小熊猫日粮表观消化率的初步研究

2015年5月~6月,对成都动物园的6只圈养小熊猫(其中3只为野外救护小熊猫)进行日粮表观消化率的研究。预试验7 d,正式试验7 d,分析成都动物园圈养小熊猫对日粮营养成分的表观消化率及不同人工圈养年限之间小熊猫对日粮营养成分表观消化率的差异。结果表明,本试验小熊猫对日粮营养成分中的干物质、粗脂肪、粗蛋白、粗灰分、粗纤维的表观消化率分别为61.16%、82.28%、76.6%、15.91%、13.39%,其中粗灰分和粗纤维的表观消化率相对较低。试验组中,圈养2 a~3 a的野外救护小熊猫在干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维和粗灰分的消化率都明显高于其它组;圈养1 a以下的野外救护小熊猫,在粗脂肪、粗纤维的消化率却明显低于它两组,日均采食量也明显低于其他两组;圈养5 a以上的小熊猫,对各营养物质的消化率处于居中的状态。同时,拥有较大运动场的试验组小熊猫各营养物质的表观消化率明显高于无运动场的试验组。本试验结果可知,成都动物园小熊猫的日粮搭配基本满足了小熊猫维持生命活动的所需能量,但日粮中竹叶和竹笋应搭配饲养;圈养小熊猫应配备足够大的运动场;小熊猫从野外到人工圈养在日粮配比上应有一个过渡期,在过渡期中应增加竹叶、苹果的供应量。     

精料的蛋白质水平及能量浓度对成体大熊猫日粮消化率的影响

采用双因子交叉分组(2×2)试验设计方案,考察精料的蛋白质水平与能量浓度对成体大熊猫日粮消化率影响的显著性。结果表明:精料的蛋白质水平对粗蛋白和粗脂肪的消化率均产生了极显著影响(P<0·01,正相关),精料的能量浓度对粗蛋白的消化率产生了显著影响(P<0·05,负相关);二因素对其他各项消化率的影响均不显著(P>0·05);此外,对粗蛋白消化率而言,二因素互作效应显著(P<0·05);各试验期之间消化率多重比较结果显示,精料配方4(CP20·61%×GE18·08MJ·kg-1)为优选配方。本研究说明:精料的蛋白质水平及能量浓度对成体大熊猫日粮消化率产生了一定的影响,成体大熊猫倾向于高蛋白、低能量的精料。     

圈养大熊猫对乌哺鸡竹笋营养成分的表观消化率

采用全收粪法研究了圈养大熊猫对乌哺鸡竹笋营养成分的表观消化率。研究表明:(1)大熊猫对乌哺鸡竹笋中粗蛋白、粗脂肪的平均表观消化率分别为85.64%±3.08%、77.55%±5.56%。不论成体还是亚成体,雄性个体对粗蛋白的消化率都高于雌性个体;此外,雄性亚成体蜀琳对粗脂肪的消化效率显著高于其它3只大熊猫(P<0.05)。(2)大熊猫蜀琳、科琳和安安对半纤维素、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的平均表观消化率分别为11.72%±5.60%、8.53%±2.76%、4.69%±2.51%,说明大熊猫具有一定的纤维素消化利用能力;不过老龄成体大熊猫吉吉几乎不能消化半纤维素、NDF、ADF。(3)大熊猫对乌哺鸡竹笋中常量矿质元素的平均表观消化率由高至低依次为P、Ca、Na、K、Mg,即70.23%±9.25%、66.42%±8.84%、47.74%±17.69%、45.65%±17.63%、43.04%±11.39%;相应地,对微量矿质元素的消化效率依次为Zn、Cu、Mn、Fe,即45.07%±12.12%、36.80%±15.20%、32.85%±15.53%、23.81%±12.32%。老龄大熊猫吉吉对P和K的消化效率显著高于其它3只大熊猫(P<0.05),但是对于Ca的消化率却最低(P<0.05);此外,2只亚成体对Cu的消化利用率均低于成体大熊猫。上述结果将为评价、筛选优质大熊猫主食竹提供参考。     

