Recycling of rice straw to improve wheat yield and soil fertility and reduce atmospheric pollution

Burning of rice straw is a common practice in northwest India, where rice–wheat cropping system is extensively followed. The practice results in loss of nutrients, atmospheric pollution and emission of greenhouse gases. A field experiment was conducted at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India during the rabi season (November to April) of 2002–2003 to evaluate the efficacy of the various modes of rice straw recycling in soil in improving yield and soil fertility and reducing not only carbon dioxide emission but also nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission. The treatment with no rice straw incorporation and application of recommended doses of fertilizer (120, 26 and 50 kg N, P and K ha⁻¹, respectively), gave the highest yield of wheat. Treatments with the incorporation of rice straw at 5 Mg ha⁻¹ with additional amount of inorganic N (60 kg N ha⁻¹) or inoculation of microbial culture had similar grain yields to that of the treatment with no straw incorporation. The lowest yield was recorded in the plots where rice straw was incorporated in soil without additional inorganic N and with manure application. All the treatments with rice straw incorporation had larger soil organic C despite the effect on the mineralisation of soil organic matter. Emission of N₂O was more when additional N was added with rice straw and secondary when straw was added to the soil because of higher microbial activity. The study showed that burning of rice straw could be avoided without affecting yield of wheat crop by incorporating rice straw in soil with an additional dose of inorganic N or microbial inoculation. However, the reduction of N₂O emission due to avoiding burning is in part counterbalanced by an increase in emission during the subsequent wheat cultivation.     

Effect of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, cattle manure and wood vinegar (pyroligneous acid) application on growth and yield of organic rainfed rice

The effect of soil incorporation of water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) and cattle manure and of wood vinegar (pyroligneous acid) foliar application on growth and yield of rainfed rice was studied with a four replications split plot in a farmer’s field in Thailand. P. stratiotes incorporation significantly increased the grain yield over nonincorporation with P. stratiotes. Cattle manure incorporation alone or combined with wood vinegar application significantly increased grain yield over wood vinegar and no-fertilizer application. Incorporation of P. stratiotes combined with cattle manure and wood vinegar application could not provide sufficient N to the rice crop, but it adequate for P and K. Plots with cattle manure incorporation combined with wood vinegar application exhibited the maximum K, P and N content in soil after harvest.     

Effects of the Long-Term Application of Anaerobically-Digested Cattle Manure on Growth,Yield and Nitrogen Uptake of Paddy Rice (Oryza sativa L.), and Soil Fertility in Warmer Region of Japan

Abstract

The suitability of anaerobically-digested manure (ADM) from a biogas plant, as an alternative to chemical fertilizers for rice cultivation was evaluated by a long-term study. At the standard nitrogen (N) application rate (10 g m^?2), the aboveground biomass, N uptake, and grain yield in rice plots with ADM application (MF) were not significantly different from those in the plots treated with chemical fertilizer (CF). Split application of ADM improved the apparent N efficiency. The N application rate corresponding to maximum grain yield was approximately 15 g m^?2 by a split application, and more N application by using ADM saturated grain yield due to decrease in ripened grain ratio and individual grain weight. On the whole, the soil total-C, total-N and available N in the MF plot were not significantly different from those in the CF plot. The available phosphate (P) levels was lower in the MF plot than in either the CF plot or plot without N application (NF), mainly due to lower content of P in ADM. However, the P level remained much higher than the fatal threshold level for the growth of paddy rice. These findings suggest that under appropriate fertilization conditions, ADM is a valuable organic resource, and can be used continuously as an alternative to chemical fertilization for rice cultivation, without substantial changes in soil C and N fertility.     

不同土壤肥力条件下麦秆还田与氮肥运筹对杂交稻氮素利用、产量及米质的影响

以杂交稻F优498为材料,研究了高、低土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖与氮肥运筹对杂交稻主要生育期氮素吸收利用特征、产量及米质的影响,并探讨了不同土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖和氮肥运筹对结实期剑叶SPAD值与稻米品质的形成的影响。结果表明,不同土壤肥力下,麦秆覆盖均有效促进杂交稻各生育时期氮素积累,提高了氮素利用效率以及稻谷产量,增加了稻米蛋白质含量、稻米胶稠度,显著降低了稻米垩白度以及垩白粒率,且高土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖优于低土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖处理。同时,不同土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖处理,均以m基肥∶m蘖肥∶m穗肥为3∶3∶4的氮肥运筹模式最优,均能有效调节水稻灌浆结实期叶片SPAD值,提高水稻氮素吸收利用效率及稻谷产量;但稻米品质方面,高土壤肥力以m基肥∶m蘖肥∶m穗肥为5∶3∶2时最佳;而低土壤肥力可适当提高氮肥后移比例,以m基肥∶m蘖肥∶m穗肥=3∶3∶4最佳。相关分析表明,水稻灌浆期剑叶SPAD值与稻米出糙率、整精米率以及蛋白质含量显著或极显著正相关(r=0.47*~0.90**);与垩百度、垩白粒率负相关,但相关未达显著水平;而高土壤肥力下稻米品质各项指标分别与齐穗后19~27d剑叶SPAD值,低土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖与齐穗后13~19d剑叶SPAD值相关系数最大。     

