利用有效积温提高冬小麦估产精度的研究

为探索如何利用冬小麦生长过程中的积温信息来提高遥感估产的准确性,以2009-2010和2012-2013年2个冬小麦生长季的田间试验数据为基础,利用有效积温和植被指数(NDVI)构建冬小麦当季估产指数INSEY(In-season estimate of yield)和INSEY-CGDD(In-season estimate of yield-cumulative growing degree days),分别用NDVI、INSEY和INSEY-CGDD与实测产量建立估产模型,并比较分析3类估产模型的精度。结果表明,3个变量与实测产量均成指数关系,其中INSEY-CGDD模型的精度最高(R2=0.59),预测能力最优,其次是INSEY模型(R2=0.55);而NDVI模型的精度最低(R2=0.35),预测能力最差。因此,在冬小麦估产模型中引入有效积温调整参数,可有效提高遥感估产模型精度。     

基于生态因子的冬小麦产量遥感估测研究

为提高冬小麦遥感估产的精确性与适用性,在河南省的孟州市和沁阳市利用GPS定位布设田间试验,利用P-6卫星数据进行了冬小麦遥感估产研究.通过对遥感植被指数和冬小麦长势与产量GPS定位数据的综合分析,基于遥感影像信息获取的瞬时性和准确性,结合小麦灌浆期生态条件对小麦产量形成的影响,利用开花期遥感影像归一化植被指数(NDVI)和灌浆期生态因子(气温、日照、氮素营养、土壤水分)建立了冬小麦产量遥感估测模型,并检验了该模型的可靠性.结果表明,模型预测值与实测值较为一致,利用开花期遥感影像NDVI和灌浆期生态数据估测冬小麦产量的RMSE值为369.27 kg·ha-1,相对误差为6.45%.模型估测性能好,且具有一定的解释性.     

基于CBERS卫星遥感的冬小麦产量估测研究

对冬小麦产量进行遥感监测预报,有利于农业管理部门及时获取冬小麦区域产量信息,便于其制定有效的栽培管理措施,达到增产的目的。中巴资源卫星（CBERS-02）CCD影像具有较高的空间分辨率和较丰富的光谱信息,对植被及作物长势信息具有较强的探测能力。以江苏省泰兴市为例,进行了基于CBERS-02卫星遥感和小麦估产模型的冬小麦产量监测预报研究。在利用计算机分类结合人机交互式判读解译的基础上,结合GPS样点信息校验,进行冬小麦种植面积提取;利用影像提取的冬小麦NDVI数据,反演叶面积指数、生物量信息等,结合冬小麦估产模型,计算单点产量信息。经过线性转换,对整个区域的冬小麦产量进行分级监测预报,叠加样点的产量信息检验,最终制作了区域的冬小麦产量分级专题图。结果表明,冬小麦种植面积解译精度在90%以上,分级估产精度达到85%以上。中巴资源卫星影像数据基本能满足冬小麦长势监测和产量预报的需要,可以在实际农业生产中推广应用。     

基于HJ-1A/1B影像的冬小麦开花期主要生长指标遥感定量监测研究

为建立冬小麦开花期生长状况的遥感监测方法和技术,结合2011-2013年定点观测试验,以环境减灾卫星HJ-1A/1B数据为遥感影像源,着重分析了样本试验区冬小麦开花期主要生长指标间及其与籽粒品质、产量和卫星遥感变量间的定量关系,分别构建及评价基于HJ-1A/1B影像遥感变量的开花期叶面积指数、生物量、SPAD值和叶片含氮量监测模型。结果表明,在冬小麦开花期,作物氮反应指数(NRI)、绿色归一化植被指数(GNDVI)可分别作为监测冬小麦叶面积指数和生物量的敏感遥感变量,结构加强色素植被指数(SIPI)和SIPI可作为监测冬小麦SPAD值和叶片含氮量的敏感遥感变量,所构建的遥感监测模型可靠,模型的决定系数(r2)分别为0.73、0.69、0.62和0.61,均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.79、1 068kg·hm-2、4.66和0.42%。利用遥感数据绘制的冬小麦开花期主要生长指标遥感监测等级分布空间量化表达图与实际相符。     

SPOT-5与HJ遥感影像用于冬小麦氮素监测的效果对比

为探讨HJ遥感影像对冬小麦氮素监测的适用性,利用同期获取的SPOT-5和HJ-1B遥感影像,结合同步地面取样测试,从传感器的光谱响应、监测模型精度以及叶片氮含量空间填图3个方面,对冬小麦氮素的遥感影像监测效果进行了分析与评价.结果表明,两类遥感影像的3个波段反射率及植被指数与小麦叶片氮含量均密切相关,其中,SPOT-5影像的最优模型植被指数为GNDVI(绿色归一化植被指数),HJ-1B影像的最优模型植被指数为NDVI(归一化植被指数),SPOT-5影像在监测精度上优于HJ-1B影像,但差别不大.填图结果表明,除地块较破碎地带外,利用HJ-1B影像反演填图所得的小麦叶片氮含量在空间分布上与SPOT-5影像结果比较一致.说明利用SPOT-5与HJ遥感影像监测小麦氮素营养状况都是可行的,而HJ遥感影像在一定精度要求范围内能够替代SPOT-5等遥感影像的监测效果.     

