New genes for resistance to green leafhopper, Nephotettix virescens (distant) in rice, Oryza sativa L.

The inheritance of resistance to the green leafhopper, Nephotettix virescens (Distant) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), in 12 cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.) was studied at Joydebpur, Bangladesh. The resistance of Kosatawee is governed by a single recessive gene. The remaining 11 varieties possess single dominant genes for resistance, which are different from the genes Glh 1, Glh 2, Glh 3 and Glh 5. The single dominant genes conveying resistance in TAPL 796, Ptb 18 and IR36 are allelic to each other but are non-allelic to the dominant resistance gene of Maddai Karuppan. The resistance genes in TAPL 796 and Maddai Karuppan were designated Glh 6 and Glh 7 respectively. The dominant resistance gene in Sulai is independent of Glh 6, but its allelic relationship to Glh 7 is not known. The allelic relationships of the dominant genes for resistance of Sulai, TAPL 628, TAPL 651, Leu-Wei-Theu, Bir-co-se-mao-17, Gu-win-gu-gi-goo, and Dikwee to Glh 6 and Glh 7 need to be investigated.     

Genetic analysis of resistance to whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath), in some rice varieties

For genetic analysis of resistance to the whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) (Homoptera: Delphacidae), in 13 rice varieties, seedlings at the one-leaf stage were artificially infested in the greenhouse with second; and third-instar nymphs of this planthopper. Reactions of the seedlings were recorded 7–10 days after infestation when the susceptible check (control variety) TN1 was completely killed. The reactions of the F₁, F₂, and F₃ populations from the crosses of resistant varieties with TN1 revealed that single dominant genes condition resistance in the varieties Sinnanayam, ARC 13349, MGL 1, Sukhwel 20, Bam 3, Hornamawee, Senawee, A1, T1432, W128, and Chuvanna Kumbolum. The resistance in NP130 and CI-5662-2 was conditioned by two independent dominant genes. The allelic relationships of the latter genes for resistance in the test varieties to resistance genes Wbph 1 and Wbph 2 were determined. Reactions of the F₂ and F₃ progenies from the crosses of test varieties with IR13475-7-3-2 which is homozygous for Wbph 1, and with IR30659-2-165, which is homozygous for Wbph 2, showed that the resistance genes in Sukhwel 20, Senawee, T1432, and W128 are allelic to Wbph 1. The resistance genes in Sinnanayam, ARC 13349, MGL 1, Bam 3, A1, and Chuvanna Kumbolum are allelic to Wbph 2. The two independent dominant genes for resistance in NP130 and CI-5662-2 are Wpbh 1 and Wbph 2. However, there is a single dominant gene for resistance in Hornamawee which is independent and non-allelic to Wbph 1 and Wpbh 2.     

水稻白叶枯病(Xanthomonas campestris pv．oryzae)抗性遗传研究:II．水稻品种对五个菌系的抗性遗传分析

 研究了5个水稻品种邳早l5、蚌珠芒、南粳l5、中百4号和青华矮6号对3个水稻白叶枯病菌系的抗性遗传和抗性基因等位关系。这5个品种分别与感病品种沈农lO33杂交，对各组合的F1、F2和B1F1群体的抗性测试表明：邳早l5和蚌珠芒由一对显性基因控制其抗性。南粳l5和中百4号均由两对连锁的显性基因控制，交换值为30％。等位性测定表明，邳早15和蚌珠芒的一对显性基因与Xa-3等位，南粳l5和中百4号也均有一对显性基因与Xa-3等位；青华矮6号的一对不完全显性基因与Xa-3是等位的。     

6个小麦生产品种苗期抗白粉病基因的遗传分析

为了更好地利用我国小麦种质资源和丰富小麦抗白粉病基因库,利用4个不同来源和毒力的小麦白粉菌株对六个小麦生产品种(武都白茧、天选45、周98165、偃展4110、中梁9589和中麦629)进行苗期抗白粉病基因的遗传分析。结果表明,武都白茧对菌株MX20的抗性由1对隐性基因控制;天选45对菌株HY5的抗性由1对隐性基因控制;周98165对菌株HX4的抗性由1对显性基因控制;偃展4110对菌株HX4的抗性由1对显性基因控制;中梁9589对菌株HY5的抗性由2对隐性基因独立作用控制;中麦629对菌株CCQ15的抗性由2对隐性基因独立作用控制。     