等氮量投入下有机无机肥配施对玉米产量及氮素利用的影响

以1989年建立的国家黑土肥力与肥料效益监测基地的长期肥料定位试验为研究平台,研究等氮条件下有机无机肥长期配施对玉米产量及氮肥利用率的影响。研究结果表明,长期氮磷钾肥配施(NPK)及氮磷钾肥与有机肥配施(牛粪+NPK、秸秆+NPK)有利于玉米产量的提高,与不施肥(CK)相比,分别提高192.0%、218.3%和192.6%。NPK、牛粪+NPK及秸秆+NPK处理氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力均显著高于单施氮肥处理。经18年长期定位试验,与试验初期相比均能提高土壤有机质含量、全氮含量及碱解氮含量,以牛粪+NPK处理效果最好,分别增加46.6%、28.6%和36.8%。施用牛粪及秸秆后土壤pH值年纪间变化不大,长期施用化肥土壤pH值降低。     

Morphological analysis on comparison of organic and chemical fertilizers on grain quality of rice at different planting densities

ABSTRACT

Effects of organic (Italian ryegrass and Bokashi) and chemical fertilizer on growth, yield, and grain quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were compared under different planting densities in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015. Italian ryegrass was incorporated into the soil as green manure. Bokashi (a mixture of organic materials) was applied as basal dressing. To measure yield and its components, 30 hills were chosen for each treatment. Rice grains were harvested from each treatment to assess the grain quality and to evaluate accumulation structures using a scanning electron microscope. Bokashi treatment increased panicle number per hill, ripened grain percentage, panicle number per m², and grain yield compared to no fertilizer treatment at normal planting density. Chemical fertilizer treatment increased plant length at high planting density. Italian ryegrass and Bokashi treatments promoted the taste point (taste score as reference) by reduction of amylose and protein contents at normal planting density in contrast to chemical fertilizer. 1000-grain weight, panicle number per m², and grain yield were higher at high planting density than at normal planting density. However, high planting density decreased panicle number per hill and spikelet number per panicle. It also enhanced the amylose content of rice grain. Scanning electron microscopic observation revealed that chemical fertilizer treatment marked up protein bodies and their traces on amyloplasts. However, Bokashi treatment produced large amyloplasts, which included many starch granules. These results show that Italian ryegrass and Bokashi can offset reductions of chemical fertilizer and can lead to sufficient starch accumulation structures in rice grains.     

长期绿肥还田对江南稻田系统生产力及抗逆性的影响

 依据江南丘陵地区双季稻田28年（1981-2008年）长期绿肥还田的田间定位试验和4年的养分耗竭盆栽试验,分析比较了长期不同量绿肥还田对稻田系统生产力和抗逆性的综合影响。结果表明,常量绿肥还田和高量绿肥还田处理下,早稻、晚稻和历年的全年平均籽粒产量和生物学产量及其变异系数与长期单施化肥处理差异不显著,但由于绿肥还田处理施用绿肥替代部分化肥,平均每年的化肥N、P和K投入量比单施化肥处理分别减少90.0、9.9和72.0 kg/hm2。绿肥处理的双季稻全年产量呈上升趋势,而长期化肥处理则呈下降趋势,且前者的全年产量可持续性产量指数均略高于后者,常量绿肥还田下稻田系统的耐瘠能力也显著高于长期单施化肥处理。不同量绿肥还田下稻田系统生产力差异不显著,但耐瘠能力常量还田处理较高。     

Agronomic and economic evaluation of Sesbania rostrata green manure establishment in irrigated rice

Research on crop establishment methods may improve green manure performance, reduce costs, and increase the adaptability of pre-rice green manure technology in lowland rice-based cropping systems. A two-season field experiment was conducted at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in Los Baños, Philippines in 1991–1992 to compare four establishment practices of Sesbania rostrata green manure (zero tillage, with tillage, relay cropping in rice for 2 or 4 weeks) with four mineral N fertilizer levels (0, 30, 60, and 90 kg urea N/ha) in an intensive irrigated lowland system with three rice crops per year. S. rostrata was grown twice a year during the 43-day dry-wet and wet-dry transition periods between the wet and dry season rice crops.

