不同剂量的低能N+离子束照射对玉米种子当代幼苗期性状的影响

以豫玉32和豫玉33干种子为原始材料,用低能N 离子注入,观察并记载低能N 离子注入玉米干种子后对当代玉米幼苗期几个性状的影响。发现不同品种的玉米种子对相同剂量的N 离子注入的敏感程度不同;低能N 离子对种子的发芽率、幼苗的根长、株高都有很大的影响;从玉米防倒伏的角度考虑,发现1.0×1017 ion/cm2可能是对豫玉33和豫玉32进行诱变的最佳剂量,为下一步大规模地开展玉米低能N 离子诱变打下了基础。     

高等植物K+吸收机制研究进展

从高亲和性和低亲和性K⁺吸收两个方面较详细介绍了K⁺营养的吸收机制。高亲和性K⁺吸收机制包括H⁺-K⁺交换ATPase、K⁺-ATPase、H⁺-K⁺ symporter和Na⁺-K⁺ symporter;低亲和性K⁺吸收机制也被称为“协助扩散”,研究表明是通过K⁺通道进行的,但K⁺通道的确切结构尚无定论。综述了植物K⁺吸收的调节,并对相关问题进行了展望。     

碧晶N+氮肥增效剂在北疆滴灌棉田的应用效果

 研究碧晶N⁺氮肥增效剂在北疆棉花滴灌条件下对土壤氮素转化及棉花产量的影响。大田试验表明,施用碧晶N⁺氮肥增效剂硝化抑制效果显著,改善土壤NH₄⁺ / NO₃^-比例;土壤表观硝化率较对照降低2.2~15.4百分点;氮肥利用率提高了6.3百分点;每公顷增产子棉241.5 kg,净增效益1332元。     

添加金属离子对玉米发芽过程中酶活力影响的研究

在玉米发芽过程中通过浸泡方式添加K⁺、Cu²⁺、Mg²⁺、Zn²⁺、Ca²⁺来提高玉米植酸酶、淀粉酶和蛋白酶的活力,使以玉米为主要原料的饲料不需再外加植酸酶等酶制剂,降低饲料生产成本。实验发现,Ca²⁺对植酸酶的影响最为明显,最大酶活力达到5.857 U/g(干玉米),为对照的2.5倍;对淀粉酶和蛋白酶也有影响,α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶和蛋白酶的最大酶活力分别为对照的4.4、1.5、2.6倍。     

盐碱混合胁迫对小麦幼苗阳离子吸收和分配的影响

为探讨盐碱胁迫下小麦阳离子吸收和分配特点,采用两种中性盐（NaCl和Na₂SO₄）和两种碱性盐（NaHCO₃和Na₂CO₃）混合模拟不同浓度盐碱胁迫条件,对龙麦26和克旱16两种不同基因型春小麦幼苗进行14 d胁迫处理,测定和分析了叶片和根系中Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺含量的变化。结果表明,盐碱混合胁迫增加了小麦幼苗Na⁺含量,且随着盐浓度的增加和碱性盐比例的提高,Na⁺含量逐渐增加;龙麦26幼苗K⁺的吸收规律与Na⁺相同,而克旱16幼苗K⁺含量变化与之相反;盐碱混合胁迫通过降低植株的K/Na限制了Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺的吸收量,且阻碍了Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺由根向地上部的运转,致使叶片中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺含量降低。盐碱混合胁迫下,小麦对Na⁺、K⁺等一价阳离子与Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺等二价阳离子的吸收上表现为拮抗作用。     

