黄曲霉毒素抗原分子中半抗原偶联比对免疫分析灵敏度的影响

为提高黄曲霉毒素的检测灵敏度,探明黄曲霉毒素抗原分子中半抗原偶联比对免疫分析灵敏度的影响。采用黄曲霉毒素M1与羧甲氧基羟氨半盐酸盐进行肟化反应生成半抗原,再经活泼脂法,将半抗原与牛血清白蛋白（BSA）脱水反应实现偶联,生成自制人工抗原AFM1-BSA。采用竞争ELISA法、荧光与紫外光谱法鉴定,结果均证明自制人工抗原AFM1-BSA合成成功。进一步通过摩尔消光系数测算得AFM1的自制和商业抗原偶联比分别为0.7和6.3,自制抗原偶联比仅是商业抗原的1/9,二者偶联方法相同,但偶联比差异显著,为进一步研究比较提供了可能。将自制人工抗原AFM1-BSA和商业抗原AFM1-BSA分别与实验室自制的系列黄曲霉毒素单抗1C11、2C9、LM13、LM47反应,结果显示四种抗体对商业抗原均有很高的灵敏度,只有2C9对自制人工抗原有较高的灵敏度（1.997 ng/mL）,明显低于商业抗原作为包被抗原与2C9反应时的灵敏度（0.047 ng/mL）,说明针对同一种毒素AFM1制备的抗体,高偶联比抗原有助于提高免疫分析灵敏度。研究结果为AFM1高灵敏免疫检测技术研究提供了科学依据。     

粮油产品T-2毒素单克隆抗体研制及应用

以T-2毒素与琥珀酸为原料,通过琥珀酸酐法合成出T-2毒素半抗原T-2HS,再通过活泼酯法,将T-2毒素半抗原分别与牛血清蛋白(BSA)和卵清白蛋白(OVA)共价偶联,合成出T-2毒素人工抗原T-2HSBSA和T-2HS-OVA,以T-2HS-BSA作为免疫原,免疫Balb/c小鼠,经细胞融合和阳性筛选,共获得4株T-2毒素单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株,分别是1D6、2A8、2C5和4G3。其中2C5分泌的抗体灵敏度(IC50)最高,达0.13μg/kg,特异性强,与HT-2的交叉反应率仅为4%,与FB1、DON、ZEN无交叉反应。进一步利用该抗体建立了间接竞争ELISA检测方法,最低检测限为0.015μg/kg,检测范围(IC20~IC80)为0.05~57.6μg/kg,该方法对大豆、玉米、花生等粮油产品的检测范围为0.5~576μg/kg,在线性范围内加标回收率为93.5%~107.5%。本研究建立的检测方法可用于大豆、玉米、花生等多种粮油产品中T-2毒素的检测。     

抗黄曲霉毒素合成中关键蛋白AFLP(OmtA)的单克隆抗体制备与鉴定

AFLP(Omt A)蛋白是黄曲霉毒素合成晚期的关键酶。用大肠杆菌表达的重组SUMO-AFLP融合蛋白作为免疫原,免疫Balb/c小鼠,选取小鼠阳性血清的脾细胞与SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞融合,用间接ELISA和有限稀释法进行单克隆杂交瘤细胞的筛选,筛选出可以稳定分泌抗AFLP单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株。再用阳性细胞株制备腹水抗体,经辛酸-硫酸铵纯化抗体后,用间接ELISA、Western杂交等方法对抗体的特性进行鉴定。筛选出1株能稳定分泌抗AFLP单克隆抗体的细胞株3B4 3B10,亚类鉴定单抗为Ig G2a。间接ELISA法测定该细胞腹水抗体的效价为1∶256 000,Western杂交结果显示抗AFLP单克隆抗体能特异性识别AFLP重组蛋白及黄曲霉菌内的天然AFLP蛋白。用1μg·m L~(-1)单克隆抗体检测AFLP蛋白,其线性检测范围为1.259~57.335ng·m L~(-1),检测限为0.851ng·m L~(-1),R~=0.998 3。本文成功制备抗黄曲霉毒素合成中天然AFLP蛋白的单克隆抗体,特异性和灵敏度均较高,为进一步研究AFLP的表达及功能机制奠定了基础。     

