提高苹果基因转化效率的研究

采用根瘤农杆菌（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ　ｔｕｍｅｆａｃｉｅｎｓ）强株系ＥＨＡ１０５（ｐ３５ｓＧＵＳ－ｉｎｔｒｏｎ）研究了影响‘皇家嘎拉’苹果（Ｍａｉｎｓ ｄｏｍｅｓｔｉｃａ Ｂｏｒｋｈ．）外植体的β-葡萄糖醛酸酶（ＧＵＳ）基因的瞬时、稳定表达水平和转基因植株的再生。证明在培养基生长素（ＩＢＡ、ＮＡＡ）存在的条件下,外植体的ＧＵＳ基因的瞬时表达水平提高了３－４倍,而共培养两周后稳定表达水平提高２倍以上,产生９．８个ＧＵＳ愈伤组织表达区域。白化处理促进外植体的基因转化,白化处理的新梢顶端第一节间外植体ＧＵＳ表达区域比常用的叶片外植体高４倍。在生长素存在的条件下 ２％外植体获得了转基因植株。Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ　ＢｌｏｔＤＮＡ杂交和组织化学染色分析证明ＧＵＳ基因已整合到苹果的染色体上,并得以表达。     

提高苹果基因转化效率的研究

采用根癌农杆菌（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ ｔｕｍｅｆａｃｉｅｎｓ）强株系ＥＨＡ１０５（ｐ３５ｓＧＵＳ－ｉｎｔｒｏｎ）研究了影响‘皇家嘎拉’苹果（Ｍａｌｕｓ ｄｏｍｅｓｔｉｃａ Ｂｏｒｋｈ．）外植体的β－葡萄糖醛酸酶（ＧＵＳ）基因的瞬时、稳定表达水科和转基因植株的再生。证明在培养基生长素（ＩＢＡ、ＮＡＡ）存在的条件下，外植体的ＧＵＳ基因的瞬时表达水平提高了３～４倍，而共培养两周后稳定表达水平提高２     

含ipt基因生长素调控基因根癌农杆菌转化牵牛萌动种胚同工酶分析

以牵牛萌动种胚为受体,用含有３５Ｓ启动子－Ｇｕｓ基因－ｉｐｔ基因－Ｎｏｓ基因的根癌农杆菌ＬＢＡ４４０４３及含有３５Ｓ启动子－Ｇｕｓ基因－生长素调控基因－Ｎｏｓ基因的根癌农杆菌ＬＢＡ４４０４进行转化。通过对转化及对照植株苗期叶的同工酶分析,发现转化植株叶的过氧化物酶同工酶及酯酶同工酶谱带来对照植株有明显差异。转化频率较高。间接验证了外源ＤＮＡ的导入,说明同工酶分析方法可做为转基因植株早期筛选的方法之     

水分胁迫条件下苹果幼苗叶绿体抗氧化代谢研究

以苹果属八棱海棠和平邑甜茶组培幼苗为试材，研究了不同浓度ＰＥＧ６０００溶液处理条件下幼苗叶绿Ｏ_２~－和Ｈ_２Ｏ_２代谢变化。结果表明，随着水分胁迫的加重，苹果属植物叶绿体光合放氧活性和ＰＳⅡ电子传递活性先上升而后下降；叶绿体Ｏ_２~－和Ｈ_２Ｏ_２产生速率持续上升；ＳＯＤ、ＣＡＴ、ＡｓＡ－ＰＯＤ、ＧＲ活性在轻度水分胁迫条件下显著上升，在重度水分胁迫条件下显著下降，脂质过氧化产物ＭＤＡ含量则呈相反的趋势；叶绿体ＡｓＡ和ＧＳＨ含量随水分胁迫而下降；叶绿体膜脂质组分随水分胁迫而出现饱和脂肪酸含量上升，不饱和脂肪酸含量下降，不饱和脂肪酸指数下降，类脂中饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸的这种变化主要发生在ＭＧＤＧ、ＤＧＤＧ、ＳＬ和ＰＧ中。综合分析阐明了水分胁迫条件下苹果属植物叶绿体Ｏ_２~－和Ｈ_２Ｏ_２产生与清除的生理机理。种间各指标比较表明，水分胁迫条件下八棱海棠幼苗叶绿体比平邑甜茶具有较强的抗氧化能力。     