重金属Pb2+、Cd2+胁迫对青稞幼苗抗氧化能力的影响

为了解重金属对青稞幼苗的伤害机理以及青稞对重金属胁迫的抗性作用,以青稞幼苗为实验材料,采用水培方法研究了50 mg·L^-1 Pb²⁺、Cd²⁺胁迫对青稞幼苗叶片相对含水量（RWC）、丙二醛（MDA）和脯氨酸含量、抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,50 mg·L^-1 Pb²⁺ 胁迫下青稞幼苗的叶片相对含水量（RWC）变化不大,丙二醛（MDA）和脯氨酸含量、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性在胁迫后期有所升高,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性在前期升高比较明显,其后缓慢下降。50 mg·L^-1 Cd²⁺胁迫下青稞幼苗叶片RWC明显减少,MDA含量显著增加,脯氨酸含量先急剧升高后下降,POD、CAT活性随着胁迫时间的增加而显著增强,其中CAT活性在胁迫末期稍有下降,SOD活性先明显升高后下降。综合来看,青稞幼苗在受到相同浓度Pb²⁺、Cd²⁺胁迫时,对Pb²⁺的抵抗能力大于Cd²⁺。     

钙对NaCl胁迫下玉米幼苗根系活力和有机渗透调节物质含量的影响

利用水培法研究了钙对盐胁迫下玉米幼苗的根系活力和有机渗透调节物质含量的影响。结果表明,缺钙处理会显著降低玉米幼苗的根系活力,增加Ca²⁺含量根系活力显著增加,而在较适宜的Ca²⁺浓度下根系活力有所下降。缺钙处理叶片中的可溶性糖、脯氨酸和游离氨基酸含量显著增加。随着Ca2+浓度增加,叶片中可溶性糖、脯氨酸和游离氨基酸含量逐渐减少;根系中可溶性糖、脯氨酸和游离氨基酸含量逐渐增加,根系中脯氨酸在Ca²⁺含量为6 mmol/L时略有降低。增加Ca²⁺浓度叶片中可溶性蛋白含量呈现出先升高后降低趋势,根系中变化无明显规律。表明适合浓度的Ca²⁺能提高玉米耐盐性,原因是钙参与了盐胁迫下渗透调节物质在植物中的运输和分配。     

纳米ZnO-Ag复合材料对小麦根腐病菌侵染下小麦幼苗生长的影响

为探讨纳米杀菌剂对小麦根腐病害的防控效果，以小麦京东8号为供试材料，通过盆栽试验，探究土壤接种麦根腐平脐孺孢（Bipolaris sorokiniana）情况下，自制纳米ZnO-Ag复合材料对B.sorokiniana的抑菌效果和小麦幼苗生长的影响。结果表明，纳米ZnO-Ag复合材料能显著抑制小麦根腐菌菌丝的生长，抑制作用随ZnO-Ag浓度的增加而增强；200 μg·mL^-1ZnO-Ag对病菌菌丝的抑制率高达91.17%，有效中浓度（EC₅₀）为34.15 μg·mL^-1；在土壤接菌情况下，经大于12.5 μg·g^-1ZnO-Ag复合材料处理，小麦种子的发芽势和发芽率、幼苗的根长、株高、地上部鲜重和干重、地下部鲜重和干重均显著高于对照组（未加纳米材料），小麦幼苗发病率显著低于对照组；浓度大于12.5 μg·g^-1ZnO-Ag处理组的小麦幼苗根长/株高和根冠比显著低于对照组。由此可得，纳米ZnO-Ag复合材料能够有效抑制土壤中小麦根腐病菌的生长，促进小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长，降低幼苗发病率。此结果为ZnO-Ag防控小麦根腐害提供了理论依据。     

玉米田常用除草剂对苘麻室内除草活性研究

采用盆栽法研究异噁唑草酮、莠去津、硝磺草酮、苯唑草酮等常用除草剂单用及混剂对苘麻的除草活性及对玉米的安全性。结果表明，异噁唑草酮 75.98 g/hm²+莠去津 900.00 g/hm²混用进行土壤封闭处理对苘麻的抑制率最高，药后 14 d的鲜重抑制率为 91.61%，显著高于两种药剂单一使用的除草活性；苯唑草酮 20.20 g/hm²+莠去津 900.00 g/hm²混用进行茎叶处理对苘麻的抑制率最高，药后 14 d的鲜重抑制率为 91.20%，显著高于两种药剂单一使用的除草活性，所有处理对玉米生长无影响。除草剂混用对苘麻的除草活性均高于单一除草剂，且达到除草剂使用减量增效的作用。因此，玉米 3～4叶期喷施异噁唑草酮 75.98 g/hm²+莠去津 900.00 g/hm²或苯唑草酮 20.20 g/hm²+莠去津 900.00 g/hm²组合在生产上能有效防除苘麻。     

