海南岛芒果园施肥现状调查及土壤养分状况分析

本文主要通过了解海南岛芒果园施肥现状及对应的土壤养分状况,综合分析施肥管理现状,为芒果种植科学施肥提供理论基础。研究结果表明,海南岛芒果主产区肥料投入平均水平为 N 334.01 kg/hm2、P2O5 177.10 hm2、K2O 184.21 hm2,其中 N∶P2O5∶K2O 为 1∶0.53∶0.55,芒果化肥消耗系数为 0.059 01 kg/kg,纯氮消耗系数为 0.020 7 kg/kg,施用有机肥农户比例为 76.92%,有机肥平均施用量低于 333.33 kg/hm2。海南岛芒果主产区土壤有机质含量偏低,范围为11.16~17.22 g/kg;碱解氮含量偏高,范围为 278.86~859.10 mg/kg;速效磷含量差异较大,为21.74~81.73 mg/kg;速效钾含量在 96.56~97.19 mg/kg。综上所述,海南岛芒果园氮磷钾肥料投入比例不科学,钾肥投入量偏低,建议增施钾肥;有机肥投入严重不足,建议提高施用有机肥农户比例,增大有机肥施用量。     

海南岛芒果园施肥现状调查及土壤养分状况分析

本文主要通过了解海南岛芒果园施肥现状及对应的土壤养分状况,综合分析施肥管理现状,为芒果种植科学施肥提供理论基础。研究结果表明,海南岛芒果主产区肥料投入平均水平为 N 334.01 kg/hm2、P2O5 177.10 hm2、K2O 184.21 hm2,其中 N∶P2O5∶K2O 为 1∶0.53∶0.55,芒果化肥消耗系数为 0.059 01 kg/kg,纯氮消耗系数为 0.020 7 kg/kg,施用有机肥农户比例为 76.92%,有机肥平均施用量低于 333.33 kg/hm2。海南岛芒果主产区土壤有机质含量偏低,范围为 11.16~17.22 g/kg;碱解氮含量偏高,范围为 278.86~859.10 mg/kg;速效磷含量差异较大,为 21.74~81.73 mg/kg;速效钾含量在96.56~97.19 mg/kg。综上所述,海南岛芒果园氮磷钾肥料投入比例不科学,钾肥投入量偏低,建议增施钾肥;有机肥投入严重不足,建议提高施用有机肥农户比例,增大有机肥施用量。     

湖北省油菜施肥现状调查

对湖北省20个油菜主产县(市)的356个农户2007/2008年度油菜施肥状况进行了调查。结果显示,所有种植油菜的田块均施用了化肥;施用有机肥的比例仅为19.8%。全省油菜氮(N)、磷(P2O5)和钾(K2O)肥平均施用量分别为171.9、61.7和50.3kg.hm-2,N∶P2O5∶K2O的比例为1∶0.36∶0.29,其中化肥提供的N、P2O5和K2O分别占总投肥量的96.1%、92.1%和80.3%。施肥量分级结果表明,农户普遍重视氮肥的施用,施氮(N)量120 kg.hm-2的田块比例为64.3%;磷、钾肥施用不足,施磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)量45kg.hm-2的比例分别为35.4%和48.9%。油菜施肥次数以两次(基肥+1次追肥)的比例最高,占56.0%;78.3%的氮肥用作基肥施用。调查结果表明,湖北省油菜种植中的施肥问题主要有:(1)养分不平衡,磷、钾肥用量偏低,尤其钾肥用量明显不足;(2)有机肥施用比例、施用量偏低,秸秆还田率低;(3)氮肥用量不足及过量的现象均有存在;(4)施肥次数与油菜生长及养分吸收规律不匹配,前期氮肥用量比例过高。     

新疆奇台地区甜菜多年连作高产栽培技术

新疆奇台县某甜菜种植专业户12年连作种植甜菜实现高产,块根产量达到75 t/hm2以上,其关键技术是2~3年增施猪粪60~75 m3/hm2,并辅以高产栽培技术保证了多年连作实现甜菜高产。     

施肥对彩色花生生长与产量的影响

肥料是花生生产的主要投入成本和调控因子,科学施肥对于保证花生生长发育良好和高产优质十分重要。以彩色花生品种彩51为材料,探讨一次性基肥与追肥施用量对花生生长发育、农艺性状及产量的影响。结果表明：与不施肥比较,基肥与追肥均有利于彩51增产;产量最高的施肥方式为基施复合肥600 kg／hm2,不施追肥。过多施用化肥（750 kg／hm2）在一定程度上抑制营养与生殖生长,影响了荚果产量。     

