南方林区人工林生态采运作业模式选优

对南方人工林伐区常用8种采集运作业模式的综合效益进行分析与评价.结果表明:在相同的作业条件下,不同作业模式,其经济效益、生态效益、社会效益以及综合效益均不同.作业模式Ⅱ即油锯采伐手扶拖拉机集材船运木材为最优作业模式,作业模式Ⅲ(油锯采伐索道集材农用车运材)为次优作业模式,建议林业生产决策部门在选择人工林伐区采运作业模式时应综合考虑其经济、生态和社会效益,在有水路运输条件的伐区,应优先选择作业模式Ⅱ;在无水路运输条件的伐区,则应优先选择作业模式Ⅲ.     

我国南方集体林区伐区采集作业模式选优

在计算各伐区作业模式的经济效益指标和定位测定由诸作业造成的土壤肥力和蓄水保土等指标变化量的基础上,采用多目标决策和层次分析等方法,定量计算各伐区作业模式的综合效益(经济效益和生态效益),为确定伐区生产工艺提供科学的方案.计算结果表明,"皆伐作业-全悬索道集材”作业模式是伐区采集作业的优化作业模式,这一结论适合类似试验条件的林区借鉴.     

人工林伐区木材运输作业模式选优

对南方人工林伐区的常用4种木材运输作业模式进行综合效益分析与评价.结果表明:在相同的作业条件下,不同木材运输作业模式,其经济效益、生态效益和社会效益以及综合效益均不同.建议林业生产决策部门在选择人工林伐区运材作业模式时应综合考虑其经济、生态和社会效益,在有水路运输条件的伐区,应优先选择船运木材或排运木材;在无水路运输条件的伐区,则应优先选择农用车运材.     

我国南方集体林区伐区采集作业模式优选

在计算各伐区作业模式的经济效益指标和定位测定由诸作业造成的土壤肥力和蓄水保土等指标变化量的基础上，采用多目标决策和层次分析等方法，定量计算和伐区作业模式的综合效益（经济效益和生态效益），为确定伐区生产工艺提供科学的方案。计算结果表明，“皆伐作业－全悬索道集材”作业模式是伐区采集作业的优化作业模式，这一结论适合类似试验条件的林区借鉴。     

人工林伐区常用采集运作业模式经济效益评价

通过对我国南方人工林伐区常用8种采集运作业模式的经济效益分析与评价,结果表明:作业模式Ⅱ(油锯采伐手扶拖拉机集材船运木材)为最优作业模式,作业模式Ⅲ(油锯采伐索道集材农用车运材)为次优作业模式。建议林业生产决策部门在选择人工林伐区采集运作业模式时,采伐方式宜选油锯皆伐。在有水路运输条件的伐区,应优先选择船运或排运木材。在无水路运输条件的伐区,国有林业企事业单位应提倡选用架空索道集材;集体林区当集材距离小于1 km时,应选用手板车集材,否则选手扶拖拉机集材。     

基于PDA的营造林实绩综合复查内外业一体化研究

通过研究,分析了营造林实绩综合复查的外业数据采集和内业数据处理的特点,提出了营造林实绩综合复查内外业一体化模型,并开发了一套适合内外业一体化的数据采集与处理系统。系统实现了外业采集任务的统一管理、分布作业、集中处理的工作模式,形成一个该工作流程为框架的完整解决方案。     

山地森林采集作业对环境的影响

在分析国内外山地森林采集作业对环境因子影响的研究现状基础上,提出今后有关方面研究的方向和思路,为合理地综合开发山地森林资源提供科学依据。     

伐区采育作业系统综合效益评价的研究

在定量计算各伐区采育作业模式的经济效益指标和定位测定由这些作业模式所造成的土壤肥力、迹地更新效果和蓄水保土等指标变化量的基础上，采用多目标决策和层次分析等方法，定量计算各伐区采育作业模式的综合效益（经济效益和生态效益），改变单纯以经济效益为唯一目标确定伐区工艺方案的传统方法。计算结果表明，“４０％择伐－原木人力集材－归带处理采作伐剩余物－人工促进天然更新”这一作业模式是马尾松天然次生林伐区作业的优     

RTK技术在马家河整治工程中的应用

利用南方动态GPS-RTK仪器设备,在马家河沿岸100m宽、9.7 km长的地带进行了地形测量及断面测量的工作.对不同时段采集的RTK数据进行了比较和分析,并且与传统的全站仪草图法进行了比较.结果是:利用RTK技术在测图半径5 km的范围内完全可以达到测图精度要求而且误差分布均匀,相对传统测图而言,减少了控制点的数量,大大减少了外业测量的劳动强度,减少了外业作业人员的数量,提高了作业效率.     