Genetic analysis and molecular mapping of a stripe rust resistance gene in wheat–Leymus mollis translocation line M8926-2

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most widespread and destructive diseases of wheat crop worldwide. Growing resistant cultivars is the preferred method of controlling diseases, but only a few effective genes are available. M8926-2, a translocation line developed from interspecific hybridization between Leymus mollis and a common wheat genotype 7182, is highly resistant to the prevalent Chinese Pst races. In order to identify gene(s) for stripe rust resistance, M8926-2 was crossed with susceptible genotype Mingxian 169, and seedlings of parents and F₁, F₂, and F_2:3 progenies were tested with the most prevalent Pst race CYR32 under controlled greenhouse conditions. M8926-2 has a single dominant gene, designated as YrM8926, conferring all-stage resistance to CYR32. Genetic mapping was used to identify molecular markers linked to YrM8926. A linkage group of seven simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers was constructed for YrM8926 using 191 F_2-2 population plants and the gene was located on wheat chromosome 2DS. The wheat-L. mollis translocation line background of M8926-2 and disease assessments indicated that YrM8926 is originally derived from L. mollis. The stripe rust resistance gene and closely linked molecular markers should be useful for pyramiding with other genes to develop wheat cultivars with high-level and long-term resistance to stripe rust.     

Inheritance of resistance to sclerotinia stem rot (Sclerotinia trifoliorum) in faba beans (Vicia faba L.)

Stem rot, a fungal disease caused by Sclerotinia trifoliorum Eriks., is often a serious problem in many important forage legumes including faba beans (Vicia faba L.). Understanding the inheritance of resistance to the disease is essential for effective breeding of resistant cultivars. Experiments were conducted to study the inheritance of resistance to stem rot of faba beans. The F₁, F₂, and the backcross generations of five crosses between four resistant and four susceptible populations (Alto × Polycarpe, A-90 × Polycarpe, ILB-1814 × A-247, A-90 × A-244, VT × Tanagra) were used. The eight populations were crossed properly in the field, and progenies of F₁ and F₂, as well as backcross progenies of F₁ with each of their parents, were evaluated for resistance to stem rot disease under controlled conditions after artificial inoculation of the plants with carrot root pieces colonized by the fungus. On the assumption that inheritance of stem rot resistance is governed by a single dominant gene, no significant differences were found between the observed and the expected frequencies of resistance for progenies, except for one cross. As the expression of resistance to the disease fits the expected ratios for a single dominant gene model, it is concluded that the inheritance of resistance to sclerotinia stem rot in the evaluated faba bean populations is controlled by a single dominant gene.     

Genetic analyses of heading date of Japonica rice cultivars from Northeast China

Northeast regions of China (38–55°N latitude) play an important role in Japonica rice planting. Heading dates of 10 Japonica rice cultivars native to the Northeast of China were investigated and their sensitivities to photoperiod and temperature were analyzed. The results showed that these Japonica rice cultivars were insensitive to photoperiod but strongly sensitive to temperature, i.e. a high temperature can markedly shorten the heading date. Genetic analyses were conducted on these 10 cultivars using a set of heading date tester lines. All these Japonica cultivars carried a dominant early heading gene Ef-1, and most of these cultivars carried the photoperiod insensitivity allele e₁, and two types of alleles were presented at the Se-1 locus, including recessive photoperiod insensitivity gene Se-1^e and dominant strong photoperiod-sensitivity (PS) gene Se-1ⁿ. The PS of these cultivars carrying E₁ or Se-1ⁿ can be repressed or weakened by Ef-1 and the recessive allele hd2 they carried. These results provided a reasonable explanation to the adaptability of Japonica rice to the high latitude environment of the Northeast China, and could be useful for breeding new cultivars well adapted to the high latitude regions and expanding the rice cultivation range.     

