In contrast, the lactic acid concentration in the inoculated SS was 23.1% lower than that in the non-inoculated SS. Furthermore, there were differences in pH and acetic acid concentrations only in SS, which were 2.3% and 45.2% higher, respectively, in inoculated silage than in non-inoculated silage. In inoculated DCS and SS, propionic acid concentrations were 1.7 times higher (for both silages), and 1-propanol was 3.7 and 1.8 times higher compared than those in non-inoculated silages. There was a main effect of the inoculant on 1,2-propanediol concentrations, which were 37.5% higher in inoculated silages than in non-inoculated silages. However, ingestive behaviour, heat and methane production, and silage net energy concentrations were not affected by inoculant use. Fermentative modifications caused by inoculation with L. plantarum and L. buchneri in whole plant corn or sorghum silage did not modify sheep energy partition.     

室内人工接种玉米丝黑穗病抗性分级标准的建立

以40份已知抗性级别的玉米自交系为试材,采用优化的苗期室内接种技术接种丝黑穗病菌并检测,将侵染率与历年田间平均发病率进行回归分析,进而确定该评价方法的抗性分级标准,最终组装形成完整的评价技术体系。结果表明,苗期室内接种病菌后40份玉米自交系的侵染率与历年平均田间接种发病率之间存在极显著正相关,相关系数r=0.857 0,回归方程为y=0.000 4x~3-0.066 7x~2+3.813 7x+17.494。抗性分级标准:侵染率0~20.0%为高抗,20.1%~40.0%为抗病,40.1%~50.0%为中抗,50.1%~90.0%为感病,90.1%~100%为高感。     

Effect of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on the fermentation,aerobic stability and nutritive value of maize silage

The effect of adding Lactobacillus buchneri 40788, a heterofermentative lactobacilli, to whole‐plant maize and its effect on fermentation and aerobic stability of the resulting silage were evaluated. Whole‐plant maize (380 g DM kg^–1 fresh weight) was ensiled in laboratory silos after the following treatments: untreated, L. buchneri 40788 at 1 × 10⁵, 2·5 × 10⁵, 5 × 10⁵, and 1 × 10⁶ colony forming units g^–1 of fresh forage or, a commercial inoculant containing homolactic acid bacteria, a single species of propionibacteria and enzymes. Addition of L. buchneri 40788 resulted in a decrease in lactic acid concentration but increased the concentration of acetic acid in silage and markedly decreased the numbers of yeasts present in the silage. All levels of L. buchneri 40788, increased the aerobic stability of silages but the effect was greatest for the two highest levels of inoculation. Treatment with the commercial inoculant had no effect on the fermentation or aerobic stability of silage. On‐farm treatment of maize silage with L. buchneri 40788, stored in a bag silo, resulted in changes in fermentation that were similar to those observed in laboratory silos. Treatment decreased the numbers of yeast in silage and increased aerobic stability (+25 h) of the silage when exposed to air. Treatment had no effect on the dry‐matter intake of silage fed to sheep. These results showed that treating silage with L. buchneri 40788 can increase the aerobic stability of maize silage in laboratory and farm silos.     

The effect of water stress in regulated deficit irrigation on soybean yield (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of water stress in regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) on the yield of soybean growing on Ultisol soil. This research was conducted under plastic house on the experimental farm of Lampung Polytechnique from August to November 2004. The water stress treatments in regulated deficit irrigation were ET₁ (1.0 × ET_c), ET₂ (0.8 × ET_c), ET₃ (0.6 × ET_c), ET₄ (0.4 × ET_c) and ET₅ (0.2 × ET_c), arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. ET_c means crop evapotranspiration under standard condition, which was well watered. For example, the ET₂ (0.8 × ET_c) treatment means that the amount of supplied water per a day is the same as the crop adjustment evapotranspiration (ET_cadj) with the value 0.8 of water stress coefficient (K _s). The RDI treatments were carried out just at vegetative phase and its treatments were stopped at the beginning of flowering phase, and afterwards the treatments were watered at 1.0 × ET_c. The results showed that since week II, the soybean experienced stress throughout the growth period except ET₂ treatment. ET₂ treatment started to be stressed at week V and continued to be stressed until the harvest time. At the ET₃ treatment, the critical water content (θ_c) of soybean was reached at week II, and the θ_c was 0.24 m³/m³ on the average. The RDI at vegetative period significantly affected the yield. The highest yield was ET₁ (35.2 g/plant), followed by ET₂ (31.0 g/plant), ET₃ (18.1 g/plant), ET₄ (7.6 g/plant), and ET₅ (3.3 g/plant). The optimal water management of soybean with the highest yield efficiency was regulated deficit irrigation with water stress coefficient (K _s) of 0.80 for vegetative phase.     