有机无机肥料配合施用对玉米生长发育及产量的影响

通过有机、无机肥料配合施用,研究不同生育期玉米形态生理生化指标,分析其对玉米生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明,增施有机肥的条件下,化肥用量的增加对玉米生长发育有促进作用,M15+F3（有机肥鸡粪15 m³/hm²+N 200 kg/hm²、P₂O₅ 100 kg/hm²）处理茎秆强度较对照高40.8%,达到显著水平;叶面积最大,净光合速率最高,干物重积累较快;M15+F3处理获得最高产量,较对照提高11.19%。各处理间的叶绿素含量差异不显著,随生育进程推移呈先增加后降低的趋势变化。     

Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Effects of Polyphenols in Brown Alga <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ecklonia stolonifera</Emphasis> in Genetically Diabetic KK-A<Superscript>y</Superscript> Mice

The dietary intake and control of blood glucose levels are very important in hyperglycemic patients and α-glucosidase inhibitors are a cost-effective means to preventing the progression of diabetes. In search of a natural inhibitor from food materials, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and the anti-hyperglycemic effects of a brown alga, Ecklonia stolonifera, were investigated using non-insulin dependent diabetic mice. Methanolic extract of E. stolonifera (MEE), which contains a high content of polyphenols, showed strong inhibition of α-glucosidase in vitro. Male KK-A^y mice, a genetically non-insulin dependent diabetic model, showed hyperglycemia with aging, but the ingestion of MEE suppressed the increase in plasma glucose and lipid peroxidation levels in unfasted KK-A^y mice dose dependently. In KK-A^y mice, which were fed the MEE diet for 4 weeks, MEE moderated the elevation of plasma glucose levels after the oral administration of maltose. The polyphenols in MEE were estimated to be phlorotannins by HPLC-PDA and LC/MS analyses. These results demonstrate that E. stolonifera, seaweed typically used as a health food, has strong antidiabetic and antioxidant effects in vivo, thus, it may have beneficial properties in the prevention of diabetes and could be useful in the development of an antidiabetic pharmaceutical and functional food.     

玉米成熟胚离体培养体系的建立

以玉米品种豫玉32和安玉12的成熟胚为外植体,利用正交实验研究蔗糖、2,4-D、AgNO3这3个因素及组合对玉米成熟胚胚性愈伤组织诱导的影响。结果表明,对安玉12诱导胚性愈伤组织的最佳培养基是MS+20g/L蔗糖+2.0 mg/L2,4-D+5.0 mg/LAgNO3,豫玉32诱导胚性愈伤组织的最佳培养基是MS+20 g/L蔗糖+4.0 mg/L2,4-D+10.0 mg/L AgNO3。     

Difference In Tolerance To Potassium Deficiency Between Two Maize Inbred Lines

Abstract

Northeast China Produces An Abundance of Maize (Zea Mays L.), and Improvement of Maize Yield At This Region Correlates Closely With Ensure Food Supply Safely of China. in Recent Years, Deficiency Or Relative Deficiency of Potassium (K) in The Soil Is An Important Limitation To Maize Production. Maize inbred Lines Tolerant To K Deficiency (T) and Sensitive To K Deficiency (C) Were Hydroponically Grown in 1/2 Hoagland Solution To Study The Possible Mechanism of Maize Tolerance To Potassium Deficiency From Physiological Point of View. With The Reduction of K⁺ Concentration, Dw of The Plant Became Apparently Greater in T Than in C, The Symptom of Potassium Deficiency Advanced in C. Under K Deficiency, The Taproot Elongation increased and Root Top Ratio Decreased To A Greater Degree in C Than in T, C Had Fawer Lateral Roots. T Had A Stronger K⁺-Uptake Ability Than C, and The Difference Was More Obvious in Culture Solution With A Lower K⁺ Concentrations of Culture Solution. K⁺ Dependent H⁺ Extrusion From The Root Treated With K⁺ Deficiency Was Larger in T Than in C.     

