新疆两种机采模式下的缩节胺调控技术研究

在新疆奎屯垦区以国审早熟陆地棉品种Z1112为试验材料,采用随机区组设计,设置两种机采模式：（66＋10） cm宽窄行种植模式和76 cm等行距种植模式。分别在棉花子叶期、苗期、蕾期、打顶前3～5 d和打顶后5～7 d 五个时期施用不同剂量的缩节胺,研究不同施药时期和施药剂量对Z1112产量和纤维品质的影响,筛选出适合Z1112品种机采模式的缩节胺调控方法。结果表明,（66＋10） cm宽窄行种植模式下,缩节胺用量在子叶期、苗期、蕾期、打顶前3～5 d和打顶后5～7 d分别为45 g·hm^－2、0 g·hm^－2、75 g·hm^－2、120 g·hm^－2、225 g·hm^－2时产量和品质最理想;76 cm等行距种植模式下,缩节胺用量在子叶期、苗期、蕾期、打顶前3～5 d和打顶后5～7 d分别为45 g·hm^－2、45 g·hm^－2、75 g·hm^－2、120 g·hm^－2、225 g·hm^－2时增加产量、提升品质的效果较佳。     

长江流域缩节胺运筹对小麦后直播棉产量的影响

以中棉425为材料，2018―2019年设置缩节胺不同用量、不同施用方式处理，探讨长江流域缩节胺运筹对小麦后直播棉产量的影响。结果表明，缩节胺在用量180 g·hm^－2于盛蕾期＋初花期（施用比例为1∶2）或盛蕾期＋初花期＋盛花期（施用比例为1∶2∶3）运筹条件下最有利于小麦后直播棉果节的形成和产量提高；产量构成因素分析结果则进一步表明，产量提高是铃数和铃重共同增加的结果。在上述运筹方式下结铃强度高，比对照提高38.0%～47.4%。因此，适宜的缩节胺运筹——用量180 g·hm^－2，于盛蕾期（60 g·hm^－2）和初花期（120 g·hm^－2）或盛蕾期（30 g·hm^－2）、初花期（60 g·hm^－2）和盛花期（90 g·hm^－2）施用有利于小麦后直播棉集中结铃，为集中吐絮和机械采收奠定基础。     

氟节胺化学打顶剂对海岛棉产量和品质性状的影响

为探索氟节胺类植物生长调节剂对海岛棉化学打顶的效果。以喷施不同用量（300 mL·hm^－2、750 mL·hm^－2、1 200 mL·hm^－2）25%（质量分数）的氟节胺悬浮剂为处理,以人工打顶为对照,研究氟节胺对海岛棉农艺性状、产量性状、品质性状的影响。结果表明,不同用量氟节胺处理对海岛棉的株高均有不同程度的抑制,可以达到一定的打顶效果;施用300 mL·hm^－2的25%氟节胺,能获得较高的籽棉产量;不同剂量氟节胺处理对海岛棉纤维品质指标均无明显影响。这些研究结果可为海岛棉高产栽培和化学打顶技术优化提供依据。     

不同种植模式和密度对Z1112产量及纤维品质的影响

在机采超宽膜3行和6行2种模式和不同种植密度处理下,对早熟陆地棉品种Z1112的生育期、农艺性状、产量及纤维品质进行比较。结果表明：在机采棉3行13.5万株·hm^－2密度下,籽棉产量为4 999.5 kg·hm^－2,单株个体优势最强,生育期最短为134 d,随着种植密度的增加,单株果枝数、单株结铃数、铃重明显降低,而第一果枝始节位、衣分、纤维品质等性状随密度变化差异较小;6行18.0万株·hm^－2条件下,籽棉产量最高为5 548.5 kg·hm^－2。     