抗黄曲霉毒素单克隆抗体F(ab')2片段的制备与活性

为剧毒靶标(黄曲霉毒素)绿色分析提供高效抗体,在已有抗黄曲霉毒素杂交瘤细胞株1Cll的基础上,通过小鼠腹水法制备单克隆抗体,经胃蛋白酶酶解,制备F(ab')2片段,发现在优化条件37C、pH4.1柠檬酸缓冲液中酶解4.5h,可高效制备F(ab')2片段.通过酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)比较了抗体片段与原始抗体的识别活性,发现F(ab')2片段效价达到1∶320000,是原抗体效价的1.5倍;灵敏度(IC50)为8.7pg/mL,保持了原抗体的抗原结合能力.     

抗黄曲霉毒素单链抗体在毕赤酵母X-33中的表达

为降低黄曲霉毒素单链抗体制备成本,提高单链抗体表达活性,利用获得的含抗黄曲霉毒素scFv基因的重组质粒pCANTAB 5E-scFv1A7,克隆出了scFv基因片段,并构建了酵母表达载体pPICZαA-scFv1A7,利用SacⅠ酶将重组载体线性化后插入到毕赤酵母X-33染色体基因组中,构建了pPICZαA-scFv1A7 X-33重组酵母,用0.8%甲醇诱导其分泌表达成功。间接竞争ELISA方法检测到该scFv对黄曲霉毒素B1的抑制率(IC50)值为4.5ng/m L,表明重组酵母表达产物scFv具有很好的抗原结合活性,可用于黄曲霉毒素的检测。     

胶体金免疫层析法快速定量分析粮油农产品中黄曲霉毒素B1

采用自主研制的黄曲霉毒素B1胶体金免疫定量检测卡,建立花生、玉米、大米、小麦等粮油农产品中黄曲霉毒素B1的定量分析方法,4种样品检测的线性范围为1.0～20.0μg/kg,R2＞0.97,方法的定量限为1.0 μg/kg,样品加标回收率为75%～106%,RSD＜20%。胶体金免疫层析法与免疫亲和柱净化-HPLC法相比,相对误差＜15%,具有简便快速、灵敏度高、重现性好等特点,适用于粮油农产品及制品中黄曲霉毒素B1 筛查,样品检测时间只需15min,检测成本低于其他方法。     

高效液相色谱柱后光化学反应-荧光检测茶叶中黄曲霉毒素B1

建立了高效液相色谱/光化学反应器/荧光检测器测定茶叶中黄曲霉毒素B1的方法。用乙腈水溶液(V∶V=86∶14)提取黄曲霉毒素B1,提取液经净化柱和黄曲霉毒素B1免疫亲和柱净化,高效液相色谱测定。在黄曲霉毒素B1标准溶液质量浓度为0.591~5.91μg/L时,峰面积与浓度呈现良好的线性关系,黄曲霉毒素B1的回收率为85.4%~98.9%(添加量分别为0.510μg/kg、7.090μg/kg和14.180μg/kg),相对标准偏差为0.2%~1.8%,方法检出限为0.1μg/kg。运用所建立方法对市售的8个茶样及加标样品中的黄曲霉毒素B1进行检测,结果显示该方法选择性强、灵敏度高,适合茶叶中黄曲霉毒素B1的测定。     

高效液相色谱柱后光化学反应-荧光检测茶叶中黄曲霉毒素B1

建立了高效液相色谱/光化学反应器/荧光检测器测定茶叶中黄曲霉毒素B1的方法。用乙腈水溶液(V∶V=86∶14)提取黄曲霉毒素B1,提取液经净化柱和黄曲霉毒素B1免疫亲和柱净化,高效液相色谱测定。在黄曲霉毒素B1标准溶液质量浓度为0.591~5.91μg/L时,峰面积与浓度呈现良好的线性关系,黄曲霉毒素B1的回收率为85.4%~98.9%(添加量分别为0.510μg/kg、7.090μg/kg和14.180μg/kg),相对标准偏差为0.2%~1.8%,方法检出限为0.1μg/kg。运用所建立方法对市售的8个茶样及加标样品中的黄曲霉毒素B1进行检测,结果显示该方法选择性强、灵敏度高,适合茶叶中黄曲霉毒素B1的测定。     