Genetics and mapping of resistance to spore inoculum and culture filtrate of Phaeosphaeria nodorum in spring wheat line ND 735

Stagonospora nodorum blotch (SNB), caused by Phaeosphaeria nodorum, is one of the most devastating foliar diseases on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the northern Great Plains of North America. This study was conducted, under controlled environmental conditions, to elucidate the genetics and map the resistance to SNB caused by spore inoculum and culture filtrate of P. nodorum isolate Sn2000. A hard red spring wheat population was developed from a cross between the susceptible cultivar Steele-ND and the resistant line ND 735 for this study. Two-leaf seedlings of the parents, F₁ and F₂ generations, and F_2:6 recombinant-inbred lines (RILs) were inoculated with spore suspensions while independent two week old seedlings of segregating generations were infiltrated with culture filtrate. Disease reaction was assessed 8 days after inoculation based on a lesion-type scale while plants were evaluated for culture filtrate response four days after infiltration for the presence or absence of necrosis. Genetic analysis revealed that a single recessive gene, Tsn1, in ND 735 confers resistance to both spore suspension and culture filtrate of P. nodorum isolate Sn2000. Mapping analysis using Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers indicates the gene, Tsn1, is located on the long arm of chromosome 5B and is flanked by the DArt markers wPt-8285 and wPt-3049 at a distance of 7.0 cM and 2.9 cM, respectively. This gene also controls resistance to tan spot caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis race 2. Results of this study reveal that wheat-P. nodorum interaction follows the toxin model of gene-for-gene hypothesis. Additionally, the finding of single gene control in the line ND 735 for both tan spot and SNB enhances the utility of the line ND 735 in wheat breeding program as a source of multiple disease resistance.     

Observations on the occurrence and inheritance in wheat of resistance to the grain aphid Sitobion avenae

Glasshouse screening tests with the aphid, Sitobion avenae, demonstrated resistance or extreme susceptibility in a minority of winter wheat cultivars. Assessments of some, but not all, resistant cultivars were apparently affected by the conditions of the test, and field observations confirmed some, but not all, of the glasshouse results. Rapier and Galahad were the most resistant of the cultivars currently available to British wheat growers. F₄ lines of spring wheat from crosses of wheat stocks resistant to S. avenae were screened by two methods and on average were resistant. Crosses differed in the amount of variability available for further selection, and wide-ranging segregation among the lines indicated that resistance genes differed among the parent stocks.     

Introgression of resistance to reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) into upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) from Gossypium arboreum and a G. hirsutum/Gossypium aridum bridging line

Gossypium hirsutum L. is the predominant cotton of commerce and all cultivars of this species are susceptible to the reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis. To introgress resistance to R. reniformis into the tetraploid 2(AD₁) G. hirsutum, a resistant diploid A₂-genome Gossypium arboreum accession (A₂-190) was crossed with a hexaploid 2((AD₁)D₄) bridging line (G 371) to obtain a tetraploid triple-species hybrid. The triple-species hybrid was back-crossed to G. hirsutum and a population of 277 BC₁ individuals was produced. The BC₁s and controls were assayed in growth chambers for resistance to R. reniformis. Fortuitously, the hexaploid bridging line G 371 was also found to be resistant to R. reniformis. The BC₁ segregated 3:1, resistant:susceptible, indicating that resistance was conferred by dominant genes at two different loci, with each originating from a distinct germplasm source. This study demonstrated that it is possible to introgress and pyramid genes for resistance to R. reniformis in G. hirsutum.     

几个籼稻品种对稻瘟病抗性的遗传分析

用感稻瘟病品种二九青与4个抗病品种杂交的 F₁、F₂、B₁F₁经4个不同菌系的稻瘟病菌孢子悬浮液分别进行人工接种,然后考查其抗性反应。结果表明红脚占、砦糖、Tetep 和74-5461BG 等籼稻品种对 ZB1、ZB15、ZC15、ZC3菌系的抗性均分别由显性抗性基因 Ipi-1、Ipi-2、Ipi-3和 Ipi-4控制,同时这4个抗性基因还存在着紧密的连锁关系。等位性测定也表明4个品种所具有的抗性基因都是各各等位的。     

Molecular Markers and Candidate Genes for Thermo-Sensitive Genic Male Sterile in Rice

The discovery of thermo-sensitive genic male sterility(TGMS) has led to development of a simple and highly efficient two-line breeding system. In this study, genetic analysis was conducted using three F_2 populations derived from crosses between IR68301 S, an indica TGMS rice line, and IR14632(tropical japonica), Supanburi 91062(indica) and IR67966-188-2-2-1(tropical japonica), respectively.Approximately 1:3 ratio between sterile and normal pollen of F_2 plants from the three populations revealed that TGMS is controlled by a single recessive gene. Bulked segregant analysis using simple sequence repeat(SSR) and insertion-deletion(InDel) markers were used to identify markers linked to the tms gene. The linkage analysis based on the three populations indicated that the tms locus was located on chromosome 2 covering the same area. Using IR68301S × IR14632 F_2 population, the results showed that the tms locus was located between SSR marker RM12676 and InDel marker 2gAP0050058. The genetic distance from the tms gene to these two flanking markers were 1.10 and 0.82 cM, respectively.InDel marker 2gAP004045 located between these two markers showed complete co-segregation with the TGMS phenotype. In addition, InDel marker vf0206114052 showed 2.94 cM linked to the tms gene using F_2 populations of IR68301S × Supanburi 91062. These markers are useful tool for developing new TGMS lines by marker-assisted selection. There were ten genes located between the two flanking markers RM12676 and 2gAP0050058. Using quantitative real-time PCR for expression analysis, 7 of the 10 genes showed expression in panicles, and response to temperatures. These genes could be the candidate gene controlling TGMS in IR68301S.     