圈养大熊猫对雷竹笋营养成分的表观消化率

用全收粪法研究了圈养大熊猫对雷竹笋营养成分的表观肖化率.结果表明:1)4只大熊猫对粗蛋白、粗脂肪的平均表观消化率分别为89.44％±1.67％和76.22％±8.67％;对中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、半纤维素的平均表观消化率分别为21.88％ +7.43％、l1.78％±5.69％和30.79％±7.46％.大熊猫对各种矿物元素的表观消化率中,Cu元素的平均表观消化率最低,为19.05％±11.07％;P元素表观消化率最高,为66.98％±6.24％.2)成年大熊猫与亚成年大熊猫粗蛋白的消化率无显著差异(P＞0.05);亚成体大熊猫粗脂肪的表观消化率极显著高于成体大熊猫(P＜0.01);雌性亚成体大熊猫对中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、半纤维素以及矿物元素P、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn的表观消化率显著高于其他3只大熊猫(P＜0.05).这些结果对于拓展浙西地区优质的大熊猫食物资源具有重要意义.     

箬竹叶片营养成分分析

为了解箬竹叶片中主要营养物质的含量,开展箬竹资源的多元化利用,对箬竹叶片中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分、氨基酸及矿物质元素质量分数进行了测定。结果表明,箬竹叶中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分及总干物质含量分别为63.7,7.1,45.0,450.0 mg/g;17种常见的氨基酸种类均能检测出,总氨基酸含量(T)为40.1 mg/g,人体必需氨基酸总量(E)为13.6 mg/g,E/T为33.91。按照FAO模式计算的必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为56.76,按照全鸡蛋模式计算的必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为43.24;箬竹叶中K,Ca,Mg,P和Na含量均丰富,其中K的含量最高,为15.1 g/kg,Ca和Na含量均在1.60 g/kg以上,Mg的含量为1.04 g/kg。箬竹叶片中营养成分较为合理,可以作为一种动物饲料开发利用。     

Ⅰ-69杨人工林养分循环的研究

对首个轮伐期内I-69杨人工林养分循环的定位试验结果表明:(1)速生期叶片养分年平均适宜范围值:N(2.98%3.37%)>Ca(2.26%2.95%)>K(0.65%0.73%)>Mg(0.35%0.46%)>P(0.11%0.13)%),属喜N、Ga树种。(2)速生期叶片养分的年、月变异极显著,林木生长规律一致,叶片对养分吸收、积累、分配与转移的动态变化反映了体内养分循环的特性。林木生物量分配顺序各年都相同:干>枝>侧根>主根>干皮>主根皮,叶随林龄增加递减;养分分配速生期为:侧根>枝>干>干皮>主根>主根皮,后期枝、干大于侧根,叶随林龄增加递减,但养分分配比叶高于干。生物养分量的积累与分配与林木生长一致。(3)该森林生态系统内养分循环速率:生长前期为0.47,后期为0.28;养分利用率也不同,前期生产1t干物质需要的主要养分量分别为:N:7.6 kg,Ca:4.97 kg,K:1.89 kg,Mg:0.84 kg,P;0.26 kg,后期则为N:4.3 kg,Ca:6.34 kg,K:1.39 kg,Mg:1.14 kg,P:0.18 kg。人工林采伐后年平均移出养分量占土壤相应年平均速效养分量为:N:36.80%,P:52.8%,K:19.73%。支出较大。但是土壤养分供给水准较高,在该森林生态系统中,以林木和土壤为主导的养分循环仍处于动态平衡的良性循环之中。     

对印度亚热带潮湿气候中的多种用途树叶作为草料的质量评价(英文)