鄂马铃薯5号脱毒原原种种植密度及施肥量最佳水平组合

马铃薯脱毒种薯是目前国内外解决马铃薯品种退化、产量降低、品质下降的最有效措施。由于原原种生产成本高且数量有限,生产中需要进行原种扩繁和一、二级生产种薯繁育。为研究脱毒马铃薯原原种鄂马铃薯5号的高产栽培技术,本研究采用正交试验设计,对扩繁过程中种植密度、N、P2O5、K2O施用量进行研究。结果表明:种植密度为120 000株/hm2,纯N施用量为180 kg/hm2,P2O5施用量为90 kg/hm2,K2O施用量为330 kg/hm2是原种扩繁生产中各因素最佳水平组合。     

宁夏引黄灌区春小麦施肥现状与评价

为了解宁夏引黄灌区春小麦养分资源管理中存在的问题,于2011-2013年采用农户抽样调查方法,分析评价了该灌区5个县市328个种植户的春小麦施肥和产量情况。结果表明,春小麦平均产量的年际间变幅不大,3年平均产量为4 578kg·hm-2。春小麦产量偏低的农户比例最高,3年平均达46.7%,产量适中的农户平均占23.7%,处于适中以下的农户比例在50%以上。3年春小麦的纯N、P2O5、K2O平均用量分别为357.0、182.7、33.4kg·hm-2。平均86.4%的春小麦种植户氮肥投入过量,44.6%的磷肥施用过量,83.3%的钾肥投入严重不足,肥料养分投入与产量水平分布并不同步。养分投入以化肥为主,有机肥为辅;重氮肥,轻钾肥。化肥N、P2O5、K2O用量分别占养分总投入量的96.6%、98.0%和79.0%。氮肥运筹以基肥和追肥为主,基追比大致为6∶4;磷肥以基肥和种肥为主,钾肥几乎全部通过基肥施入。春小麦每投入1kg纯N、P2O5、K2O养分,平均分别可生产14.8、30.0和154.7kg籽粒,肥料生产力总体趋势为K2OP2O5N。因此,建议宁夏引黄灌区春小麦采用有机无机肥料配施、氮肥后移(60%追肥)的原则,并注意减氮、控磷、补钾,有机肥以30t·hm-2为宜,化肥N、P2O5、K2O投入分别不超过225、180、60kg·hm-2。     

‘定薯1号’马铃薯高产栽培技术

为了研究种植密度、氮、磷、钾施用量及配比对‘定薯1号’品种产量、出苗率、单株薯重、商品薯率等的效应,利用二次通用旋转组合设计及计算机模拟寻优的方法,寻找‘定薯1号’适合种植在旱作农业生态区域的高产栽培技术方案。结果表明:产量高于13 957 kg/hm2的高产农艺组合方案有61套,各因子的取值范围分别为:密度39 235.98~66 272.22株/hm2,施N 96.41~236.22 kg/hm2,P2O5 38.60~94.46 kg/hm2,K2O 173.60~411.63 kg/hm2,N:P2O5:K2O约为2.4:1:4.9。     

马铃薯威芋3号高产、高效栽培模型研究

试验采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计,研究威芋3号优质、高产新品种的生产成本,纯收益,产投比与密度、氮、磷、钾肥施用量间的优化数学模型,在对模型进行分析的基础上进行计算机模拟试验,提出两套威芋3号高产、高效栽培技术模型:①产投比高于1.78,纯收入高于4000元.hm-2的高产、高效栽培模型:密度为39982.5￣42750.0窝.hm-2,纯(N)施用量为43.969￣50.918 kg.hm-2;P2O5施用量为127.08￣142.92 kg.hm-2;K2O施用量为137.430￣156.668 kg.hm-2。②产投比高于2,纯收入高于4500元.hm-2的高产、高效栽培模型:密度为40440￣43050窝.hm-2;纯(N)施用量为44.37￣52.83 kg.hm-2,P2O5施用量为126.180￣135.945 kg.hm-2;K2O施用量为143.303￣164.430 kg.hm-2。     

平衡施肥对木薯产量及品质的影响初报

采用"3414"完全随机区组设计,开展木薯平衡施肥田间试验,研究施肥对木薯产量及品质的影响.其结果表明:(1)施肥对木薯产量有极显著的增产效应,氮、磷、钾肥增产的主次顺序为K>N>P.(2)木薯最高产量的氮、礴、钾优化施肥组合为N:150.00 kg/hm2,P2O5:36.75 kg/hm2,K2O:150.00 kg/hm2,此时最高产量为36.04t/hm2,其最佳施肥配比为N:P2O5:K2O=4:1:4;木薯最佳施肥利润的氮、磷、钾优化施肥组合为N:150 kg/hm2、P2O5:29.50 kg/hm2、K2O:150 kg/hm2,其最佳施肥利润达10 780.11元/hm2,此时产量为36.00 t/hm2,其最佳施肥利润配比为N:P2O5:K20=5:1:5.(3)施肥对木薯淀粉含量有极显著的影响,氮、磷、钾肥对木薯淀粉含量影响的主次顺序为:N>K>P.     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