强优势玉米杂交种雌穗均一化cDNA文库的构建与鉴定

以强优势玉米杂交种豫玉22发育时期的雌穗为材料构建cDNA文库,为进一步研究和分离杂种优势相关基因构建技术平台。选择玉米雌穗发育过程中的4个时期(生长锥伸长、小穗分化、小花分化和花丝始伸期)的雌穗组织分别构建了4个定向cDNA文库,依据基因组DNA饱和杂交的原理,将从4个独立的cDNA文库中提取的质粒混合,通过基因组DNA亲和体系饱和杂交,获得雌穗全发育时期均一化cDNA文库。该文库平均插入片段1.3kb,含有3×104个克隆。对文库中随机的150个克隆进行测序,81.6%的序列为非冗余序列,11.2%的序列含有两个或两个以上的拷贝,并且主要来自多基因家族转录本,说明此文库的均一化有效。对测序结果进行功能聚类分析,发现文库序列涉及水解酶、转移酶、核苷酸结合蛋白、蛋白激酶、转录因子等基因,涉及环境应答、蛋白代谢、物质转运、个体发育等多个生化途径,说明该均一化文库基因覆盖度较高。该文库还包含有大量的未知基因,有待进一步的发掘和研究。     

聚合7OE亚基1B/1R易位系材料的创制及其品质研究

为提高小麦1B/1R易位系的加工品质，本研究选用高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成为1/7+9/2+12的小麦1B/1R易位系品种科农199为母本，与高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成为1/7^OE+8^*/5+10的强筋春小麦品种津强6号杂交，利用分子标记在F₄代株系中筛选到一个7^OE亚基基因与黑麦碱基因聚合在同一条染色体上的1B/1R易位系材料。PCR结果显示，该聚合材料和非聚合材料在Glu-A1和Glu-D1位点没有差异。在温室种植条件下，对这些聚合材料和非聚合材料及其亲本进行麦谷蛋白溶胀指数(SIG)测定，结果表明，与1B/1R易位系亲本科农199比较，聚合5+10优质亚基后SIG值显著提高，聚合7^OE优质亚基后，SIG值进一步显著提高，部分聚合材料达到了强筋亲本津强6号的水平。将聚合材料和非聚合材料及其亲本种植于大田，发现聚合5+10和7^OE优质亚基株系的乳酸-SDS溶剂保持力(LA-SDS SRC)和SDS沉降值均显著高于只聚合5+10优质亚基的株系，但未达到强筋亲本...     

Crosslinking reaction of phenolic side chains in silk fibroin by tyrosinase

Tyrosinase oxidizes the tyrosyl residues in silk fibroin (SF) with oxygen, resulting in the production ofo-quinone residues. Subsequently, the inter- or intramolecular crosslinks are formed by reaction with amino groups in through nonenzymatic process. The measurement of oxygen consumption proved that the tyrosyl residues in SF were mostly oxidized to quinone residues by tyrosinase. The reaction mechanisms were proposed in this study and the crosslinking reaction ofo-quinone residues and the enzymatic oxidation of tyrosyl residues could be confirmed by the measurements of UV,¹H-NMR and GFC.     

Effect of different Cs concentrations on overall plant growth and Cs distribution in soybean

The absorption and dynamics of Cs in crops can be measured and examined using not only ¹³⁷Cs but also ¹³³Cs, a stable isotope which can be analyzed in a regular laboratory. When ¹³³Cs is used, however, the concentration of added ¹³³Cs must be set higher than that in the soil solution due to the detection sensitivity of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). There is concern that such high Cs concentrations may adversely affect crops and interfere with Cs dynamics. Using soybean as a test product, we first examined the initial growth of soybean cultivated under exposure to solutions with different ¹³³Cs concentrations. In combination with each ¹³³Cs concentration, two potassium (K) concentrations were tested. Results show that at both K concentrations, growth was inhibited under ¹³³Cs concentrations higher than 1 × 10^?3 mol L^?1. Soybeans cultivated at ¹³³Cs concentrations higher than 1 × 10^?6 mol L^?1 can be subject to ICP-OES for measuring ¹³³Cs concentrations in the plant tissue. Next, soybeans cultivated under different ¹³³Cs concentrations throughout growth were examined for Cs distribution in the plants. The distribution patterns of Cs in soybean plants cultivated at ¹³³Cs concentrations equivalent to those found in the soil were almost identical to those in plants cultivated at measurable ¹³³Cs concentrations (1 × 10^?6–1 × 10^?4 mol L^?1) as measured with ICP-OES. Therefore, in our investigation, ¹³³Cs distribution in soybean plants treated with up to 1 × 10^?4 mol L^?1 was considered equivalent to that in plants cultivated in the field.     