Molecular characterization of Glu-B3 locus in wheat cultivars and segregating populations

Bread wheat quality constitutes a key trait for the demands of the baking industry as well as the broad consumer preferences. The role of the low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) with regard to bread quality is so far not well understood owing to their genetic complexity and to the use of different nomenclatures and standards for the LMW-GS assignment by different research groups, which has made difficult the undertaking of association studies between genotypes and bread quality. The development of molecular markers to carry out genetic characterization and allele determination is demanding. Nowadays, the most promising LMW gene marker system is based on PCR and high resolution capillary electrophoresis for the simultaneous analysis of the complete multigene family. The molecular analysis of the bread wheat Glu-B3 locus in F₂ and F_4:6 populations expressed the expected one-locus Mendelian segregation pattern, thus validating the suitability of this marker system for the characterization of LMW-GS genes in segregating populations, allowing for the successful undertaking of studies related to bread-making quality. Moreover, the Glu-B3 allele characterization of standard cultivars with the molecular marker system has revealed its potential as a complementary tool for the allelic determination of this complex multigene family.     

Improvement of Bacterial Blight Resistance in Rice Cultivars Jyothi and IR50 via Marker-Assisted Backcross Breeding

Abstract

In pathogen population analysis of 208 Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae(Xoo) strains that were assembled from different parts of India, 21 pathotypes were identified on the basis of disease reactions on near-isogenic lines (NILs) and 13 pathotypes, on rice differentials. Rice cultivars, Jyothi and IR50, which are high yielding but highly prone to bacterial blight (BB) caused by pathogen populations of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in India, were chosen. To improve the BB resistance of these two varieties, a pyramid line, NH56, containing four R-genes, Xa4, xa5, xa13, and Xa21, was selected as the R-donor based on resistance to existing pathogen population. The four R-genes were successfully transferred to cultivars through a traditional backcross method and their presence was documented with marker-aided selection (MAS). Thirty BC₄F₂ plants derived from JxNH56 (cv. Jyothi) and 45 BC₄F₂ plants derived from IR50xNH56 (cv. IR50) had all four resistance genes (Xa4, xa5, xa13, and Xa21), which should be useful resistance donors for breeding other BB-resistant elite indica varieties.     

Transgressive variants for red pericarp grain with high yield potential derived from Oryza rufipogon × Oryza sativa: Field evaluation, screening for blast disease, QTL validation and background marker analysis for agronomic traits

Five transgressive variants (advanced breeding lines from BC₂F₅ and BC₂F₆ generation) were derived from a cross between the wild relative, O. rufipogon Griff. and O. sativa L. subsp. indica cv. MR219, a popular high yielding Malaysian rice cultivar. The aim of the study was to evaluate the pericarp colour of the grains along with yield potential and to validate quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for agronomic traits. The variants were screened against blast disease. Background marker analysis was also done for the promising variants. The field trials were carried out at a single location (due to containment purposes) over two seasons using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. A trait-based marker analysis was used to identify QTLs for validation in BC₂F₅ generation. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the seasonal factors influenced different agronomic traits. Variant G33 produced significantly (p < 0.05) higher yield (5.20 t/ha) than the control, MR219 (4.53 t/ha). Eighteen QTLs for different agronomic traits were identified in BC₂F₂ population in a previous study. Among them 14 QTLs were found in BC₂F₅ population of the present study. The yield of variant G33 was influenced by several QTLs viz. qGPL-1, qSPL-1-2, qSPL-8 and qYLD-4, which were introgressed from the donor parent revealed by background marker analysis using BC₂F₇ generation. Percentage (99%) of red pericarp grain of G33 and G34 in BC₂F₅ and BC₂F₆ generations indicated the stability of pericarp colour which was transferred from the wild relative. Variant G33 showed resistance against two pathotype of blast disease (Magnaporthe oryzae). Among the evaluated variants, G33 could be considered for inclusion in the cultivar development program for red rice with high yield potential and resistance to blast disease. This study demonstrated that the alleles from wild relative could improve the yield and yield related traits through allelic interaction, even though the phenotypic traits were inferior to the recurrent parent.     