多种用途树种和灌木在农业系统中有重要的作用,在减少饲料供求矛盾和补充世界各地饲料赤字,提高动物生产力方面有很大的潜力。同时,评价草料各种营养特性,利于生产定量平衡的饲料。评价12种多种用途树种(Acacia auri-culiformis,Albizzia procera,Dalbergia sissoo,Gliricidia macu-lata,Leucaena leucocephala,Samanea saman,Azadirachta in-dica,Eucalyptus hybrida,Gmelina arborea,Michelia champaca,Morus alba,和Tectona grandis)的树叶的营养特性,其中分别包括6种豆科和非豆科树种,指标包括:常规成分,细胞壁成分,总鞣质含量,大量(Ca和P)与微量元素(Fe,Cu,Zn,Mn和Co)含量,干物质体外消化率与有机物消化率以及代谢能量值。结果表明上述各参数都有明显的差异。有机物,粗蛋白质含量,石油醚提取物总量,粗纤维含量,无氮浸出物,总灰分的平均值分别为:(92.02±0.30)%,(16.00±0.74)%,(3.05±0.13)%,(18.97±1.07)%,(54.00±1.12)%和(7.98±0.30)%。豆科树种较非豆科树种有更高的粗蛋白质含量(18.30%和13.70%)。细胞壁成分中的中性洗涤纤维素,酸性洗涤纤维,半纤维,纤维素,酸性木质素含量平均值分别为:(52.48±1.05)%,(31.72±0.97)%,(20.76±0.88)%,(16.97±0.70)%和(9.57±0.62)%。总鞣质含量为(4.22±0.32)%。Ca与P之比合理,多种树种叶中Fe和Mn含量丰富,P,Cu,Zn和Co水平低于标准水平含量。干物质体外消化率与有机物消化率平均值分别为(48.96±1.30)%和(50.69±1.36)%。代谢能量值为(6.95±0.11)MJ·kg-1。粗蛋白质含量与干物质体外消化率与有机物消化率和代谢能量值成正相关;而这三个参数与中性洗涤纤维素,酸性洗涤纤维,和酸性木质素含量成负相关。结果表明:银合欢可作为优良饲料的树种,因为它具有最高的干物质体外消化率与有机物消化率以及代谢能量值(65.20%,67.66%和7.95MJ·kg-1),而Gliricidia maculata,Morus alba,Azadirachta indica,Dalbergia sissoo和Samanea saman可做较好类型饲料的树种,其它树种做饲料质量差。     

I-69杨人工林养分循环的研究

对首个轮伐期内I-69杨人工林养分循环的定位试验结果表明:(1)速生期叶片养分年平均适宜范围值:N(2.98％～3.37％)＞Ca(2.26％～2.95％)＞K(0.65％～0.73％)＞Mg(0.35％～0.46％)＞P(0.11％～0.13)％),属喜N、Ga树种.(2)速生期叶片养分的年、月变异极显著,林木生长规律一致,叶片对养分吸收、积累、分配与转移的动态变化反映了体内养分循环的特性.林木生物量分配顺序各年都相同:干＞枝＞侧根＞主根＞干皮＞主根皮,叶随林龄增加递减;养分分配速生期为:侧根＞枝＞干＞干皮＞主根＞主根皮,后期枝、干大于侧根,叶随林龄增加递减,但养分分配比叶高于于.生物养分量的积累与分配与林木生长一致.(3)该森林生态系统内养分循环速率:生长前期为0.47,后期为0.28;养分利用率也不同,前期生产1t干物质需要的主要养分量分别为:N:7.6 kg,Ca:4.97 kg,K:1.89 kg,Mg:0.84 kg,P;0.26 kg,后期则为N:4.3 kg,Ca:6.34 kg,K:1.39 kg,Mg:1.14 kg,P:0.18 kg.人工林采伐后年平均移出养分量占土壤相应年平均速效养分量为:N:36.80％,P:52.8％,K:19.73％.支出较大.但是土壤养分供给水准较高,在该森林生态系统中,以林木和土壤为主导的养分循环仍处于动态平衡的良性循环之中.     

巴西半干旱地区自然条件和菌根菌接种条件下赤桉和大桉地上生物量营养成分分析(英文)