基于高光谱特征参数的冬小麦氮营养指数估算

为了实现快速高精度获取冬小麦氮营养指数的高光谱监测技术，利用美国SVC HR-1024I型野外光谱辐射仪对2017-2019年关中地区的冬小麦进行遥感监测，获取“三边”参数、任意两波段光谱指数和植被指数，通过相关性分析和逐步回归分析方法筛选冬小麦氮营养指数的敏感光谱参数，结合偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)、随机森林算法(RFR)、支持向量机回归(SVR)和梯度增强回归(GBDT)建立冬小麦氮营养指数模型，并对模型估算精度进行验证。结果表明，从拔节期到灌浆期，各时期的氮营养指数与任意两波段光谱指数均呈极显著相关，其中拔节期氮营养指数与任意两波段光谱指数相关性均高于其他时期，且基于一阶导数光谱的归一化光谱指数和比值光谱指数与氮营养指数的相关系数最大，为0.66。拔节期基于梯度增强回归的冬小麦氮营养指数预测模型的决定系数(r²)和均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.96和0.05,模型验证的r²、RMSE和相对预测偏差(RPD)分别为0.95、0.12和2.12,模型预测精度最高。因此，拔节期基于梯度增强回归的冬小麦氮营养指数估算模型可用于冬小麦氮营养监测...     

模拟多光谱卫星传感器数据的冬小麦白粉病遥感监测

为了解利用遥感技术快速大范围监测小麦白粉病病害情况的可行性,以Landsat5TM波段响应函数为基础,将地面实测冠层高光谱数据模拟为TM多光谱数据,从而分析卫星传感器多光谱波段对病害的响应情况,并构建多光谱指数(PMSI)估测白粉病严重度。在此基础上,采用2010年星-地配套数据对PMSI估测精度进行验证。结果表明,PMSI能够较准确地反映冬小麦白粉病发生的程度,获得较理想的病情严重度反演精度(r2=0.475,RMSE=0.129)。因此采用多光谱卫星遥感影像在小麦大面积种植区域进行病害监测具有应用潜力。     

基于新型植被指数的冬小麦覆盖度遥感估算

为提高冬小麦覆盖度估测精度,从增强近红外与红光差别的数学变换原理出发,构建了一种新型植被指数(NDVIn),再基于2013、2014年冬小麦冠层高光谱和模拟的资源三号卫星宽波段多光谱数据,分别构建基于常规植被指数(NDVI)与NDVIn的冬小麦覆盖度估算模型,然后利用留一交叉验证法对模型精度进行评价。结果表明,当n=6时,新生成的植被指数NDVI6对冬小麦农田覆盖度具有最好的估算性能,利用其基于小麦冠层高光谱及卫星多光谱数据建立的冬小麦覆盖度估算模型的决定系数r2分别为0.84、0.85,RMSE分别为0.092、0.091,模型精度均好于常规指数NDVI的估算结果。说明NDVI6用于估测冬小麦覆盖度具有可行性。     

不同施肥条件下冬小麦氮素吸收、转运及累积的研究

为给陕西关中地区冬小麦合理施用氮肥提供理论基础,以小偃22为材料,通过田间试验研究了不同施肥条件下冬小麦产量、氮素吸收、转运和累积特点.结果表明,氮磷钾和有机肥配合施用可明显提高小麦籽粒产量,其中在基施有机氮150 kg·hm-2的基础上,施氮量为150～225 kg·hm-2时小麦籽粒产量接近或达到9 000 kg·hm-2的超高产水平,显著高于农民习惯施肥处理(基施纯氮300 kg·hm-2和P2O5 75 kg·hm-2);在不施有机肥、施氮量为270～300 kg·hm-2时,小麦籽粒产量与农民习惯施肥处理差异不明显,说明有机肥具有明显的增产作用.施肥处理时小麦氮素累积有显著影响,氮磷钾配施可显著提高小麦氮素累积量,有机肥和化肥配合施用氮素累积量最高,达到249.3～283.0 kg·hm-2.与农民习惯施肥处理相比,氮磷钾配施条件下小麦生育中期和后期氮素累积量增加,开花后营养器官氮素转运量也随着增加,但施肥处理间氮素转运效率差异不明显.综合来看,陕西关中地区冬小麦在氮磷钾和有机肥配合施用的情况下,氮肥用量应控制在150～225 kg·hm-2.     

基于NDVI的滴灌春小麦氮肥分期施用推荐模型

为探讨利用冠层光谱数据实现滴灌春小麦推荐追施氮肥的可行性,利用手持主动遥感光谱仪(Greenseeker)测定了滴灌春小麦各生育时期的冠层NDVI值,分析其与滴灌小麦不同时期追施氮肥效应的关系.结果表明,从拔节期到乳熟期NDVI值与春小麦出苗后天数可用一元二次函数拟合,模型精度较高,R2均大于0.91;拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期和灌浆期的冠层NDVI值与施氮量之间呈极显著线性相关;利用一元二次模型拟合出施氮量与产量之间的关系,得出实现最高产量7 393 kg·hm-2下的施氮量为289kg·hm-2,实现最佳经济产量7 378 kg·hm-2下的施氮量为265 kg·hm-2;拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期和灌浆期的NDVI临界值分别为0.715、0.792、0.887和0.911;根据各生育时期NDVI值与施氮量的关系,建立了氮肥推荐模型,并且根据模型计算出滴灌春小麦各生育时期NDVI值对应的氮肥追施推荐用量表.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.