分子标记结合表型鉴定选育兼抗赤霉病、白粉病和条锈病弱筋小麦新品种扬麦38

长江中下游麦区是中国弱筋小麦优势产业带,小麦赤霉病、白粉病和条锈病是该麦区主要病害,当前弱筋小麦主导品种综合抗性较弱,影响其生产安全。为培育多抗优质弱筋小麦品种,以高产中筋小麦品种扬麦16为轮回亲本,以兼抗白粉病、条锈病的软质小麦92R137为供体亲本,构建了BC₁群体,利用分子标记在BC₁F₂代基础农艺性状较优良的株行中筛选抗白粉病基因 Pm21、抗条锈病基因 Yr26和软质麦相关基因 Pinb-D1a均纯合的单株,并鉴定BC₁F₆代对赤霉病、白粉病和条锈病的抗性,同时检测籽粒硬度、湿面筋含量、面团形成时间、稳定时间等重要品质指标以及小区产量,最终育成高抗赤霉病、免疫白粉病和高抗条锈病的弱筋小麦新品种扬麦38,于2022年通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

四个籼稻品种对细菌性条斑病的抗性遗传研究

 对水稻细菌性条斑病表现高抗的 Dular、IR26、IR36和IR1545-339 等4个籼稻品种与感病品种金刚30杂交并分别与双亲回交，获得F₁、F₂、BC₁和BC₂。在隔离网室用细菌性条斑病菌株RS-68接种不同世代群体，根据其抗感反应推断：IR36的抗病性是由一对隐性主效基因控制的，Dular、 IR26和IR1545-339三个品种的抗病性分别由一对显性基因控制，Dular和IR1545 339的抗病基因呈非等位关系     

水稻短根的遗传分析

 用水稻短根突变化RM1、RM2与原品种Ohchikara杂交配成两个组合的P₁、 P₂、 F₁、 F₂、 B₁₁、B'₁₁、B₁₂、 B'₁₂ 以及F₃世代，调查冠根长度，研究短根性状的遗传。结果表明，RM1和RM2的短根性状均受单个位点稳性核基因（srt1srt1），并且RM1和RM2的短根基因是等位的。讨论了srt1基因在杂交稻和中子纯度快速鉴定中的应用。     

水稻东农415的抗瘟性基因分析

 采用“累积分布曲线法”用日本7个单基因鉴别菌系(P-2b、研53-33、稻72、北1、研54-20、研54-04、稻168)接种鉴定了农林20×东农415组合7套F3系统。结果表明，东农415对P-2b、北1、稻168三个菌系的抗性是由三对显性基因控制的；对研53-33菌系是由两对显性互补基因控制的；对研54-04菌系的抗性是由两对显性基因和一对隐性基因控制的；对稻72和研54-20两个菌系的抗性是由两对显性基因控制的。分析结果显示水稻品种东农415至少含有三个显性抗瘟性基因，且基因间存在互作。     

玉米纹枯病抗性的主基因+多基因混合遗传分析

利用自交系CML429(高抗)、CI23(中抗)、DM9(高感)和478(高感)组配得到6对正反交组合以及抗感组合CML429×DM9的P₁(CML429)、P₂(DM9)、B₁、B₂、F₁和 F₂ 6个世代材料进行玉米纹枯病抗性鉴定,研究分析这些抗感组合的抗性遗传特性。结果表明：玉米纹枯病抗性基本不存在胞质效应,抗性遗传符合两对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传模型;主基因间表现为加性-显性-上位性作用,两对主基因的加性效应分别为-1.228 4和-1.228 4,显性效应分别为-0.206 5和-0.206 3,其遗传效应值大小基本相同,且两对主基因间的加性效应与显性效应互作的上位性效应也相差不多,分别为0.293 1和0.293 5,两对主基因的遗传效应基本相同。抗感组合不同世代中F₂的主基因遗传率最高(70.22%);多基因遗传率在B₂最高(10.17%)。因此,在F₂的选择效率最高。