对巴西米纳斯吉拉斯州北部半干旱地区(15°09’S43°49’W)的赤桉(Eucalyptus camaldulensis)和大桉(Eucalyptus grandis)人工林的地上生物量、营养成分含量和菌根菌定植百分率进行了调查和分析。结果表明,赤按和大桉人工林的总地上生物量分别为33.6Mg·hm-2和153.1Mg·hm-2。赤桉树干、叶子、枝条和树皮的生物量分别占总生物量的64.4%,19.6%,15.4%,0.6%,大桉地上生物量的分配与赤按基本相同。赤桉叶子和枝条的干物质占其总生物量的35%,叶子和枝条中的N,P,K,Ca,Mg,and S的含量分别占总生物量这些营养元素的15.5%,0.7%,12.3%,22.6%,19%,1.4%。树干(包括树皮)中的营养成分累积相对比较低。与赤桉相比,大桉的营养含量变化较小。这2个树种的树干上部含有高浓度的磷,树皮也含有大量的营养物质,尤其是大桉;说明在半干旱地区,立地上脱落的植物性废物对降低树木生产力损失有重要意义。赤桉和大桉都有菌根营养。     

小尾寒羊对四翅滨藜表观消化率的影响

为研究小尾寒羊对四翅滨藜(Atriplex canescens(pursh)Nutt.)饲料养分消化率的影响,选用1年龄小尾寒羊按试验要求随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复1只。分别饲喂Ⅰ组(苜蓿)、Ⅱ组(四翅滨藜)、Ⅲ组(玉米秸秆)。预试期7 d,正试期6 d。结果表明:小尾寒羊对Ⅰ组(苜蓿)的日均采食量为654.12 g,而采食率为68.75%,就采食量和采食率而言,与Ⅰ组(苜蓿)差异不显著,与Ⅲ组(玉米秸秆)差异显著(P<0.05),其高低顺序依次为Ⅰ组(苜蓿)>Ⅱ组(四翅滨藜)>Ⅲ组(玉米秸秆)。小尾寒羊对Ⅱ组(四翅滨藜)养分CP的消化率与Ⅰ组(苜蓿)差异显著(P<0.05),其它差异不显著;小尾寒羊对Ⅱ组(四翅滨藜)养分CP、EE、NFE的消化率差异极显著(P<0.01),P的消化率差异显著(P<0.05)。     

Digestive Rate of Dongtian F_1 Red Dear in Weaning Period and Growth Period

IntroductionDeerisamammalianspeciesofimportanteconomicvalues.Deerpartssuchaspiloseantler,blood,meat,tail,penisandplacentaareusedasnutrimentsanddeerskinsaslightindustrialmaterial.Deercanbeeasilydomesticated.Sodeerraisingindustryhasbeenexpandedrapidlyaroundthewholecountry.Amongalldeerspeciesraisedinfsrms,reddeerbecomesmainspeciesraisedforitsIaFgebodyshape,highpilosoantlerproduCtion,goodadaptability,highbearingabilityofrowf6edandeasymanagement.InthenortheasternpartofChina,thesubspeciesDongbeir…     

Digestive rate of Dongtian F1 red Dear in weaning period and growth period

In this paper, 4N-HCLAIA method was adopted to conduct digestive tests in young female and male Dongtian F₁ red deer (Cervus elaphus) of rearing seperately in growth period and mixed raising in weaning period in Harbin Specialty Research Institute. Results indicated that digestive rate of crude protein and crude fiber were 95.35% and 73.68% respectively when rational protein content was 26.8% in growth period, Digestive rate was not significantly different between female and male(P>0.05); During weaning period, when rational crude protein content is 22.06%, digestive rate of crude protein and crude fiber were 93.05% and 63.96%, respectively. The tests suggest that higher rational protein can be effective in accelerating growth of young Dongtian F₁ red deer during growth period and weaning period(before 10 months old). (Reponsible Editor: Chai Ruihai)     

Nutrient intake,digestibility and rumen fermentation characteristics of sheep fed on selected forage sweet potato cultivars