樱桃矮化砧木'吉塞拉6号'基因转化体系的建立

采用'吉塞拉6号'甜樱桃矮化砧木(Prunus cerasus×P. canescens)离体叶片外植体,在再生培养基附加生长素的条件下通过根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)EHA105(p35SGUS intron)介导研究了β-葡萄糖醛酸酶基因(GUS)的瞬时表达、稳定表达和转基因植株再生,证明了培养基中生长素(IBA或NAA)的存在可促进基因转化,转化效率比对照提高2倍以上.将500个叶片外植体与EHA105(p35SGUS intron)株系在含有生长素的培养基中共培养,获得了11个转基因株系.采用PCR分析和Southern Blotting核酸杂交,确定GUS基因已整合到矮化砧木'吉塞拉6号'植株的染色体上.组织化学染色确定了GUS基因在植株体内的表达.     

水分胁迫条件下苹果幼苗叶绿体抗氧化代谢研究

以苹果属八棱海棠和平邑甜茶组培幼苗继试材,研究了不同浓度ＰＥＧ６００溶液处理条件下幼苗叶绿体Ｏ２＾－和Ｈ２Ｏ２代谢变化。结果表明,随着水分胁迫的加重,苹果属植物叶绿体光合放氧活性和ＰＳⅡ电子传递活性先上升而后下降叶绍体Ｏ２＾－和Ｈ２Ｏ２产生速率特续上升;ＳＯＤ、ＣＡＴ、ＡｓＡＰＯＤ、ＧＲ活性在轻度水分胁迫条件下显著上升,在重庆水分胁迫条件下显著和,脂质过氧化产物ＭＤ芩是呈相反的趋势;叶绍体ＡｓＡ和     

两类生态型区苹果器官内源激素含量及生长发育的变化

采用酶联免疫法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）测定了南亚热带干热多日照河谷（Ｅ１）和北亚热带湿热少日照河谷（Ｅ２）两类生态型区的金冠苹果７种器官内源激素ＩＡＡ、ＧＡ、ＺＲ、ＡＢＡ含量和不同生长时期叶片各激素的含量变化。结果表明，Ｅ２型区苹果茎尖和叶片ＩＡＡ、ＧＡ、ＺＲ含量，幼叶和芽的ＧＡ含量以及伸长中的茎、幼叶、叶、根的ＺＲ含量均显著高于Ｅ１型区，而各器官ＡＢＡ含量则显著低于Ｅ１。两类生态型区苹果的生长结果状况也呈现相应的变化。     

赤霉素和细胞分裂素调控苹果果实早期生长发育机理的研究

采用流式细胞术（ＦＣＭ）及酶联免疫法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）从细胞学和激素生理学的角度研究了ＧＡ４／７、ＢＡ及ＣＰＰＵ调节苹果果实早期发育的可能机理。ＧＡ４／７（５０ｍｇ／Ｌ）抑制了苹果果肉细胞分裂,未提高果实内源细胞分裂素（ＺＲｓ,ｉＰＡ）含量推测它主要通过促进工而促进果实生长,ＢＡ（５０ｍｇ／Ｌ）和ＣＰＰＵ（１２．５ｍｇ／Ｌ）可以显著促进苹果幼果的细胞分裂,ＣＰＰＵ的细胞分裂素活性较ＢＡ高,ＢＡ和ＣＰＰ     

信息快递

我国首次授予外国植物新品种权 日前，国家林业局按照《中华人民共和国植物新品种保护条例》的有关规定，首次授予了外国申请的５个月季新品种权，它们是法国ＭＥＩＬＬＡＮＤ公司申请的玫康馥（ＭＥＩＣＯＦＵＭ）、芳碧莎（ＦＥＢＥＳＡ）、玫卡丽（ＭＥＩＱＵＡＬＩＳ），德国 Ｗ．ＫＯＲＤＥＳ， ＳＯＨＮＥＲＯＳＥＮ－ＳＣＨＵＬＥＮ公司申请的卡罗吉罗（ＫＯＲＲＯＧＩＬＯ）和荷兰ＯＬＵＲＯＺＥＮＶ．Ｏ．Ｆ公司申请的奥丽帕拉姆（ＯＬＵＰＬＡＭ）。从此，这５个品种在中国境内就受到法律保护，任何单位或个人未经品种权人的许可…     