黄曲霉毒素B1标准替代物的制备及其在花生样品检测中的应用

以抗黄曲霉毒素B1（AFB1）单克隆抗体的F(ab’)2 片断为抗原免疫兔子,得到AFB1抗独特型抗体。经过酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）条件的优化,建立AFB1抗独特型抗体最佳竞争抑制曲线。该曲线与AFB1竞争抑制曲线相比较可知,AFB1抗独特型抗体与AFB1之间存在指数增长关系,且相关性系数R为0.999 8。以AFB1抗独特型抗体浓度与其相应的抑制率作标准曲线,ELISA法测定花生中AFB1添加回收率,范围在90.4%~100.2%之间。综上,AFB1抗独特型抗体可以作为AFB1无毒替代标准品,为黄曲霉毒素检测无毒化提供了广阔的应用前景。     

抗黄曲霉毒素单链抗体基因的克隆与表达

为降低黄曲霉毒素大量样品的制备成本,在实验室已有的抗黄曲霉毒素单克隆抗体8F6的基础上,成功克隆得到了该单克隆抗体的重链（VH）和轻链可变区（VL）基因片段。通过重叠延伸PCR的方法将轻、重链可变区基因连接,并引入连接肽(Linker) 编码序列,构建VH-Linker-VL结构的单链抗体(ScFv)基因, 并将该基因克隆到噬菌体表达载体pCANTAB 5E 上,使单链抗体以噬菌体展示形式在大肠杆菌TG1 中表达。间接竞争ELISA方法检测到该ScFv对黄曲霉毒素B1的抑制率（IC50）值为0.57ng/mL,表明该单链抗体与亲本鼠单抗有相同的抗原结合特异性,且具有很高灵敏度。     

Fungal species isolated from peanuts in major Kenyan markets: Emphasis on Aspergillus section Flavi

A survey was conducted in Nairobi, Nyanza and Western provinces in Kenya between March and July 2009 with 1263 peanut products sampled out of which 705 samples underwent microbial analysis. The study aimed at determining the incidence of fungal species – emphasis on Aspergillus section Flavi – associated with peanut products. A 0.5 kg representative sample was obtained from each surveyed vendor and the colony forming units (CFU) of fungal species determined. The samples were also analyzed for total aflatoxin level while isolates of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus were screened for production of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2. Eight fungal species were detected in the samples and were in decreasing order of CFU/g of sample: A. flavus S-strain (467), A. flavus L-strain (341), Penicillium spp. (326), Aspergillus niger (156), Aspergillus tamari (27), Aspergillus alliaceus (21), A. parasiticus (10), and Aspergillus caelatus (5). The overall incidence of A. flavus S-strain in samples from Nairobi was 92 and 1425% higher than samples from Nyanza and Western regions, respectively. The combined incidence of A. flavus and A. parasiticus was varied significantly (p ≤ 0.05) with peanut product: peanut flour (69%), shelled raw peanuts (53%), spoilt peanuts (49%), boiled podded peanuts (45%), podded peanuts (39%), peanut butter (31%), fried peanuts (22%) and roasted peanuts (20%). Seventy three percent of A. flavus and A. parasiticus isolates produced at least one of the aflatoxin types, with 66% producing aflatoxin B1. The total aflatoxin level among peanut products ranged from 0 to 1629 μg/g; and there was a positive correlation (r = 0.2711) between the incidence of A. flavus and A. parasiticus, and total aflatoxin level. The high incidence of aflatoxin producing fungi in peanuts traded in Kenyan markets implies a risk of aflatoxin contamination, highlighting the need for stakeholders to promote sound practices at all stages of the peanut value chain in order to minimize market access by non-complying products.     