戊唑醇、二甲戊灵和氟节胺的棉花化学打顶效果

为研究开发新型、高效、安全的棉花化学打顶剂,筛选适于棉花的化学打顶剂配方,选择杀菌剂戊唑醇、除草剂二甲戊灵和抑芽剂氟节胺3种药剂,于2020年在河南安阳进行棉花化学打顶试验,研究其化学打顶效果。结果表明：430 g·L^－1戊唑醇悬浮剂（SC）258 g·hm^－2（有效成分用量,下同）＋330 g·L^－1二甲戊灵乳油（EC）990 g·hm^－2＋25%（质量分数,下同）氟节胺SC 300 g·hm^－2混配处理抑制棉花株高和增产效果最佳,可以达到人工打顶的效果;其次为430 g·L^－1戊唑醇SC 516 g·hm^－2＋25%氟节胺SC 300 g·hm^－2处理;而330 g·L^－1二甲戊灵EC 1 485 g·hm^－2＋25%氟节胺SC 300 g·hm^－2处理和25%氟节胺SC 500 g·hm^－2单剂处理可在一定程度上提高棉花产量,但对棉花的打顶效果远不及人工打顶,仍须优化配方和确定合适剂量。因此,在本研究区宜用430 g·L^－1戊唑醇SC 258 g·hm^－2＋330 g·L^－1二甲戊灵EC 990 g·hm^－2＋25%氟节胺SC 300 g·hm^－2或430 g·L^－1戊唑醇SC 516 g·hm^－2＋25%氟节胺SC  300 g·hm^－2进行棉花化学打顶来代替传统人工打顶。     

几种棉田苗期茎叶除草剂的应用效果比较

以非抗除草剂棉花品种豫068为材料,选用4种市场常见茎叶除草剂,设6个药剂处理（乙草胺90%乳油、异丙草莠40%悬乳剂、草甘膦异丙胺盐41%水剂、乙氧氟草醚20%乳油、乙氧氟草醚+乙草胺、乙氧氟草醚+草甘膦）和1个清水对照,在棉花苗期四叶一心期定向喷施,研究其对棉苗安全性及对杂草防效。结果表明：6个药剂处理对禾本科杂草都有较好的防效,持效期较长,而且对棉花安全。草甘膦异丙胺盐41%（质量分数,下同）水剂1 350 g·hm^－2（有效成分用量,下同）的杂草防效最好,可作为棉花茎叶期的理想除草剂。乙氧氟草醚36 g·hm^－2 +乙草胺380 g·hm^－2和乙氧氟草醚20%乳油36 g·hm^－2 +草甘膦异丙胺盐41%水剂680 g·hm^－2处理对棉田杂草的总防效也较好,可作为辅助除草剂。     

10%恶霉灵纳米乳对棉花黄萎病的防治效果

应用10%恶霉灵纳米乳对棉花黄萎病进行全程高效控制技术研究，即用1000倍液药剂和棉籽按质量比1︰1进行拌种处理24～48 h，药剂和种子用量均为22.5～37.5 g·hm^－2（主动防治）；现蕾初期用1000倍液灌根，药剂用量450 g·hm^－2（被动防治）；秋桃盖顶时用1000倍液叶面喷施，药剂用量900 g·hm^－2（补救防治）。示范面积78.47 hm²，技术辐射面积666.67 hm²。结果表明，应用10%恶霉灵纳米乳对棉花黄萎病进行灌根和叶面喷施处理的防效分别达96%和88%以上，优于对照药剂50%多菌灵WP 67%和53%的防效。测产结果表明，示范田、技术辐射田皮棉产量分别为1987.35 kg·hm^－2和1801.35 kg·hm^－2，比对照田增产369.15 kg·hm^－2和183.15 kg·hm^－2，增幅达22.81%和11.32%。     

鄂北植棉区麦后直播棉主要栽培技术研究

为探索鄂北植棉区麦后直播棉适宜品种、种植密度、氮肥用量,于2018年在襄阳市南漳县进行了3个独立的单因子5水平大田试验。结果表明：晶华棉116产量最高。ZD2040纤维品质最优,晶华棉116其次。晶华棉116 在施氮肥150 kg·hm^－2 下产量最高,在施氮肥120 kg·hm^－2 下其次。综合分析来看,鄂北植棉区麦后直播种植宜选用铃重适中、衣分较高的早熟和中早熟优质品种,种植密度在6万～7万株·hm^－2,氮肥用量不超过150 kg·hm^－2,可以获得较高的产量和经济效益。     

“棉太金”对长江流域棉区麦（油）后直播棉花株型结构的影响

为探讨缩节胺（Dimethylpiperidinium choride,DPC）类调节剂对长江流域棉区麦（油）后直播棉株型结构的影响,于2011―2012年在安徽东至与湖北石首、荆州调查了“棉太金”处理下短季棉品种国欣早11-1与国欣早12-1的株型结构。在7.5万、9.0万、10.5万株·hm^－2 3个密度下,将“棉太金”用量设置为0、1.08、2.16 L·hm^－2 3个水平,分别在盛蕾期、盛花期、盛铃期按体积比1∶2∶3喷施。结果显示,“棉太金”化控可以有效调控长江流域麦（油）后直播棉的株型结构,小幅度降低第一果枝节位高度,减少果枝数量;有效抑制果枝长度与株高,使用剂量越大,作用越明显;天气影响其使用效果。综合不同的株型结构因素认为,“棉太金”在中高剂量1.08、2.16 L·hm^－2下,可以使棉花株型紧凑,有利于机械采摘。研究结果可为降低棉花生产成本,提高生产效率提供指导。     

