速生松木家具几种节点接合方式的强度比较研究

以南方速生脱脂马尾松松木为基材,以"L"型和"T"型构件为基本构件形式,采用力学实验方法 ,对理想使用状态——即在外力垂直荷载匀速加载的作用下使构件节点发生破坏或变形,测试构件节点破坏强度值及其破坏或变形形式。实验针对8种不同框架节点接合方式(贯通直角单榫接合、不贯通直角暗榫接合、双圆榫接合、倒刺螺母连接件接合、双圆榫与倒刺螺母共同接合、三件式偏心连接件接合,以及45°双圆榫斜角接合和45°不贯通榫斜角接合)的接合强度进行测定。实验结果表明:(1)对于直角连接构件,采用贯通直角单榫接合时的节点接合强度最大;双圆榫与倒刺螺母共同连接的节点接合强度次之;然后强度值从高到低依次为双圆榫接合、倒刺螺母螺杆连接件接合、不贯通直角单榫接合,接合强度最小的是偏心连接件接合;(2)对于45°斜角连接构件,采用45°不贯通榫斜角接合的节点强度大于45°双圆榫斜角接合的节点强度;(3)在相同条件下,"T"型实木构件的节点接合强度总体上大于"L"型实木构件的节点接合强度。研究表明:节点处的基本构件形式("L"型或"T"型)、角部构件的连接形式(直角构件或斜角构件),以及节点的接合方式等都不同程度地影响着马尾松松木家具框架节点的接合强度。     

桉木单板层积材家具角部“L型构件”接合强度研究

以速生桉木单板层积材为基材,榫接合连接、螺钉连接的L型构件为研究对象,通过对桉木层积材家具接合构件进行抗拉和抗弯力学性能试验,观察、分析8种不同榫接合方式对"L型构件"接合强度的影响。研究结果表明,榫接合强度与接合面积有关,接合面积大则接合强度高;桉木单板层积材本身强度对榫接合无影响;采用偏心连接件、倒刺螺母螺杆连接件的接合强度较低,接合部位不够牢固,在家具的使用过程中容易产生松动。     

辐射松处理材制备实木家具节点性能研究

为探讨改性辐射松应用于实木家具几种连接方式节点的接合强度,以辐射松树脂材与真空热处理树脂材为基材,采用力学试验方法测定"T"型与"L"型构件节点的破坏弯矩并分析其破坏特征。结果表明:相同条件下,树脂材节点接合强度大于热处理树脂材,贯通直角单榫双圆棒榫普通三合一连接件,"T"型构件节点接合强度大于"L"型构件,改性辐射松节点接合强度在一定条件下接近优质木材的节点接合强度。改性辐射松木材可满足实木家具对节点接合强度的要求,具备制造中高档松木家具的可行性。     

杨木衣柜柜门角部接合形式对强度的影响

为扩大低质人工林木材在家具中的应用.笔者以杨木衣柜为研究对象,针对柜门角部的受力特点,研究了不同的接合形式对角部抗弯和抗扭强度的影响以及材料的混合使用对角部接合的增强作用。试验结果表明柜门角部接合形式对接合强度具有影响:①榫接合时,直角接合斜角接合,圆棒榫接合时,斜角接合直角接合;②抗弯强度:冒头与立挺齐平冒头盖立挺,抗扭强度:冒头与立挺齐平冒头盖立挺,而且两种不同的接合方式对抗扭强度影响比对抗弯强度的影响大;③榫接合开口情况对接合强度的影响是全开口榫半开口榫闭口榫;④双圆棒榫+不锈钢角码接合相比双圆棒榫接合有增强作用,但是效果有限;斜角接合水曲柳饼形榫增强效果较明显。     

基于摩擦特性的榫接合节点抗拔力研究

通过创新的测量方法对椭圆榫接合节点的摩擦特性进行了研究,基于合理的条件假设,建立了椭圆榫接合节点抗拔力的数学模型,并通过椭圆榫接合T形构件的抗拔力试验对模型计算结果进行了检验。研究结果表明,基于本研究所采用的加工方式,木材在平面接触状态下,接触面纹理角度、接触面积以及接触压力对木材与木材间的摩擦系数无明显影响。各接触面粗糙度测量结果表明,横纹不同纹理角度和顺纹不同纹理角度下的粗糙度基本相等。通过创新的试验方法对不同纹理角度的椭圆榫接合节点摩擦系数进行测量,其结果与平面接触状态下的测量结果基本一致,平均摩擦系数约为0.54。试验验证阶段对采用椭圆榫接合的T形构件抗拔力进行了测量,得到抗拔力平均值为3 192.5 N,标准差为398 N,而通过本研究建立的数学模型计算所得的榫接合节点抗拔力为2 928.08 N。数学模型计算结果与试验结果的最大值及最小值的误差均在标准差范围内。因此,本研究所建立的力学模型可用于实木椭圆榫接合节点抗拔力的估算,并为榫接合节点在胶合状态下的力学特性研究,以及实木榫接合家具结构设计提供依据。     