Production of monoclonal antibodies against AFLM (Ver-1), a middle key protein involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis

Aflatoxins are potent carcinogens, mutagens and teratogens, and are harmful to both humans and animals. As many as 30 genes are involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis. Among them, aflM (ver-1) gene was predicted to encode a 28-kDa NADPH-dependent ketoreductase (AFLM), which catalyzed middle enzymatic steps in aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway. AFLM (Ver-1) was proved to be necessary for conversion of versicolorin A (VERA) to demethylsterigmatocystin (DMST) in aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) biosynthesis. For these reasons, aflM gene was cloned and specific monoclonal antibodies for AFLM was developed to better define potential pathways of AFLM involved in AFB₁ biosynthesis. Monoclonal antibodies 11B2-1D7 and 3G5-4E7 were successfully screened out by immunizing mouse. Immunoblot analysis revealed that both had high sensitivity and specificity to identify native AFLM protein in A. flavus with detection limit of 11 ​ng/mL and 8 ​ng/mL respectively. These results showed that it was suitable for quantitative detection of AFLM in A. flavus isolate. Further investigation revealed that aflatoxin accumulations of various A. flavus were not dependent on AFLM biosynthesis. Overall, this is the first report for development for AFLM monoclonal antibody development and application in A. flavus quantitative detection.     

中国西南花生产区黄曲霉菌分布、产毒力及花生黄曲霉毒素污染

为探明中国西南花生产区黄曲霉菌分布、产毒力及产后花生黄曲霉毒素污染情况,从云南广南、西藏察隅、四川蓬安采集177份花生、土壤样品,共分离鉴定出黄曲霉菌206株,分析其分布及产毒特征,并调查71份产后花生样品黄曲霉毒素污染情况。结果表明,四川蓬安花生产地黄曲霉菌分布最广,数量最多,其检出率和菌落数分别为50.0%、212.0 CFU/g,西藏察隅黄曲霉菌分布最少（18.1%,52.8 CFU/g）。菌株产毒力研究结果表明,88.6%的菌 株能产生黄曲霉毒素,产毒类型以B族毒素为主,尤其是AFB1,其含量在0～8500μg/L,平均产毒能力排序为：云南广南（4393.4μg/L）>西藏察隅（1991.0μg/L）>四川蓬（1259.3μg/L）;不产毒菌株占11.4%,均来自西藏察隅。对产后花生黄曲霉毒素污染研究发现,西南地区花生黄曲霉毒素污染较轻,阳性样品检出率为7.0%,AFB1含量在0~7.2 μg/kg;四川蓬安花生样品AFB1检出率为4.2%,含量0~7.2 μg/kg,云南广南AFB1检出率为16.7%,含量0~2.1 μg/kg, 西藏察隅样品未检出AFB1。西南产区黄曲霉菌检出率越高、菌落数越多,产后花生黄曲霉毒素污染越严重。     

湖北省典型花生种植区土壤中黄曲霉菌分布及产毒力研究

为掌握湖北省花生种植区土壤中黄曲霉菌的分布和产毒特征,从罗田、红安、钟祥、襄阳四个典型花生种植区采集土壤样品40份,并进行黄曲霉菌分离、鉴定和产毒力研究。研究结果表明:湖北省不同花生种植区共分离鉴定到黄曲霉菌51株,土壤中黄曲霉菌落数为127.5cfu/g。不同种植区土壤中黄曲霉菌分布存在显著差异,钟祥土壤中黄曲霉菌落数最高,罗田最低;鉴定获得黄曲霉菌株中产毒菌株占96%,产毒量范围0～227.81μg/L,不产毒菌株占4%;产毒菌株分为只产AFB_1、产AFB_1+AFB_2、产AFB_1+AFB_2+AFG_1和产AFB_1+AFB_2+AFG_1+AFG_2毒素4种类型,其中以产AFB_1+AFB_2的菌株占比最高,为65%;不同种植区黄曲霉菌株产毒力研究发现,钟祥每克土壤中黄曲霉菌产AFB_1的量最高,达11 679.70μg/L。本研究可为湖北花生黄曲霉毒素污染预警和防控提供理论依据。     

外源接种黄曲霉污染普洱茶安全性研究

以云南普洱茶为实验材料,外源接种黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)菌株于普洱茶原料及成品中,设未接种菌株普洱茶为对照,分别置于室温,湿度80%、温度30℃,湿度90%、温度30℃的恒温恒湿箱条件下存放,在第7天、14天、21天、28天分别取样以LC-MS/MS检测法进行黄曲霉毒素检测。检测结果表明,所有受试茶样中均未检测到黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2,检出率为0。说明无论是室温还是在高温高湿条件下,被黄曲霉污染的普洱茶,经存放后,不会产黄曲霉毒素,就这一点而言普洱茶具有较高的饮用安全性。     

