冬季喷施多效唑对荔枝叶片叶绿素荧光特征的影响

为弄清多效唑(PP333)对荔枝叶片光合能力的影响,于2011年12月对‘妃子笑,荔枝整株喷施PP333(500 mg/L),研究其对叶片叶绿素指数和叶绿素荧光动力学参数的影响.结果表明:喷施PP333可显著增加荔枝叶片的SPAD值,且使Fv/Fm、Fv/F0、Fv′/Fm′、ΦPSⅡ、ETR、PCR等叶绿素荧光参数有所增加,而NPQ则降低;从光响应曲线可以看出,Fv′/Fm′、ΦPSⅡ和qP随光化光强度的增加呈下降趋势,而NPQ、PCR和ETR随光化光强度增加而增加;从PSⅡ反应中心能量分配比率上看,PP333处理后P、E增加,D减小,更有利于能量进入PSⅡ反应中心,促进光化学效率提高;PP333处理可以增加PSⅡ反应中心的开放比例,推动光合电子传递,提高荔枝叶片的光合性能.     

干旱胁迫下氮肥对玉米叶片生理特性的影响

采用盆栽控水试验,研究干旱胁迫下氮肥水平对玉米光合作用及保护酶活性的生理响应。结果表明,与正常灌水处理相比,干旱胁迫降低玉米叶片的气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ量子产量(φPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(qP);增加胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN)和丙二醛(MDA)含量;保护酶活性(SOD、POD和CAT)升高。干旱胁迫下适量施氮(225 kg/hm2)提高玉米叶片的Gs、Tr、Fv/Fm、φPSⅡ和qP;降低Ci和qN;同时显著提高保护酶活性(SOD、POD和CAT),降低膜质过氧化程度,全面改善叶片光合功能和内在的生理特性。不施氮肥和过量施氮(450 kg/hm2)均表现出与适量施氮处理相反的变化趋势。     

苄嘧磺隆土壤残留对玉米幼苗光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以玉米为供试材料,采用土壤添加法研究苄嘧磺隆残留对玉米幼苗叶片光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,随着土壤苄嘧磺隆残留的增加,玉米幼苗株高、地上鲜重、根长和干重显著降低,高剂量的苄嘧磺隆处理导致其根冠比升高。随着苄嘧磺隆残留浓度升高,叶片SPAD值、Pn、Gs、Tr及Ls均显著降低,Rd和Ci显著升高;Fv/Fm、Fv、Fm、q P、Y(II)及ETR均降低,且叶片吸收的光能向P的分配逐渐减少,向D和E的分配逐渐增加。在苄嘧磺隆胁迫下,叶片发生了光抑制,PSⅡ复合体受损且光合电子传递受阻。玉米幼苗自身具有一定的光合保护机制,可减轻或消除苄嘧磺隆的胁迫,增强玉米对苄嘧磺隆残留的耐受性。     

土壤肥力对高产小麦品种烟农1212旗叶叶绿素荧光特性和产量的影响

为了解土壤肥力对小麦旗叶叶绿素荧光特性和籽粒产量的影响,以高产小麦品种烟农1212为材料,比较分析了常年小麦产量水平为12 000和9 000kg·hm-2的高低两种土壤肥力条件下麦田土壤贮水消耗量、小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数、叶面积指数和籽粒灌浆速率的差异。结果表明:(1)高肥力下小麦全生育期60～100cm土层土壤贮水消耗量显著高于低肥力。(2)相对于低土壤肥力,高土壤肥力显著增加了小麦旗叶开花后21～35d的叶绿素相对含量和实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、开花后28d和35d的最大潜在光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光化学猝灭系数(qp)以及开花后14～35d相对电子传递速率(ETR)。高土壤肥力下小麦在孕穗期、开花期、开花后21～35d具有较高的叶面积指数。(3)高土壤肥力可显著提高灌浆中后期的籽粒灌浆速率,显著增加籽粒产量及其构成因素、水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力。由此可见,高土壤肥力能够改善小麦光合能力,有利于产量形成,进而提高产量和促进水肥高效利用。     