我国南方林区采种作业技术现状及发展趋势研究

在综合分析我国南方林区采种作业现状的基础上 ,较深入地探讨了采种作业技术的发展过程 ,并从不同角度对采种技术及其设备的发展趋势作了综合预测 ,为今后的采种作业和采种研究工作指出了方向     

Biomass harvesting in Eucalyptus plantations in Western Australia

Australia is at an early stage of exploring the use of forest biomass to generate energy. This study evaluated the biomass yield and the productivity rates of equipment for harvesting biomass in a poor-quality eucalypt plantation. The operation consisted of a tracked feller-buncher, grapple skidder and mobile chipper. Time study methods were used to measure the harvesting operation. A multiple regression model was constructed to predict skidding productivity. Biomass production was 63.9 t ha^?1 based on the recorded load weight of eight trucks. Delays were documented and analysed. The average delay for all equipment was about 30% of working time. The study results will help guide biomass harvesting managers to estimate productivity and cost of similar operation sites.     

生态效率评价应用于工业人工林采伐的探讨

从生态效率的内涵出发,根据目前我国工业人工林的利用现状,提出在工业人工林采伐中实施生态效率评价的必要性。在分析其他工业领域生态效率评价指标体系及计算方法的基础上,给出工业人工林采伐生态效率评价指标体系的初步设计。     

杉木人工林采伐作业生态环境影响经济评价的探讨

构建适合德化葛坑国有林场森林采伐作业生态环境影响经济评价指标体系,以林场杉木人工林为对象,依据实验小班长期、连续观测数据及国内外森林生态服务功能价值评估研究成果,利用最近资源清查资料、伐区设计资料及社会公共数据,估算了杉木人工林采伐作业对环境影响的经济价值量。当森林经理调查获得小班各林分因子及相应生态指标数据后,建立的森林生态环境影响经济评价指标体系,可以对森林采伐作业所造成的生态环境影响,从经济价值角度,给出一个评估值,为森林资源的合理利用及采伐提供科学参考依据,在林业其他生产经营项目上也具有推广应用价值。     

单叶省藤与石梓间种的经济效益分析

评价了13a经营期内5种采收方式下单叶省藤人工林的经济效益,分析了间种对上层林木生长收获的影响以及对林地经济收益贡献水平。研究结果表明:不同的初采年龄和采收间隔期对13a单叶省藤人工林经济效益具有重要的影响,其中单叶省藤以9a初采和4a间隔期的采收方式获得最高经济效益,净现值、内部收益率和收益成本比分别为20255元·hm-2、20 08%、1 38;单叶省藤种植后对上层林木石梓的生长与收获量产生不利影响,进而导致20年生石梓林分的纯收益和净现值比未间种时分别减少4000、1500元·hm-2。通过综合分析,5种采收方式对整个林地经济收益仍有较大贡献,林藤间种产生的林地增益水平和净现值增量分别为12 49%～91 10%、706～5145元·hm-2。     

Strategy for implementing silvicultural practices in Japanese plantation forests to meet a carbon sequestration goal

The strategy for implementing silvicultural practices in Japanese plantation forests was examined to achieve a carbon uptake of 13.0 Mt-C year^–1, which was capped by the Marrakesh Accords, during the first commitment period, 2008–2012. The plantation forests that implemented silvicultural practices in the period 1990–2012 (FM plantation forests) were identified in compliance with the hypothesized identification rules, and carbon uptake in the forests was estimated using a simple model composed of simulation and optimization components on the assumption that whole plantation forest is classified into only two groups. Furthermore, parametric analysis was conducted to investigate the relationships among three factors: (1) the average annual harvesting volume (including thinning) in plantation forests during the first commitment period, (2) the total area of FM plantation forests in 2012, and (3) the average annual amount of carbon to be sequestered in FM plantation forests during the first commitment period. The results imply that young stands have to be prioritized in implementing silvicultural practices under any harvesting plan and carbon sequestration goal, and that FM plantation forests sequestered 8.0–10.5 (Mt-C year^–1) carbon in inverse proportion to the harvesting volume of 21.0–14.0 million m³ year^–1 (log volume), assuming that most of the plantation forests were incorporated into them.     