Grain yield potential and fertilizer responsiveness of rice was generally highest in the dry season. On the other hand, S. rostrata growth was more vigorous in the wet season (long-day period) than in the dry season, regardless of establishment method. Green manure N accumulation was lowest with zero tillage (30 and 90 kg N/ha in dry and wet season, respectively) and highest when it was relay-cropped for two weeks (60 and 180 kg N/ha in dry and wet season, respectively). Land preparation for Sesbania ensured best green manure stand (> 100 plants/m² vs 20–40 plants/m² at no-till establishments) but increased costs of green manuring by US$16/ha compared with other establishment methods. A quadratic response function between mineral fertilizer equivalence and green manure N indicated that up to 75 kg N/ha, lowland rice uses green manure N more efficiently than urea. Depending on season and establishment method, S. rostrata substituted for 35 to 90 kg of split-applied urea N. Benefit-cost ratios indicated that pre-rice green manure use in the wet season under the current fertilizer and labor prices in the Philippines was a less attractive economic option than mineral N fertilizer. This was true for all establishment methods. In the dry season, S. rostrata established by relay cropping gave the highest rate of return. The 2-week relay cropping of green manure with irrigated rice gave highest green manure N accumulation and rice grain yield, and may be economically viable where fertilizer prices are higher or labor costs are lower than in the Philippines.     

新植蔗间作不同绿肥压青还田的试验研究及经济效益分析

为探讨减施化肥条件下,间作绿肥压青还田对甘蔗生长的影响及化肥的替代作用。试验设计了6个处理,处理1（CK）：甘蔗常规施肥;处理2（H-LY）：化肥减施25%+12%营养元素当量绿豆绿肥还田+13%营养元素当量有机肥;处理3（H-LQ）：化肥减施25%+全量绿豆绿肥还田;处理4（H-Y）：化肥减施25%+25%营养元素当量有机肥;处理5（H-HD）：化肥减施25%+25%营养元素当量黑豆绿肥还田;处理6（H-HQ）：化肥减施25%+全量黑豆绿肥还田。研究结果表明,间作绿豆绿肥和黑豆绿肥在生育前期甘蔗的分蘖和甘蔗总苗数都较常规处理降低,间作黑豆还降低了甘蔗的叶片宽度。甘蔗化肥减施25%条件下,间作绿豆绿肥全量还田、12%营养元素当量间作绿豆绿肥还田+13%营养元素当量有机肥替代的蔗茎产量和经济效益均达到常规对照水平。但间作黑豆压青还田导致甘蔗减产,降低经济效益。兼顾甘蔗产量、经济效益、资源消耗及蔗地的地力提升各方面,甘蔗间作绿豆绿肥全量还田可以替代25%的甘蔗化肥,是值得推广的一种模式。     

Changes in Grain Yield of Rice and Emission of Greenhouse Gases from Paddy Fields after Application of Organic Fertilizers Made from Maize Straw

A field experiment was conducted at the farm of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China, to study the effects of organic fertilizers made from maize straw on rice grain yield and the emission of greenhouse gases. Four organic fertilizer treatments were as follows： maize straw （MS）, compost made from maize straw （MC）, methane-generating maize residue （MR）, and black carbon made from maize straw （BC）. These organic fertilizers were applied separately to paddy fields before rice transplanting. No organic fertilizer was applied to the control （CK）. The effects of each organic fertilizer on rice grain yield and emission of greenhouse gases were investigated under two conditions, namely, no nitrogen （N） application （ON） and site-specific N management （SSNM）. Rice grain yields were significantly higher in the MS, MC and MR treatments than those in CK under either ON or SSNM. The MS treatment resulted in the highest grain yield and agronomic N use efficiency. However, no significant difference was observed for these parameters between the BC treatment and CK. The changes in the emissions of methane （CH4） carbon dioxide （CO2）, or nitrous oxide （N20） from the fields were similar among all organic fertilizer treatments during the entire rice growing season. The application of each organic fertilizer significantly increased the emission of each greenhouse gas （except N20 emission in the BC treatment） and global warming potential （GWP）. Emissions of all the greenhouse gases and GWP increased under the same organic fertilizer treatment in the presence of N fertilizer, whereas GWP per unit grain yield decreased. The results indicate that the application of organic fertilizer （MS, MC or MR） could increase grain yield, but also could enhance the emissions of greenhouse gases from paddy fields. High grain yield and environmental efficiency could be achieved by applying SSNM with MR.     