花期干旱对不同基因型大豆叶绿素荧光特性的影响

利用叶绿素荧光动力学测定技术,测定开花期干旱不同基因型大豆品种叶绿素荧光参数的变化.以3个不同基因型大豆品种为材料,应用OS52FL调制式叶绿素荧光仪研究在开花期干旱胁迫下,各荧光参数的变化及用方差分析进行综合评价.结果表明,大豆开花期受旱后,可变荧光与最大荧光比(Fv/Fm)、可变荧光与初始荧光比(Fv/Fo)、非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)均降低,而电子传递速率(ETR)升高,说明光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)受到了伤害,使得PSⅡ原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、起光保护作用的热耗散降低,光合电子传递速率升高.且荧光参数之间具有相关性.花期干旱胁迫后,各参数存在基因型差异,新大豆1号在花期干旱条件下,光合机构受破坏较轻,其吸收的光能能较多的用于光化学转化能力,抗旱能力强.因此,花期干旱胁迫下,叶绿素荧光参数的变化与大豆品种抗旱性有关,利用大豆叶绿素荧光特性对干旱胁迫的反应差异鉴定品种抗旱性是可行的.     

水稻转绿型新叶黄化突变体ygr的表型特征与光合特性研究

通过观察水稻叶色突变体ygr在不同生长时期叶色表型的动态变化,并对其进行温度敏感性试验,同时测定其光合特性和叶绿素荧光动力学参数。结果表明:在苗期和分蘖期时,突变体ygr的每一张新生叶黄化的程度明显,而到孕穗期时,其叶色与野生型的相似;4个不同恒温条件下的温度敏感性试验结果表明,突变体ygr是一个低温表达型叶色突变体;突变体ygr未转绿黄化叶的净光合速率（Pn）、光化学量子效率（Fv/Fm）、PSⅡ的激发能捕获效率（Fv’/Fm’）、光下PSⅡ实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)和电子传递速率（ETR）分别降低至8.87±1.67、0.70±0.04、0.27±0.07、0.17±0.05和89.84±28.29,均显著低于野生型。上述结果明确了突变体ygr的表型特征和光合特性,为突变体ygr的分子调控机制研究和促进其在水稻育种上的应用提供理论依据。      

干旱及复水对油菜苗期光合及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以西藏当地推广的油菜代表品种芥菜型油菜(Brassica juncea L.)年河1号、白菜型油菜（Brasscia rapa L.）青油17号和甘蓝型油菜（Brasscia napus L.)藏油5号为材料,设置持续干旱1周和2周的2个干旱处理及干旱后复水1周、2周、3周的3个时期,研究苗期干旱及复水对油菜光合及荧光特性的影响。结果表明：（1）干旱胁迫造成油菜实际光化学效率（ФPSⅡ）、表观光合电子传递速率（ETR）、光化学淬灭系数（qP）、净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）、蒸腾速率（Tr）均下降,且随干旱时间延长而降低。PSⅡ反应中心完全关闭时荧光产量(Fm）、最小荧光（Fo）随干旱时间延长而升高。PSⅡ原初光能转化效率（Fv/Fm）、PSⅡ的潜在活性（Fv/Fo）相对变化小,下降不显著。（2）干旱后复水1～2周时,油菜气体交换参数较前期干旱处理均有升高,复水2周后升高幅度大于1周,尤其是干旱2周处理后复水时参数值大幅度升高;复水3周时,油菜气体交换参数呈下降趋势,净光合速率明显下降。（3）干旱后复水1～2周时,油菜PSⅡ、ETR、qP值较对照均有升高,复水1周后较2周后的升高幅度大,尤其是干旱2周处理后复水时,它们的升高幅度大于干旱1周处理后复水的情形;Fm、Fo较对照仍有升高,复水3周各荧光参数值下降。复水后Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo值变化相对较小。     

氮素对小麦不同叶位叶片叶绿素荧光参数的调控效应

为了解氮素对小麦不同叶位叶片光合能量利用的影响,测定和分析了旱地和水地小麦品种在3个氮素水平下不同叶位叶片的叶绿素荧光参数.结果表明,随氮素水平的提高,小麦幼苗叶片最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光(Fv)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)和非光化学猝灭系数(qN)都呈上升趋势,而光化学猝灭系数(qP)则呈下降趋势;但旱地品种叶片荧光参数对氮素更敏感,旱地品种小麦幼苗叶片的Fm、Fv、 Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo和qN均高于水地品种,qP低于水地品种.旱地和水地品种在不同氮素处理下各叶位叶绿素荧光参数表现不同,光合能量利用随叶位的降低逐渐升高.     