水杨酸对苹果叶片中过氧化氢水平的调节及其机制

以两年生‘王林’苹果为试材，研究了水杨酸（ＳＡ）对苹果叶片中过氧化氢（Ｈ２Ｏ２）水平的调节及其机制。结果表明，０．２５～１０．０ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１ＳＡ能明显提高叶片中Ｈ２Ｏ２水平，其机制不仅在于ＳＡ抑制了过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）活性，从而抑制了Ｈ２Ｏ２的降解使其积累，而且还由于ＳＡ提高了超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性，促进了超氧阴离子（Ｏ－２）向Ｈ２Ｏ２的歧化反应，因而增加了Ｈ２Ｏ２的生成量。ＳＡ还诱导了特异的过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）同工酶，这可能也与Ｈ２Ｏ２的积累有关     

Relationship between renal hypertension and cardiac α1-adrenoceptor autoantibodies in rats

AIM: To examine the autoantibody against α₁-adrenoceptor and its biologic activities during the development of renal hypertension. METHODS: Renal hypertension of rat was achieved by clipped renal artery, the titre of autoantibody to α₁-adrenoceptor was detected using ELISA immunoassay. Furthermore, the biological offects of these autoantibodies on cultured cardiomyocytes were also examined. RESULTS: After two weeks of clipping renal arteries, both the frequency of occurrence and the titre of autoantibodies to cardiac α₁-adrenergic receptor were significantly increased as compared with the control of pre-treatment. The increased autoantibodies lasted for several weeks and then automatically decreased gradually to the pre-clipping level at 12 weeks. The biological effects of these autoantibodies displayed an "agonistic-like" activities on the beating frequency of cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION: Autoantibodies against α₁-adrenoceptor may play a role in the elevation of peripheral vascular resistance and in the development of cardiac hypertrophy in rats with renal hypertension.     

Influence of Mineral Nutrients on Strawberry Fruit Quality and Their Accumulation in Plant Organs

Abstract

This review is based partly on complete articles and partly on abstracts. Three of the 60 articles deal with the total uptake of elements in strawberry plant organs in two different strawberry production systems, both considered as optimal concerning amount and balance of elements. The effect on fruit quality may be dramatic if the level of a particular element is outside this range, but there may also be effects initiated by differences within the optimal range of elements. Most articles refer to product oriented quality, but some focus on consumer oriented quality, as discussed by Shewfelt (1999). The discussion here is on a general basis, so one should keep in mind that there are cultivar differences and that specification of nutrition ideally should mirror the needs of a single cultivar, or a group of cultivars with similar requirements. Also, to get a complete understanding of the subject future reviews should embrace a broader access of information including the effect on plant development of individual elements, such as the role of calcium in fruit firmness and its importance in cell wall structure. However, the intention here is to narrow the information to results that suggest a direct connection between nutrient uptake and fruit quality.     

辣椒素积累生理研究的最新进展

辣椒素的积累主要受到遗传、环境、竞争物质、酶的影响.在遗传方面,辣椒的基因型以及决定辣椒素含量的特定基因对辣椒素的积累起着决定作用,环境中的光照、温度、CO2、肥料起辅助作用,竞争物质,如木质素、类黄酮、蛋白质、单宁、生物碱、香豆素等物质与辣椒素的积累相互抑制,辣椒素的合成酶和降解酶同样影响辣椒素的积累.     