板式T型构件圆棒榫连接节点稳健优化设计北大核心

为减少家具的质量波动并延长其使用寿命,将稳健设计思想引入板式家具的结构设计中,对以多层板为基材的板式家具T型构件,进行稳健优化设计。试验选取板式家具中最常见的连接件——圆棒榫为优化对象,通过田口法,研究圆棒榫的直径、长度、材料三个因素对18 mm厚多层板T型构件抗弯性能的影响。将抗弯极限承载力设为目标质量特性,信噪比(S/N)作为衡量产品质量稳定性的指标。结果表明:以多层板为基材的T型构件抗弯强度随圆棒榫直径和长度的增加而增强;三种材料中,荷木圆棒榫表现出最好的性能;圆棒榫直径对构件的抗弯性能影响最大。优化后,长为50 mm且直径为10 mm的荷木圆棒榫为最稳健设计方案。三种设计因素中,优化后板式T型构件的抗弯极限承载力增强21.07%,信噪比提高4.42%。试验表明:基于稳健设计原则的田口法可有效增强板式家具T型结构节点的质量稳定性,进而实现板式家具结构质量稳定性的提升,延长家具的使用寿命。     

板式T型构件角接合多指标稳健优化设计

为增强板式家具角接合强度,提高家具结构质量的稳定性,对以18 mm厚刨花板为基材的T型构件进行角接合强度稳健优化设计。选取圆榫直径(6、8、10 mm)、圆榫长度(30、40、50 mm)、连接件种类(二合一连接件、三合一连接件、四合一连接件)及连接件长度(35、40、45 mm)为设计因素,采用L₉(3⁴)正交表进行试验方案设计。使用ANSYA有限元软件,对构件进行模拟抗弯测试,将构件的形变量、连接件及圆榫的最大等效应力作为衡量指标,通过稳健设计田口法结合灰色关联分析法对板式T型构件角接合强度进行多指标稳健优化。结果表明：长40 mm的四合一连接件,配以长为30 mm,直径为8 mm的圆棒榫为本研究的稳健优化结果。选取各因素中间水平为初始对照组,优化后构件的形变量减少1.71 mm,连接件的等效应力减小207.94 MPa。虽圆榫的等效应力有所增加,但综合性能有所提升,灰色关联度由0.60增加至0.78,提高30%。试验证明：田口法结合灰色关联分析法可有效将板式家具研究中的多指标问题转化为单一问题进行研究,实现板式家具的稳健设计,进而实现家...     

椭圆榫T型构件接合强度影响因素研究

以北美鹅掌楸为基材,探究椭圆榫T型构件接合强度的影响因素。采用单因素试验探究涂胶量、陈放天数对椭圆榫抗拔强度的影响;采用正交试验探究榫眼深度、长度和宽度三个因素对椭圆榫抗弯强度的影响。结果表明:涂胶量对椭圆榫T型构件抗拔强度的影响非常显著,陈放天数的影响比较显著。榫眼宽度是影响椭圆榫T型构件抗弯强度的主要因素,榫眼深度和长度次之,而深度的影响大于长度。     

马尾松床腿连接件接合方式比较

床腿与床侧是床类家具中最容易破坏的部位,为了提高速生马尾松床类家具的结构强度,笔者通过力学试验方法,研究5种不同连接件接合方式对马尾松床腿结构的影响。结果在同等条件下,床腿结构接合性能强度由大到小依次为:四合一连接件接合(半月牙)>预埋螺母螺栓与圆棒榫接合>包角式预埋螺母螺栓连接件接合>床铰链接合>四合一连接件接合(锤仔)。在此基础上,从装配角度考虑对五金连接件进行优化。优化后的接合方式的强度均大于其他连接件接合。     