缺钾胁迫对水稻光合特性及光合防御机制的影响

以钾敏感型品种二九丰和钾钝感型品种原丰早为材料,研究了缺钾对水稻光合和叶绿素荧光特性的影响以及光合防御机制,并对缺钾条件下的光合防御机制进行了讨论。在缺钾条件下,两品种的净光合速率(Pn)随气孔导度(Gs)的下降而下降;光合作用的关键酶Rubisco含量降低,而抗氧化酶系统的关键酶SOD活性显著上升。进一步的叶绿素荧光特性研究表明,随着钾胁迫时间的延长,缺钾水稻叶片中的 Fv/Fm、ФPSⅡ、qP及ETR均显著下降,说明PSⅡ反应中心受到伤害。缺钾也降低了水稻叶片的光饱和点,PSⅡ吸收的光能超过了光合作用所能利用的光能。缺钾叶片NPQ显著上升,说明钾胁迫下的水稻叶片通过启动热耗散机制耗散过剩的激发能,以减轻因PSⅡ吸收过多光能而引起的光抑制和光氧化从而保护光合机构免受伤害。从品种间的差异来看,原丰早在缺钾条件下,由于仍有较强的光合能力和抗光抑制能力,因此对缺钾有更强的耐性。     

干旱和高温对油菜叶片光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为研究干旱和高温胁迫对油菜光合作用的影响,利用甘蓝型快生油菜29005,于植物生长箱中进行干旱(保持6d不浇水,土壤相对含水量降至15%左右)和高温(处理7d:40℃,16h光照;35℃,8h黑暗)胁迫处理,分别测定了干旱和高温胁迫后油菜光合和叶绿素荧光特性以及光合作用关键酶的变化情况。结果表明:干旱和高温均抑制油菜的生长和光合作用,干旱胁迫下油菜叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率等光合参数降低明显,而光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、最大电子传递速率(ETRmax)等叶绿素荧光参数降低较慢,经过3d的复水恢复后这些参数能够部分恢复;高温胁迫后叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率等光合参数降低较为缓慢,而Fv/Fm、ETRmax等叶绿素荧光参数则迅速下降,且在胁迫解除后这些参数进一步降低。干旱胁迫后Rubisco活性未表现出显著变化,持续的高温对Rubisco有抑制作用。可见,干旱胁迫首先影响了油菜叶片光合作用的碳同化过程,对光反应系统破坏是可逆的,胁迫解除后对后期的生长发育影响小于高温影响,高温胁迫更容易造成油菜叶片PSⅡ不可逆破坏,进而对光合作用以及后期的生长发育产生难以恢复的影响。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

云南咖啡主要病虫害及防治调查研究

对云南保山、德宏、普洱等地咖啡病虫害开展调查研究,结果表明：咖啡锈病(Hemileia vastatrix Berk et Br.)、炭疽病(Colletotrichum coffeanum Noack)、褐斑病(Cercospora coffeicola Berk. et Cooke)、幼苗立枯病(Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn.)、旋皮天牛(Acalolepta cervina Hope)、灭字虎天牛(Xylo     

Herbicide application and direct drilling improves establishment and yield of chicory and plantain

The herbs chicory ( C ichorium intybus L.) and plantain ( P lantago lanceolata L.) are increasingly popular summer forage cropping options for dairy producers. However, the impact of different establishment methods on their productivity is largely unknown. Four establishment methods for chicory and plantain crops sown into non‐cultivated ryegrass pastures in spring were compared. Establishment methods included direct‐drilling or broadcasting seed into existing pastures, with or without herbicide application before sowing in a 2 × 2 factorial design. It was hypothesized that plant establishment and growth would be enhanced by spraying to kill existing ryegrass pasture and direct‐drilling herbs (Spray and Drill, SD) compared with broadcasting seed with no herbicide application (Unsprayed and Broadcast, UB). This hypothesis was supported with an additional 2·1–2·3 t DM ha^?1 grown over 201 d from swards established by SD, compared with swards established by UB. The SD method also increased the plant density of the herbs and reduced the proportion of weed species. Spraying and direct drilling is more expensive than broadcasting seed with no herbicide application, but the increase in yield means that extra feed can be supplied at less than half the cost of purchasing the equivalent amount of feed. Therefore, for optimal economic outcomes, chicory and plantain swards should be established by applying herbicide to existing pasture and direct‐drilling seed.