Mixed-severity fire regime in a high-elevation forest of Grand Canyon,Arizona, USA

Fire regime characteristics of high-elevation forests on the North Rim of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, were reconstructed from fire scar analysis, remote sensing, tree age, and forest structure measurements, a first attempt at detailed reconstruction of the transition from surface to stand-replacing fire patterns in the Southwest. Tree densities and fire-/non-fire-initiated groups were highly mixed over the landscape, so distinct fire-created stands could not be delineated from satellite imagery or the oldest available aerial photos. Surface fires were common from 1700 to 1879 in the 4,400 ha site, especially on S and W aspects. Fire dates frequently coincided with fire dates measured at study sites at lower elevation, suggesting that pre-1880 fire sizes may have been very large. Large fires, those scarring 25% or more of the sample trees, were relatively infrequent, averaging 31 years between burns. Four of the five major regional fire years occurred in the 1700s, followed by a 94-year gap until 1879. Fires typically occurred in significantly dry years (Palmer Drought Stress Index), with severe drought in major regional fire years. Currently the forest is predominantly spruce-fir, mixed conifer, and aspen. In contrast, dendroecological reconstruction of past forest structure showed that the forest in 1880 was very open, corresponding closely with historical (1910) accounts of severe fires leaving partially denuded landscapes. Age structure and species composition were used to classify sampling points into fire-initiated and non-fire-initiated groups. Tree groups on nearly 60% of the plots were fire-initiated; the oldest such groups appeared to have originated after severe fires in 1782 or 1785. In 1880, all fire-initiated groups were less than 100 years old and nearly 25% of the groups were less than 20 years old. Non-fire-initiated groups were significantly older (oldest 262 years in 1880), dominated by ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, or white fir, and occurred preferentially on S and W slopes. The mixed-severity fire regime, transitioning from lower-elevation surface fires to mixed surface and stand-replacing fire at higher elevations, appeared not to have been stable over the temporal and spatial scales of this study. Information about historical fire regime and forest structure is valuable for managers but the information is probably less specific and stable for high-elevation forests than for low-elevation ponderosa pine forests.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

瓜叶绿素降解关键酶基因PPH和PAO cDNA片段的克隆与表达初步分析

 以西双版纳黄瓜和‘华黄5号’黄瓜叶片为试验材料,研究了衰老过程中两种黄瓜叶片叶绿素含量变化及脱镁叶绿素脱镁叶绿酸水解酶基因PPH和脱镁叶绿酸a加氧酶基因PAO的表达。结果表明：随着叶片衰老,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量显著降低,叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值在0.5左右,推测叶绿素b的含量可能对黄瓜叶片保绿起到重要作用。荧光定量RT-PCR分析结果显示：PPH和PAO在西双版纳黄瓜叶片生长35 d时表达量最高,分别为5.50和1.86;PPH在‘华黄5号’叶片35 d时表达量最高,为7.14,而PAO在35和45 d表达量都很高,分别为3.90和3.91;PPH和PAO在西双版纳黄瓜叶片中的表达量低于在‘华黄5号’中。     

Effects of simvastatin on PDGF-BB and serum-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and on the expression of tumor suppressor gene PTEN

AIM:To observe the effect of simvastatin on the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs) induced by serum and growth factor PDGF-BB and the effect of simvastatin on the expression of PTEN,a important regulator of G₁/S cell cycle transition. METHODS:The DNA synthesis was determined by [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle was examined with flow cytometry, the protein level of PTEN was measured by Western blot method. RESULTS: (1)Simvastatin inhibited [³H]-TdR incorporation in a dose dependent manner. (2) Flow cytometric DNA analysis revealed that simvastatin induced significantly enhancement of G₀/G₁ phase and decrease in S phase VSMCs.(3)Simvastatin increased protein level of PTEN and mevalonate, a metabolite of HMG-COA, reversed the effect of simvastatin on PTEN protein expression. CONCLUSION:Simvastatin may inhibit proliferation of VSMCs and retarded cell cycle in G₀/G₁ phase by increasing PTEN expression through inhibiting synthesis of mevalonate.     