Selected forage sweet potato cultivars (Ipomoea batatas Lam) have superior forage characteristics, have high rates of regeneration after harvest, are able to smother weeds and can tolerate diseases and moisture stress. However, little information is documented on their feeding value. The study objective was to determine nutrient intake, digestibility and rumen fermentation characteristics of sheep fed on four selected forage sweet potato cultivars (K158, Marooko, Mugande and Wagabolige). Cultivars did not influence intake of dry matter (DM) (93.8–98.1), organic matter (OM) (82.0–85.6), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) (37.6–38.8 g/kg W^0.75) and metabolizable energy (0.94–0.99 MJ/kg W^0.75); digestibility of DM (740.3–744.1) and OM (747.0–751.7 g/kg DM) and intake of digestible DM (69.8–72.6) and OM (61.3–64.4?g per kg W^0.75); rumen pH (6.80–6.86), molar percentages of acetate (68.34–69.59), propionate (21.35–22.58), butyrate (7.43–7.57) and acetate to propionate ratio (3.03–3.20). Cultivars influenced intake of crude protein (CP) (10.7–16.9) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) (25.9–28.5 g/kg W^0.75). Digestibility of CP (655.7–821.1), NDF (594.1–712.8) and ADF (477.0–483.7 g/kg DM); intake of digestible CP (7.0–13.9) and NDF (22.4–27.7?g per kg W^0.75) were also influenced by cultivar. CP and NDF digestibility differed among all four cultivars with Morooko and K158 having the highest CP and NDF digestibility, respectively. Sheep fed on K158 and Wagabolige ingested similar quantities of digestible CP (11.6–11.8?g per kg W^0.75), which was lower than in Marooko (13.9?g per kg W^0.75). The four cultivars provided superior feeds to sheep which classify them as high quality forages. Hence they have the potential to improve livestock production in Kenya.     

Intake, rumen digestion, digestibility and microbial nitrogen supply in sheep fed Cynodon nlemfuensis supplemented with Gliricidia sepium

Four Pelibuey sheep fitted with flexible rumen cannula were fed increasing levels of Gliricidia sepium foliage (gliricidia) in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments were: control, 10, 20 and 30% (dry basis) of gliricidia mixed in a basal diet of Cynodon nlemfuensis (stargrass) hay. Dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) intakes were linearly increased (P < 0.05) from 45.2, 40.4, 2.0 to 71.5, 63.3 and 6.8 g/kg W^0.75/d, for the control and the 30% gliricidia diet, respectively. Similarly, increments of gliricidia in the diet resulted in a linear increase in DM, OM and CP apparent disgestibilities from 43.7, 48.4 and 27.0 to 50.7, 54.7 and 57.3%, for the control and 30% gliricidia diet, respectively. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of supplementation with gliricidia on rumen dry matter digestion of stargrass. Microbial nitrogen (N) supply to the small intestine had a trend towards an increase from 4.9, for the control, to 9.6 g N/d, for the 30% diet, though it was not significant (P > 0.05). It is concluded that, gliricidia might be incorporated into low quality diets since it increases total DM intake, supplies highly degradable N to the rumen and appears to increase the microbial N supply to the small intestine of sheep. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of low-protein diet with supplementing different levels of DL-methionine on production performance of minks in growing-furring period

A study was conducted to evaluate production performance of minks in growing-furring period with supplementing DL-Methionine (Met) in low protein diet. Seventy healthy male minks were randomly divided into five groups of 14 minks each. The minks were fed in five kinds of experiment diets (HP, LP, LP+M1, LP+M2 and LP+M3). The dietary protein levels, expressed as percentage of dry matter (DM), were 32% (high protein, HP) and 24% (low protein, LP). LP was supplemented with Met 0.4% (M1), 0.8% (M2) and 1.2% (M3) DM. From mid of September to December 10, apparent digestibility of CP (crude protein), N intake and urinary N excretion were decreased with declining dietary protein levels (p < 0.05) and N retained was the highest in treatment LP+M2. No significant difference was found in total serum protein (TP) and serum urea nitrogen (SUN) among all treatment groups (p > 0.05). Skin length of treatment HP and LP+M2 was higher than that of other groups (p < 0.05). Body length, skin weight, length of guard hair and under hair were not affected by different dietary protein levels (p>0.05). The best performance could be observed in treatment LP+M2. In diet, 24% (DM) protein level with 1.54% Met supplementing was enough for minks during growing-furring period. Dietary protein lowered from 32% to 24% with supplementing Met in diets would result in a 37.9% decrease in urinary N excretion. Furthermore, addition of Met in diets for minks would be beneficial in terms of reducing feed expenses and lessening nitrogen emissions to the environment.     