淮北地区小麦超高产群体生长特性分析

为了解安徽省淮北地区超高产小麦群体生长指标与产量之间的关系,于2011-2014年度,以当地种植面积较大、具有超高产潜力的小麦品种济麦22和皖麦52为试验材料,研究了播期和播种密度对小麦群体生长指标和产量的影响。结果发现,年度间比较,2013-2014年度的小麦产量较高;播期为10月3日时,两个小麦品种的产量随密度的增加呈先增加后降低趋势,均以密度为210×104株·hm-2处理产量最高;播期为10月15日时,两个小麦品种的产量随密度增加而增加,均以密度为330×104株·hm-2处理产量最高。早播(10月3日)处理的小麦,叶面积持续时间较长;播期相同时,小麦的叶面积持续时间随密度增加而增加,叶面积指数随密度增加而减少,净同化率随密度增加而增加。小麦群体生长率的增加,主要来源于叶面积指数的增加。相关性分析表明,小麦籽粒产量与其叶面积持续时间和群体生长率的相关性极显著,与净同化率呈显著负相关。本试验条件下,两个小麦品种均以10月3日播种、密度为210×104株·hm-2处理的产量最高。     

肥密互作对旱地冬小麦品种普冰151旗叶光合特性、产量及品质的影响

为给旱地冬小麦优质高产栽培提供参考,选用旱地冬小麦品种普冰151为试材,采用裂区试验设计,主区为施肥量,设229、459和688kg·hm~(-2)3个水平,副区为种植密度,设180×10~4、240×10~4、300×10~4和360×10~4株·hm~(-2) 4个水平,研究了施肥量和种植密度对普冰151旗叶光合特性、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,施肥量和种植密度均显著影响普冰151的旗叶光合特性,旗叶净光合速率(Pn)和SPAD值在施肥量为459kg·hm~(-2)和种植密度为240×104株·hm~(-2)时达到最高值。随施肥量增加,普冰151产量先升后降,在施肥量为459kg·hm~(-2)时最高;当种植密度为300×104株·hm~(-2)时产量最高。增加施肥量可显著提高普冰151的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和沉降值,稳定时间在施肥量为459kg·hm~(-2)时达到最大值;蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和稳定时间随种植密度的增加先升后降,沉降值随种植密度增加而增加。在本试验条件下,实现普冰151高产和优质的适宜施肥量为459kg·hm~(-2),种植密度为300×104株·hm~(-2)。     

立体匀播和密度对冬小麦光合、干物质积累分配及产量的影响

为给小麦立体匀播栽培推广提供理论依据,选用小麦品种新冬22号和新冬46号为供试材料,采用裂区设计,主区种植方式设立体匀播和常规条播2个处理,副区种植密度设150万株·hm~(-2)(D_(150))、225万株·hm~(-2)(D_(225))、300万株·hm~(-2)(D_(300))和375万株·hm~(-2)(D_(375))4个处理,研究了种植方式和密度对冬小麦光合、干物质积累与分配、产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明,与常规条播比较,立体匀播方式下小麦群体生育后期中、下部叶的LAI、SPAD值和净光合速率显著提高;植株重、干物质转运量、干物质转运效率和干物质转运对籽粒产量贡献率增大,而植株成熟期营养器官干物质分配率降低;随着种植密度增大,茎鞘干物质分配率上升,叶片干物质分配率减小,而颖壳及穗轴、籽粒干物质分配率则无显著变化。与常规条播相比,立体匀播方式下新冬22号和新冬46号主茎穗粒重平均降低7.95%和4.43%,而分蘖穗粒重平均提高11.54%和5.06%,穗数显著提高(17.31%和17.68%),产量提高6.40%和9.84%,以D_(225)处理产量最高;穗粒数分别降低2.23%和1.71%,千粒重分别降低4.38%和4.54%。由此可知,立体匀播方式提高了小麦群体生育后期中、下部叶片叶面积指数和净光合速率,增大了植株干物质积累量,促进了营养器官干物质向分蘖穗籽粒中转运,并主要通过增加群体穗数和分蘖穗穗粒重提高产量;最佳的种植密度为225万株·hm~(-2)。     

Crop response to biochar under differing irrigation levels in the southeastern USA

Application of biochar to soils is hypothesized to increase crop yield. Crop productivity impacts of biochar application in southeastern cropping systems consisting of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), corn (Zea mays L.), and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) produced under varying rates of irrigation have not been addressed. This research incorporated biochar at two different rates into a long-term irrigation and cropping systems study to compare yield and quality response of peanut, corn, and cotton. Biochar was incorporated into soil once at the beginning of the 4-year project at rates of 22.4 and 44.8 Mg ha^?1. Peanut, corn, and cotton were produced under three sprinkler irrigation levels (100%, 66%, and 33%), shallow surface drip irrigation (100%), and a nonirrigated control. Crop input management followed best management practices. Sprinkler irrigation was scheduled by Irrigator Pro for Peanuts, Corn, and Cotton at the 100% level and the 66% and 33% levels were applied at the same time as the 100% level. Significant year, irrigation, and year × irrigation effects for corn, cotton, and peanut yield resulted (p < 0.001). No differences resulted for biochar in corn (p = 0.930) or cotton (p = 0.678). Peanut yield showed a significant response to biochar comparing the 44.8 Mg ha^?1 rate to the untreated control in nonirrigated production at the p = 0.05 level and in the 33% irrigated treatment at the p = 0.10 level. No negative effects resulted from biochar opening opportunities for biochar application in southeastern U.S. cropping systems for purposes related to carbon sequestration without compromising productivity of producers and related agricultural sectors.