襄阳市主要花生种植区土壤中黄曲霉菌分布及产毒力研究

为掌握襄阳市主要花生种植区土壤中黄曲霉菌的分布和产毒特征,从襄阳市主要花生种植区采集土壤样品36份,进行黄曲霉菌分离、鉴定和产毒力研究。结果表明,襄阳市不同花生种植区土壤中黄曲霉菌落数平均为5997.6 cfu/g,且分布存在显著差异,菌落数由高到低依次为襄州、枣阳、宜城、谷城;鉴定获得黄曲霉菌株中产毒菌株占63.6%,产毒量范围 ND~304.9 μg/L,不产毒菌株占36.4%;产毒菌株可分为7种产毒类型组合,其中同时产AFB₁、AFB₂和AFG₁三种类型的黄曲霉菌占比最多,为54.0%。在适宜培养条件下,产毒力分析结果为襄州地区每克土壤中黄曲霉菌产AFT的理论值最高,可达2080.0×10³ μg/L,且其中分离出的菌株平均产毒量最高,为218.7 μg/L。可以看出襄阳市花生代表性产区土壤中黄曲霉菌分布数量显著高于我国南、北方花生主产区的平均水平,但其菌株的平均产毒能力却远低于全国其它地区。本研究初步得出了襄阳市花生主产区黄曲霉菌的分布特征和产毒特征,可为襄阳市花生黄曲霉毒素防控提供理论依据。     

黄曲霉毒素B1检测中的应用

 采用黄曲霉毒素时间分辨荧光免疫层析试纸条及配套的时间分辨荧光速测仪,对油料饼粕中黄曲霉毒素B1的快速检测进行了应用研究。该时间分辨荧光免疫分析技术是基于时间分辨荧光免疫层析试纸条和载有Eu(Ⅲ)标记特异性单克隆抗体的样品瓶建立的检测技术。时间分辨荧光速测仪可内置标准曲线,直接输出检测结果。对6种油料饼粕做黄曲霉毒素B1添加回收率实验,回收率在70%～120%之间,批间、批内变异系数＜15%。在实际样品的检测中,时间分辨荧光免疫层析试纸条检测技术与液相色谱-串联质谱法相比,检测结果相对误差＜15%。时间分辨荧光免疫层析试纸条检测技术测定快速、准确,技术稳定、可靠,设备经济、小型,适用于大批量油料饼粕样品的快速检测和风险评估,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Improvement in biocontrol activity of Bacillus subtilis UTB1 against Aspergillus flavus using gamma-irradiation

Bacillus subtilis UTB1, a biocontrol bacterium isolated from Iranian pistachio nuts, has revealed to have antagonistic activity against aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus flavus R5. The strain UTB1 produces lipopeptide compounds and is able to degrade aflatoxin B1. In this study, a random mutagenesis generated using different doses of gamma irradiation (0.1–3 KGy) was applied on B. subtilis UTB1 to improve its antagonistic activity against A. flavus R5. Five hundred bacterial colonies were selected randomly after irradiation, and their effects against A. flavus R5 were assessed in a plate assay. Forty-five colonies (9%) exhibited higher inhibition activity as compared to the non-irradiated wild type. Eight colonies out of the 45 were selected based on different polymorphism patterns obtained by repetitive element sequence polymorphism-PCR (ERIC and BOX) analyses; six of which could significantly inhibit the fungal growth utilizing washed cells and cell-free supernatants as compared to the parental strain. According to thin-layer chromatograms, the production of lipopeptides including surfactin, fengycin and iturin families increased in these six mutants. A considerable inhibition of the fungal growth was observed using bioautography analysis, which associated with iturins production. A. flavus sporulation and aflatoxin content decreased significantly in pistachio nuts treated with mutants M419 and M464 as compared to the strain UTB1. These results suggest that both mutants M419 and M464 could be promising biocontrol candidates against A. flavus in pistachio nuts.