盐胁迫下钾吸收途径的抑制对小麦叶片K~+、Na~+含量的影响

为研究盐胁迫下小麦维持钾、钠平衡的生理机制,以耐盐小麦沧麦6005和盐敏感小麦矮抗58为材料,利用TEA、NEM、Ba(NO_3)_2三种药物分别抑制钾离子通道、钾载体及非选择性阳离子通道,测定正常及盐胁迫下小麦叶片K~+、Na~+含量,比较耐盐性不同的小麦品种在K~+、Na~+吸收中的差异。结果显示,盐胁迫下,沧麦6005和矮抗58叶片K~+含量下降,Na~+含量增加;沧麦6005叶片Na~+含量低于矮抗58,K~+/Na~+比值高于矮抗58。正常条件下,NEM、TEA处理均可降低沧麦6005和矮抗58叶片K~+含量,NEM处理较TEA处理效果更为明显;TEA处理显著降低了盐胁迫下矮抗58叶片K~+含量,而NEM处理则明显降低了盐胁迫下沧麦6005的叶片K~+含量;TEA、NEM、Ba(NO_3)_2处理降低了盐胁迫下矮抗58叶片Na~+含量,仅NEM处理降低了沧麦6005叶片Na~+含量。综上所述,正常条件下,钾载体是小麦K~+吸收的主要方式;盐胁迫下,耐盐品种和盐敏感品种K~+吸收途径不同,耐盐品种的NSCCs和钾离子通道具有更强的"拒钠"能力。     

Study on structure and molecular dynamics of starch/poly(sodium acrylate)-grafted superabsorbent by <Superscript>13</Superscript>C solid state NMR

The domain-structure of samples containing a series of starch/poly(sodium acrylate)-grafted superabsorbents, pure starch, pure poly(sodium acrylate), and blend of starch/poly(sodium acrylate) has been studied by high-resolution solid-state ¹³C NMR spectroscopy at room temperature. The result shows that the crystallinity of starch decreases greatly in the grafted and blended samples. The values of ¹H spin-lattice relaxation time in rotating frame T _1ρ and ¹H spin-lattice relaxation time T ₁ shows that starch and poly(sodium acrylate) components in both grafted and blended samples have good compatibility in nanometer scale. In the ¹³C cross-polarization/magic-angle-spinning (CP/MAS) spectra, the chemical shift of the carbonyl group of poly(sodium acrylate) depends on the composition of the grafting samples, which indicates that the starch and the poly(sodium acrylate) components of the grafting samples exhibit better compatibility with each other than that of blended samples at molecular level.     

17种除草剂对小麦田猪殃殃的防除效果

为筛选出对麦田恶性杂草猪殃殃防效较好的药剂,对17种除草剂开展了温室盆栽试验和田间小区试验。温室盆栽试验中,200g·L~(-1)氯氟吡氧乙酸乳油和25%灭草松水剂对猪殃殃有较好的抑制作用,试验剂量下鲜重抑制率均达100.00%。田间小区试验中,对猪殃殃防效最好的是80%唑嘧磺草胺水分散粒剂,用药25.00g(a.i)·hm~(-2)后30d对猪殃殃的株数防效为85.08%,药后60d的株数防效和鲜重防效则达100.00%;其次为50g·L~(-1)双氟磺草胺悬浮剂、200g·L~(-1)氯氟吡氧乙酸乳油。