Food habits of sika deer as assessed by fecal analysis in Mt. Ohdaigahara,central Japan

Food habits of sika deer,Cervus nippon centralis temminck, in Mt. Ohdaigahara, central Japan, were investigated by the fecal analysis method from September, 1990, to June, 1991. The fecal analysis showed that the percentage ofSasa nipponica Makino et Shibata in the fecal composition was approximately 50% throughout the year, indicating that it was the main food plant. Bark and twigs were also found in the feces in all seasons, suggesting that the deer ate bark throughout the year. Even though the amount of the bark eaten per capita was small, the high density of deer may possibly cause serious bark damage. Barking can be one of the main causes of the mortality ofPicea jezoensis Sieb. et Zucc. var.hondoensis (Mayr) Rehder andAbies homolepis Sieb. et Zucc. in Mt. Ohdaigahara. A part of this study was presented at the 105th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society (1994).     

Development of a method for forest cafeteria tests for evaluating chemical deterrents against bark stripping by sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis)

Damage caused by sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) is a serious problem in commercial and environmental (non-harvested) forests in Hokkaido, northern Japan. Cafeteria tests in forests may be useful for evaluating the efficacy of chemical deterrents against bark stripping by deer. To develop a method for forest cafeteria tests in the continuous snow cover period, two experiments were carried out. In the experiments, logs were produced from tree trunks, and used as carriers of chemical deterrents. Carriers were installed in forests and fed to deer. The first experiment was to find suitable sites and installation methods for carriers. Criteria for the local suitability and the installation methods were as follows: a) Sites where deer are active should be selected; b) Carriers should be installed along actively used deer trails; c) Installation sites of carriers should be changed in response to deer movement; d) Carriers should be produced from tree species that deer naturally prefer; and e) Each carrier should be partially buried in the snow. The second experiment evaluated the feasibility of a cafeteria test method based on the results of the first experiment. The method was used for 13 sets of the cafeteria test, in which the deterrent effectiveness of 5 chemicals (wood tar, rosin, wood vinegar, and 2 pyroligneous liquors) was examined. We obtained results from all the sets. The chemicals tested did not deter bark stripping by deer. Nevertheless, the method used in the present study was practical for the cafeteria tests.     

Resistance of larches to bark stripping by sika deer in Hokkaido,northern Japan

Resistance of the Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) (Lk), the Kurile larch (L. gmelinii var. japonica) (Lg), and their F₁ hybrid (Lg × Lk) to bark stripping by sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) were studied in a forest in Hokkaido by cafeteria tests. Several sets of logs prepared from Lk, Lg, and Lg × Lk were fed to the deer. The stripped areas of logs significantly differed between the Lk/Lg set and the Lk/Lg × Lk set (P 0.05). The resistances of Lg and Lg × Lk to bark stripping was stronger than Lk. This result was similar to those of previous studies on gray-sided voles and mountain hares in Hokkaido.     

Protein nutrition in red deer (Cervus elaphus)

Red deer can adjust to seasonal change of forage quality to maintain a relatively constant crude protein level (21.1±4.0, 14.7±1.0, 11.1±1.1 and 6.5±0.8 in spring, summer, fall and winter, respectively). Apparent protein digestibility is variable from −99.9% to 97.5% depending upon season and forage type. True protein digestibility is 99%. Digestion of protein is significantly influenced by phenolics in diets. Minimum digestible energy intake of 153.5 kcal/kg^0.75/day is necessary to maintain a positive nitrogen balance. Red deer recycles 18–85% of the urea produced and urea kinetic parameters (urea pool size urea entry rate and urea excretion rate) are correlated to plasma urea concentration. Rumen NH₃-N production changes with season, but seasonal changes in other NH₃-N kinetic parameters (NH₃-N concentration, NH₃-N pool size and NH₃-N outflow rate) are in dispute. Protein metabolism may be promoted in response to cold stress. Endogenous urinary nitrogen is 0.09 (red deer) and 0.16 g N/kg^0.75·day (elk). and metabolic fecal nitrogen is 5.58 g N/kg dry-matter intake. Protein requirements ranges from 100 g/kg DM to 170 g/kg DM for red deer of various ages and physiological stages. In conclusion, the knowledge of protein nutrition of red deer is limited. Much work is urgently needed in metabolism and requirements of protein before the appropriate feeding standard of red deer is coming.