机采棉花品种AW05特性及栽培技术要点

AW05在新疆南疆早中熟机采棉模式下生育期133 d左右,植株呈塔形,Ⅱ式果枝,棉铃卵圆形,单株结铃7.0个,铃重5.9 g。2016－2017年新疆维吾尔自治区早中熟机采棉区域试验中,2年平均籽棉、皮棉和霜前皮棉产量分别为6 550.5 kg·hm^－2、2 769.0 kg·hm^－2、2 739.0 kg·hm^－2;2年平均纤维上半部平均长度32.8 mm,断裂比强度32.5 cN·tex^－1,马克隆值4.2;高抗枯萎病,耐黄萎病。简要介绍了AW05的选育过程、生物学特性、产量、纤维品质、抗病性及栽培技术要点。     

Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

2009年中国稻米市场分析及2010年展望

以翔实的资料对2009年中国稻米生产、消费、进出口、供求平衡、库存、价格走势、购销政策和国际稻米供求等情况进行了全面地分析,对影响2010年稻米市场价格走势的各种因素进行了深入研究,并在此基础上对2010年我国稻米市场价格走势进行了预测,结论是我国稻米价格仍呈上行趋势。     

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate in potato in two environments

Summary Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate were measured in a furrow-irrigated potato crop and in a riverbed crop where the water table was always maintained at 20–28 cm from the soil surface. In the irrigated crop, the photosynthetic rate during mid-afternoon was about half the peak rate observed at noon. This reduction was accompanied by a near tripling of stomatal resistance, a 45% reduction in transpiration, and a 5-fold increase in the difference between leaf and air temperatures. No such changes were observed in the riverbed crop where the photosynthetic rate remained nearly constant at about 0.9 mg m⁻² s⁻¹ between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Tuber yield in the riverbed crop was about 30% higher than in the irrigated crop.     

我国干热区甘蔗抗旱植蔗主要问题研讨

我国干热蔗区是我国甘蔗糖业的重要生产基地,蔗区光热资源丰富,唯降水分布不均成为植蔗生产的主要限制因子;根据蔗区植蔗特点和甘蔗需水规律,苗期抗旱是干热蔗区抗旱植蔗的关键,保证较多的总苗数和足够的生长量是苗期抗旱植蔗需解决的关键技术难题,制定相应的苗期抗旱植蔗栽培技术措施是解决该难题的重要保障;该观点为我国干热蔗区植蔗生产、甘蔗引育种提供理论和技术支持。     

Advances in Variable Rate Technology Application in Potato in The Netherlands

Precision agriculture is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter- and intra-field variability in crops. In this paper, we focus on responding to intra-field variability in potato crops and analyse variable rate applications (VRAs). We made an overview of potential VRAs in potato crop management in The Netherlands. We identified 13 potential VRAs in potato, ranging from soil tillage to planting to crop care to selective harvest. We ranked them on availability of ‘proof of concept’ and on-farm test results. For five VRAs, we found test results allowing to make a cost-benefit assessment. These five VRAs were as follows: planting, soil herbicide weed control, N side dress, late blight control and haulm killing. They use one of two types of spatial data: soil maps or biomass index maps. Data on costs and savings of the VRAs showed that the investments in VRAs will pay off under practical conditions in The Netherlands. Savings on pesticide use and N-fertilizer use with the VRAs were on average about 25%, which benefits the environment too. We foresee a slow but gradual adoption of VRAs in potato production. More VRAs will become available given ongoing R&D. The perspectives of VRAs in potatoes are discussed.     

我国高粱育种研究进展

对我国高粱育种的主要途径和研究方向进行了概述,针对目前高粱产量徘徊现象,提出了高粱超高产育种设想,并对其技术路线进行了探讨。     

棉花体细胞无性系变异的研究进展

体细胞无性系变异是一种重要的细胞工程育种技术,其应用于棉花育种的前提是建立高效的组织培养诱导再生植株体系.本文简要综述了棉花离体诱导植株再生研究的现状,重点讨论了棉花体细胞无性系变异的表现、利用方法及机理,提出了当前研究存在的问题并对今后的研究进行了展望.