油菜作绿肥还田的培肥效应及对水稻生长的影响

 为明确油菜作绿肥对稻田土壤的培肥效应及其对后季水稻生长的影响,2004-2008年在浙江富阳进行空闲 单季稻（CK）、紫云英 单季稻(T1)、油菜收获后秸秆焚烧还田（T2）和油菜盛花期还田（T3）4种模式的定位试验。研究结果表明,油菜盛花期还田（T3）能提高土壤有机质、全氮和全磷含量,培肥地力;增加稻田土壤的总孔隙度,减少容重,改善土壤物理性状;增加后季水稻生长过程中土壤的脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性,从而提高供试水稻品种的产量,其中杂交稻内2优6号、两优培九、秀优5号表现为有效穗数增多,常规稻秀水09的每穗粒数增加;在光合生理指标上,油菜作绿肥还田后,水稻的叶面积指数、剑叶叶长、叶宽、叶绿素含量、光合速率、干物质积累量增加。研究结果还表明,油菜作绿肥还田是一种很好的稻田生物培肥新途径,能以远低于紫云英的生产成本取得类似的水稻增产效果。     

大麦秸秆还田旱整机插水稻氮肥用量与运筹试验

在大麦秸秆还田与水田旱整的基础上,为探讨氮肥用量对水稻茎蘖动态和产量结构等的影响,进行了与旱整措施配套的氮肥用量与运筹试验。结果表明:水稻生育期施纯氮21 kg/667 m2,且基肥、蘖肥与穗肥质量运筹比例分别为40%、20%与40%时,其群体茎蘖变化平稳,穗粒结构协调合理,小区产量达到最高,可为秸秆还田条件下指导水稻生产提供依据。     

Agronomic performance of late-season rice under different tillage,straw, and nitrogen management

In double rice-cropping system in China, zero tillage in late-season rice with straw return from early season rice is an emerging technology for saving inputs, shortening the lag time between rice crops, avoiding straw burning, and conserving natural resources. The objective of this 2-year field study was to determine the effects of tillage and straw return on N uptake, grain yield, and N use efficiency of late-season rice. Treatments were arranged in a split-plot design with four combinations of tillage and straw return as main plots and three N management practices as subplots. Tillage was either conventional soil puddling or zero tillage with newly harvested crop residue from early season rice either removed or placed on the soil surface without incorporation. The N treatments were zero-N control, site-specific N management (SSNM), and farmers’ N-fertilizer practice (FFP). Straw return regardless of tillage or N management did not reduce rice yield. In the second year, straw return significantly increased grain yield in the zero-N control. Chlorophyll meter readings at heading and total N uptake at maturity were higher with straw return in the zero-N control, suggesting that straw provides nutrients to rice in the late growing period. Zero tillage did not reduce N uptake, grain yield, and N use efficiency compared with conventional tillage. Despite large differences in timing and rate of N application between FFP and SSNM, these two N treatments resulted in comparable N uptake and grain yield of late-season rice regardless of tillage and straw return. These results suggest that zero tillage after early rice with straw return could replace conventional tillage for late rice in the double rice-cropping system in China.     

无机与有机肥配施对小麦籽粒产量和淀粉糊化特性的影响

为了阐明天田条件下无机与有机肥配施对小麦籽粒产量和品质的调控效应,以中筋型小麦品种豫麦49-198为供试材料,研究了施用有机肥、无机与有机肥配施以及施用尿素处理对小麦籽粒产量和淀粉糊化特性的影响.结果表明,无杌与有机肥配施不仅可以显著提高小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质含量及蛋白质产量.还可以改善小麦淀粉糊化特性.综合各处理结果,施用有机肥以鸡粪处理、无机与有机肥配施以鸡粪+尿素处理对提高小麦籽粒产量、改善小麦淀粉糊化特性的效果较好.     