芦笋枯萎病病原鉴定

对造成福建省漳州市东山县的芦笋枯萎病病原菌进行分子鉴定,以期确定病原菌的属、种名,为防治该病害寻求理论依据。试验对分离纯化的病原菌核糖体DNA的ITS区进行测序,在Genbank中搜索其同源性并构建它们的系统发育树,结果表明：引起芦笋枯萎病的病原菌是镰刀属中的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),且病原菌之间的同源性高达89%,遗传差异不显著。     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin

Insect pest management is facing the economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to the human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanicals containing active insecticidal phytochemicals appear to be promising to address some of these problems. Therefore, there is a continuous need to explore new active molecules with different mechanisms of action. Secondary metabolites present in plants apparently function as defense (toxic), which inhibits reproduction and other processes. The phytochemical biomolecules could be used for maximizing the effectiveness and specificity in future insecticide design with specific or multiple target sites, while ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability. In this article, the current state of knowledge on phytochemical sources and insecticidal activity, their mechanism of action in insects, resistance, and promising advances made in phytochemical research are reviewed.     

中耕方式对土壤理化特性及玉米生长发育影响研究Ⅰ.中耕方式对玉米生长发育的影响

2002～2003年在0～3次中耕条件下研究了中耕方式对玉米生长发育和产量形成的影响。结果表明,多次中耕增大了玉米倒伏率,降低了玉米最大叶面积指数、株高及各时期叶片叶绿素含量,对花粒期玉米净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率也产生一定的负面影响。少中耕有增产的趋势,并且可以降低生产成本、增加经济效益。     

玉米产量性状配合力遗传分析

通过对8个中晚熟玉米自交系产量性状进行双列杂交分析，表明各个自交系产量性状的一般配合力与特殊配合力存在显著差异，玉米杂交种F₁的产量构成受到一般配合力与特殊配合力的共同作用，用特殊配合力对F₁的作用大于一般配合力。特殊配合力高低与一般配合力无明显相关关系。因此在玉米杂交种组配与自交系改良工作中，既要兼顾双亲的一般配合力与特殊配合力，又要保持杂交优势利用模式与选系模式的种质关系。     

论长白山人参主要品种类型栽种方式及其商品分类

本文论述了长白山人参主要品种类型的栽种方式、总结其规范化种植的工艺流程、对各人参品种类型栽种方式、技术要点、品种退化的主要原因及其解决措施作了详细的研讨。强调指出人参的各种栽种方式必须实施GAP标准化管理才是最好的栽种方式。重点报告了人参主产区,最新最好的栽种方式。并对人参商品分类及野山参分等质量标准中的野山参、移山参的定义提出修改意见,为提高我国人参产品质量在国际市场上的竞争能力,保持人参产业可持续发展提供科学依据。     

12份白花泡桐材料亲缘关系的ISSR分析

以‘福桐’、‘绿桐’2个无性系与10个不同种源的白花泡桐个体为研究对象，采用ISSR分子标记对12份白花泡桐材料的亲缘关系进行研究，并利用DPSv3.01进行聚类分析。结果表明：10条引物共扩增出66条条带，其中有37条多态带，多态性比例为56.1%。根据ISSR聚类分析结果，在遗传距离为0.35时，12份白花泡桐材料可分为5类，第1类为‘福桐’无性系与河南、河北种源个体；第2类为‘绿桐’无性系与湖南、湖北、江苏种源个体；第3类为浙江、广东种源个体；第4类为江西、福建种源个体；第5类为广西种源个体。此结果     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。     

Use of mechanics of cohesive granular media for analysis of hardness and vitreousness of wheat endosperm

The characterisation of the wheat endosperm by mechanical tests of compression highlighted a relation between the rupture energy and the elasticity modulus for different varieties of wheat; this relation allows us to distinguish mealy and vitreous endosperms. An approach based on the micromechanics of cohesive granular materials is used to analyse these experimental results. A geometrical model of the wheat endosperm made of grains linked by cohesive bonds is proposed. We introduced two parameters, the first one α represents the percentage of active bonds (bonds where the stiffness and strength are non-zero), and the second one β represents the threshold of the bond's rupture. The parameter β can be related to the cross-section of the bond. This model successfully describes the mechanical tests on the wheat endosperm. The comparison with the experimental tests makes it possible to clearly differentiate vitreous wheats and mealy wheats and then attribute this property to the parameter β. The model shows the same tendency as regards the evolution of the rupture energy and the elastic modulus with the parameter α. The modelling of endosperm by the mechanics of cohesive granular media provides a new theoretical framework to interpret the rheology of endosperm. This approach allows us to connect this rheology to the mechanical actions at the scale of the granules.