人工林的生物学稳定性与可持续经营

阐述了人工林的生物学稳定性与森林可持续经营的关系,人工林生物学上的不稳定是人工林可持续经营中存在的突出问题。提出了人工林不稳定性的3方面表现:抵御异常气候变化能力弱;容易遭病虫攻击;容易产生地力衰退。并列举了大量例证。说明了人工林生物学上不稳定的6个原因:单作;景观结构不合理;不能做到适地适树;实施人工林后的立地改变、气候改变及忽视检疫。并针对人工林不稳定性的原因,按生态系统管理要求,提出了7方面的综合育林措施:立地与树种、品种相匹配,适宜的景观配置,控制林分的遗传成分,进行科学的植被管理,改善造林技术,采取合理的收获作业及控制病虫。     

FSY30型林木枝丫切碎机试验分析

FSY30型林木枝丫切碎机是林区林木剩余物碎化处理的专用设备,该机采用圆盘式切碎装置,结构简单实用,解决了我国现有林木剩余物碎化处理设备野外作业性能差、切削效率低和原料适应面窄等问题,为我国林区人工林迹地整理更新、抚育和采伐等作业产生的各种林木剩余物碎化处理提供了适用的设备。该机性能和生产试验结果表明：其作业效率比现有机型提高20%以上,作业成本减少15%以上,具有显著的经济效益和一定的生态效益。     

Estimating biomass and macronutrient content of some commercially important plantation species in South Africa

The removal of biomass, in any combination of stemwood, bark or branch harvesting, can cause a significant increase in nutrient loss from commercial timber plantations. Ensuring long-term site productivity of forest plantations is a key issue for forestry management. Managers need to secure a continued supply of tree biomass components, while understanding the impact of various harvesting operations on plantation nutrient reserves. It is imperative to quantify the biomass and nutrient stocks and their removal during silvicultural operations, such as harvesting, burning and various forms of site preparation. At present, there are no simple methods to estimate inherent site nutrient reserves, or nutrient gains through processes such as atmospheric deposition or rock weathering, or the quantities of nutrients lost through silvicultural operations (harvesting, burning and site preparation). The aim of this work was to construct simple multipliers that can be used in conjunction with plantation timber volumes to estimate stem, branch and bark biomass and nutrient contents. The multipliers were developed from data existing for Eucalyptus spp., Pinus patula and Acacia mearnsii stands throughout the summer rainfall region of South Africa and Swaziland. Due to limited data unique nutrient multipliers were not developed for each productivity range and the multipliers were assumed to be consistent across all productivity ranges. The ratios may underestimate on fertile sites where luxury consumption of nutrients may occur and not accurately predict where stand management practices have altered wood density, allometry or canopy architecture. Although genus and species impacted on the quantity of nutrients held in the plantation biomass, productivity and harvesting intensity were the biggest driver of nutrient removal. Although the multipliers developed here have value in creating a general estimate of nutrient content they are from a limited dataset and need to be expanded upon across species, site and age ranges before being able to precisely estimate nutrient contents. Although harvesting is a major component of nutrient export, natural additions and losses of nutrients, and site nutrient reserves need to be known in order to gain a complete understanding of the impact of nutrient loss on site nutrient reserves.     

面向林业可持续发展的森林采伐运输

林业可持续发展要求森林采伐运输既要满足工业需求也要符合生态环境的作业标准。第11届世界林业大会对此进行了广泛的交流和探讨。主要就这次大会的成果阐明森林采运所面临的问题。介绍了减少采伐对森林干扰的主要途径:一是通过人工林、营林技术以及减少采伐废弃物以提高森林的生长量和收获量;二是采取森林采伐实务规范等政策和激励措施;三是在林区道路、采运作业、采运机械和工艺等方面采用先进和适用的技术,促进环境可行的低干扰采运作业技术的实施。并阐述了采运作业技术、经济性和技术培训之间的关系,以及处理这些关系的办法和有待解决的问题。     

A strategic alliance model for economic organisation of small-scale forestry in Australia

Small-scale plantation forestry is likely to have a number of discrete agents contributing endowments to the production function. In this paper it is argued that the traditional methods of economic organisation used in plantation forestry may not be appropriate for achieving the objectives of the venture partners so alternative methods may be required. A strategic alliance model for small-scale plantation ventures in north Queensland is developed, which has multi-nodal features and which incorporate vertical and horizontal alliances. The core alliance is vertical and involves seven potential primary factors of production necessary for a successful forestry venture (namely land, labour, capital, silviculture skills, marketing skills, harvesting and processing skills and government). The strategic alliance model also incorporates horizontal alliances because each partner may participate in a network with other like partners within their field, therefore representing economies of size or scale alliances. The proposed model recognises the importance of minimising transaction costs, building trust, promoting sound corporate governance and ensuring continuing information exchanges between partners are being the factors behind successful alliances.