长期施肥和气候因素对东北黑土区玉米产量的影响

本试验以公主岭国家黑土监测基地为平台,研究玉米连作条件下施肥及气候因素对产量的可持续性影响。试验共设有机肥和化肥N、P、K的不同组合共24个试验处理。结果表明,与不施有机肥相比,施用常量有机肥和高量有机肥(FYM1、FYM2)均可以显著提高玉米产量,产量分别达到7668kg/hm²和7925kg/hm²,FYM(无有机肥)处理为5718kg/hm²。有机肥配施化肥比单施化肥也有明显的增产作用,施用N肥165kg/hm²可以显著增加玉米产量,单施磷素、钾素及磷钾配施增产作用不明显,表明土壤中的磷钾营养水平没有限制作物产量。降雨量与产量的相关分析结果表明,磷、钾处理的产量与8月份的降雨量显著相关。     

Nitrogen Balance in Forage Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Tachisuzuka) Cultivation in Pots with Animal Manure Application

Abstract

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the nitrogen (N) balance in forage rice cultivation using animal manure in 1/2,000a Wagner pots in a greenhouse. The cattle manure and poultry manure were applied at 3 levels of N (0, 14, 28 g available N m^–2) without additional chemical fertilizer application. The pots were designed to simulate the fluid percolation in the paddy field. The results indicated increasing levels of N input improved plant height, tiller number, SPAD value and biomass (straw, grain and root) production, however, N leaching from soil (Andosols) due to percolating water also increased. The planting of rice plants proved to reduce 30% of the N leaching loss. N use efficiency, the ratio of N uptake by plant per unit N application, decreased in higher N application. The N uptake by the above-ground parts occupied about 66% of the whole plants.     

南方红壤区稻 稻连作体系下氮肥减施模式研究

 进行了连续3年6季的定位试验,比较了不施氮（N0）、常规施氮（NNL）2个对照处理与6个氮肥减施处理对双季稻产量及其构成因素、经济效益、土壤肥力水平的影响。结果表明,在低于传统施氮量20%的条件下, 30%常规氮肥用量 + 50%厩肥有机氮肥用量（30F + 50M）、30%常规氮肥用量 + 50%缓释氮肥用量（30F+ 50S）产量与NNL持平,比80%传统氮肥用量（80F）分别增产4.7％和5.2％;其余减施氮肥处理与80F产量基本持平。产量构成因子在不同施氮处理之间有明显差异,其中有效穗数、每穗粒数与产量正相关,结实率与产量负相关。经过3年6季水稻种植,土壤肥力除有效钾外,处理30F + 50M有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷含量和pH值分别比NNL处理提高了21.3％、7.0％、34.7％、4.9％、41％。其中,有机质、有效磷含量、pH值均显著高于80F处理。其余各减施氮肥处理与80F相比无显著差异。因此,在南方双季稻连作区,在减少施氮20％的条件下,30F + 50M、30F+ 50S是值得推荐的施肥措施。     

纯有机肥栽培对超级杂交水稻产量形成及植株生理特性的影响

2004年在长沙研究了超级杂交水稻品种两优293在纯有机肥栽培下的产量形成及植株生理特性。结果表明：在施用足够量的有机肥栽培条件下，超级杂交水稻平均产量达到8568kg／hm^2，接近该品种当地的生产潜力。与常规施肥相比产量仅下降1．7％。后发分蘖比例大，每穗总粒数和结实率显著下降．是影响产量的主要原因。生育后期有机肥区群体不早衰、叶面积指数、剑叶叶绿索含量高及千粒质量增加是有机肥栽培的优势。认为在一定范围为进行稻米的有机生产是可行的．大幅度增加有机肥的施用比例对于稻田生态恢复是很有必要的。     

土地平整区土壤肥力提升的主要技术措施

浦城县在实施农业综合开发项目建设中,大力实施旱涝保收高标准农田建设,通过采用施用商品有机肥、种植绿肥、秸秆还田等试验,探讨提升土壤肥力的主要技术措施,以期为提升平整区土壤肥力提供参考。     

有机无机肥配施对冬水田水稻产量和耕层土壤性质的影响

在农业生产要求全面减施化肥农药的大背景下,综合评价四川冬水稻田区有机无机配施对水稻产量和土壤肥力的效应具有一定意义。本试验在冬水稻田区,比较了在等氮量替代条件下,无N(CK)、单施化肥N、P、K(T1)、30%有机肥N+70%化肥N(T2)、50%有机肥N+50%化肥N(T3)、100%有机肥N(T4)等处理的水稻产量、氮肥利用和土壤肥力变化情况。结果表明,有机无机肥配施处理的水稻产量较CK增加17.29%~31.43%,T2处理最高,且明显提高了氮肥利用率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力;有机无机肥配施具有提升土壤有机质、培肥地力的作用。可见,冬水稻田区适宜的有机肥替代方案为30%有机N+70%化肥N,既可稳定水稻产量、降低成本,又可提高氮素利用率和降低对农田环境的不良影响。