圆棒榫与刨花板接合抗拉强度的研究

本报告探讨了圆棒榫与不同物理力学性能的A类刨花板,通过分别采用PVAC、UF和混合胶胶粘剂接合,对抗拉强度的影响。结果表明：圆棒榫接合抗拉强度,随刨花板密度及静曲强度的增大而增大,影响程度,UF胶＞混合胶＞PVAC胶;随刨花板吸水厚度膨胀的增大而减少,影响程度,混合胶＞UF胶＞PVAC胶。     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

qPCR quantification of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum from infected butternut trees under different release treatments

The use of a molecular assay for quantifying conidia of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum, the fungal pathogen responsible of butternut canker, was investigated. Purified DNA from conidia collected on glass fibre filters of a passive rain collectors was quantified using a TaqMan real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. The qPCR assay could specifically discriminate the target species from all other North American known species of Ophiognomonia, and it was sensitive enough to repeatedly detect one conidium. A linear relationship between numbers of conidia and qPCR C_t values was determined, and used to assess the sporulation of the pathogen under trees that were released to promote their vigour. In total, 977 samples of field‐captured conidia from 49 trees, at two locations, and from two successive growing seasons were analysed. No significant difference of sporulation was observed under control and release treatments. However, our results demonstrated that qPCR assay was reliable for detecting and quantifying O. clavigignenti‐juglandacearum from environmental samples, which will be useful to assess further control methods for this disease.     

The potential of alley cropping in improvement of cultivation systems in the high rainfall areas of Zambia I. Chitemene and Fundikila

Three trials investigating the potential of alley cropping to improve the traditional systems of cultivation, chitemene and fundikila, in the Northern Province of Zambia are described. Flemingia congesta, Tephrosia vogelii, and Sesbania sesban, were grown in association with finger millet, groundnut, cowpea, and maize in various traditional cropping sequences. The indigenous species Tephrosia vogelii and Sesbania sesban were not able to withstand repeated pruning and the long following dry season, and were replaced with Calliandra calothyrsus, and Cassia spectabilis.Over a four year period, there was no benefit by alley cropping with any of the tree species on crop yields, and yields in alley crop treatments even dropped significantly below the control treatments in the fourth year, casting doubt on the potential of alley cropping for sustainable production. There was also no consistent effect on soil chemical characteristics in any of the trials. It was suggested that this lack of beneficial response to alley cropping was due to low tree biomass production low quality of prunings, and an inappropriate cropping sequence. There was no evidence that alley cropping contributed to enhanced nutrient recycling, despite substantial localised pools of soil nutrients, particularly in the chitemene, with which recycling could potentially occur.     

Toxicity of biocide GCSC-BtA on arthropod pests under different temperature conditions

The present research dealt with the toxicity of GCSC-BtA (Germany–China Scientific Cooperation-Bacillus thuringiensis-Abamectin), a new type biocide developed by conjugating a toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) with Abamectin from Streptomyces avermitilis, on arthropod pests under different temperature conditions. The results showed that GCSC-BtA possessed higher toxicity than B.t. crystal, Abamectin or Cypermethrin, with pest mortalities of 97.9, 93.7, 96.4, 82.3 and 96.7% for Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.) (Acari, Tetranychidae), Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thys., Thripidae), Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hom., Aphididae), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae) and Cameraria ohridella Deschka et Dimić (Lep., Gracillariidae), respectively. Toxicities of GCSC-BtA to T. cinnabarinus and P. xylostella decreased significantly at the older developmental stage with an exception that egg stage had the highest tolerance, in which LC₅₀s of GCSC-BtA were 0.0001, 0.0019 and 0.0708 mg/ml for nymph, adult and egg of T. cinnabarinus, and that 0.0399, 0.2035 and 0.9033 mg/ml for the 2nd instar larvae, 4th instar larvae and egg of P. xylostella, respectively. Also, the biocide was more effective to the lower stage of A. fabae than the higher one with LC₅₀s of 0.0023, 0.0086 and 0.0171 mg/ml against 1st instar nymph, 3rd instar nymph and adult, respectively. In general, toxicity of the new type of biocide was positively related to temperature against all the tested pests, except against T. cinnabarinus, where it was almost similar at the three temperature conditions. GCSC-BtA displayed significantly lower toxicities at 15/20°C than 20/25°C or 25/30°C against F. occidentalis, A. fabae, P. xylostella and C. ohridella. However, no significant difference was found in the toxicities against F. occidentalis, A. fabae and C. ohridella above 20°C, whereas toxicity against P. xylostella increased as temperature raised. Therefore, to achieve higher efficacy in the field, application rate and time should be devised according to these factors.