微波消解ICP—MS法测定香菇中重金属含量

采用密闭微波消解法消解香菇样品,在优化微波消解条件的基础上,建立微波消解ICP—MS法同时测定千香菇中As、PI）、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Mn、Fe和Mg九种重金属元素的方法,在最佳试验条件下,加标收率为92．0％～104．6％,RSD为2．2％-5．3％。该方法简便、快速、准确：     

Relationships of landscape,prey and agronomic variables to the abundance of generalist predators in cotton (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium hirsutum</Emphasis>) fields

A two-year field study investigated the possible effects of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) and uncultivated areas on the abundance of generalist predators in commercially-managed cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fields in Texas, USA. From 63 to 70 fields were sampled for pests and predators over nine consecutive weeks during early stages of cotton development. Additional data on agronomic practices and landscape composition at three spatial scales were also collected for each field. Stepwise regression analyses were used to determine the relationships of landscape, agronomic and prey variables to the abundance of generalist predators. Because the variables most closely linked to predator levels could vary over time, separate regressions were conducted for three time periods corresponding to stages of grain sorghum growth (half-bloom, hard-dough, maturity) in each year. Significant relationships between predator abundance and agricultural landscape composition appear in both years and in all three time periods, but the specific relationships of landscape variables to cotton predator levels differed between and within years. At maturity in 2001, predator levels rose as the amount of uncultivated land from 1.6 to 3.2 km distant and the perimeter shared with grain sorghum increased. During 2002, the area of grain sorghum (half-bloom) and uncultivated land (hard-dough) within 1.6 km of cotton fields were both positively related to predator numbers. Cotton planting dates and the abundance of cotton fleahoppers (Pseudatomoscelis seriatus [Reuter]) were also strongly linked to predator numbers during both years. Results suggest that the total amount of grain sorghum or uncultivated land in an area is more important than the presence of these habitats adjacent to cotton fields, and that landscape composition may sometimes be the most important factor in determining predator abundance.     

Inferring the effects of landscape structure on roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) movements using a step selection function

In this study, we sought to understand how landscape structure affects roe deer movements within their home-range in a heterogeneous and fragmented agricultural system of south-western France. We analysed the movements of 20 roe deer fitted with GPS collars which recorded their locations every 2–6 h over several months (mean = 9 months). Based on empirical observations and previous studies of roe deer habitat use, we hypothesised that roe deer should avoid buildings and roads, move preferentially along valley bottoms and through the more wooded areas of the landscape. To test these hypotheses we paired each observed movement step with 10 random ones. Using conditional logistic regression, we modelled a step selection function, which represents the probability of selecting a given step as a function of these landscape variables. The selected model indicated that movements were influenced by all the tested landscape features, but not always in the predicted direction: our results suggested that roe deer tend to avoid buildings, roads, valley bottoms and possibly the more wooded areas (although the latter result should be interpreted with caution, as it may be influenced by a bias in the rate of GPS fix acquisition in woods). The distances to buildings and to roads were the most influential variables in the model, suggesting that the avoidance of potential sources of disturbance may be a key factor in determining ranging behaviour of roe deer in human dominated landscapes.     

Inoculation of growing media with the rhizobacterium Variovorax paradoxus 5C-2 reduces unwanted stress responses in hardy ornamental species

Inoculation of growing media with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) has a number of potential benefits for the production of ornamental plants. Certain rhizobacteria synthesise the enzyme ACC deaminase, which cleaves ACC, the precursor of the plant hormone ethylene. Bacterial metabolism is now known to lead to a reduction in [ACC] in the plant transpiration stream and bacteria are hypothesised to act on ACC exuded from roots. This in turn reduces the ethylene generated in plants growing in growing media inoculated with these bacteria. Here we tested if applications of the ACC deaminase containing rhizobacteria Variovorax paradoxus⁵C–²could be of benefit to ornamental growers by reducing ethylene generation in stressed plants. Ethylene is produced at levels that are inhibitory to growth and development under a number of abiotic stresses. The propagation and production of hardy ornamentals is deleteriously affected by abiotic stresses that involve ethylene signalling, including drought and physical wounding. Inoculation of growing media with V. paradoxus 5C-2 lowered ethylene emission from mature leaves of Cytisus × praecox experiencing drought stress. In addition, bacterial inoculation of the growing media resulted in significantly reduced abscission of the mature leaves under drought treatment. Beneficial effects of inoculation where also found in the wounding response of Fargesia murielae following divisional propagation and late season senescence in Aquilegia × hybrida in response to drought stress. Together these results demonstrate that V. paradoxus⁵C–²has real potential for use on ornamental nurseries in situations where plant stresses are unavoidable.