速生黑杨枝桠材纤维形态、化学组分及APMP制浆性能的研究

测定了3种速生黑杨枝桠材(ZY)的纤维形态和化学组分,并对其碱性过氧化氢机械浆(APMP)制浆性能进行了初步探讨。纤维形态分析结果表明,纤维平均长度0.6 mm,宽度20μm,长宽比值30,壁腔比值0.4~0.6,含细小组分10%~20%,纤维粗度8~10 mg(以100 m计)。化学组分分析结果显示(均以质量分数计):1%NaOH抽出物22%,苯-乙醇抽出物2.0%,硝酸-乙醇纤维素44%~47%,聚戊糖24%~25%,酸不溶木质素18%~21%。速生黑杨枝桠材的壁腔比和纤维粗度较小,细小组分含量少,抽出物、木质素和聚戊糖含量相对较低,这些特点有利于制浆造纸生产及成纸性能;但其纤维粗短,长宽比值小,对成纸的物理强度显著不利。采用APMP工艺对速生黑杨枝桠材制浆,结果表明枝桠材(去皮)APMP浆的成纸强度性能明显好于枝桠材(带皮)APMP浆,但与主干材相比还有一定差距。     

桉木APMP制浆废水抽出物提取及其抑藻效应研究

采用乙酸乙酯和甲基叔丁基醚2种有机溶剂对自制桉木碱性过氧化氢机械浆(APMP)制浆废水进行有机物提取,采用GC-MS分析对比了2种溶剂抽出物的组成。结果表明:乙酸乙酯提取的抽提物得率为204 mg/L,甲基叔丁基醚提取得率为132 mg/L,经GC-MS分析表明2种溶剂提取的物质种类分别为44种和49种,主要包含有机酸类、醇类、酯类和酚类物质,其中酸类物质的含量最高,分别为76%和80%左右。将乙酸乙酯抽提物应用于铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)的抑藻效应研究,发现不同浓度的化感物质对铜绿微囊藻均具有一定程度的抑制作用,且随浓度增加抑藻效应增强。较低浓度的化感物质对铜绿微囊藻有抑制作用但不显著;高浓度的化感物质对铜绿微囊藻具有显著抑制效应,50、100 mg/L时培养7天抑制率分别达到24.8%和77.2%;藻液在446 nm的吸光值测定结果进一步证明了APMP制浆废水中提取的有机物质具有抑藻效果。     

再生纤维制浆造纸废水处理及回用

指出了制浆造纸原料的短缺和造纸废水对环境的污染问题是制约我国制浆造纸行业发展的最主要因素,废纸已成为一种不容忽视的资源。设计针对天津广聚源纸业有限公司再生纤维造纸废水,设计了日处理量10000m3的废水处理及回用系统,确定了处理流程、计算了各部分构筑物的规格大小。并且进行了实验室模拟实验,选择了最佳絮凝剂(PAC)以及确定其最佳用量为500×10-6,对处理过程中pH值、搅动时间、搅动速度、PAM加入量等影响因素进行了实验分析探讨。结果得出:当pH值=6、搅动时间为0.5min、搅动速度为180r/min、PAM加入量为20×10-6时取得最佳效果,在此条件下处理的废水色度降低到45.6c.u.,浊度降低为2.17NTU,基本上满足部分生产需求可以回用。另外,为了得到一部分清水,设计了UASB+SBR方法对絮凝后1200m3/d的废水进行生物处理,处理后废水的COD去除率达60%以上,满足生产用水水质要求,可以回用。     

含铬废水中化学需氧量的分析方法探究

在重铬酸盐法(HJ828-2017)基础上检测水样,计算了消解后水样的化学需氧量(COD)表观值;在酸性条件下利用硫酸亚铁铵直接滴定水样,计算了水样铬离子浓度。然后利用铬离子与COD之间的关系,将铬离子浓度转化成COD值。用表观COD值加上铬离子转化的COD值就是水样中真实COD值。结果表明:该法使用试剂种类少,操作步骤简单,有利于环境监测过程中大批量含铬废水的测定。     

蓝桉低亚钠磺化化机浆制浆废水的特性及厌氧生物可处理性的研究

分析测定了蓝桉低亚钠磺化化机浆制浆废水的污染负荷和物理化学特性。进行了蓝桉低亚钠磺化化机浆制浆废水的厌氧发酵实验,以评价其生物可处理性。并对其废水对产甲烷菌的毒性进行了分析。     

纸浆碱处理段废水的电化学降解研究

用硅碳椿作为阳极，不犭钢网为阴极对纸浆氯漂碱处理段废水进行电氧化反应。结果表明；电解过程中pH值先升高后降低，电导率先降低后升高，废水色度和COD值在开始处理阶段会下降很大，pH值对色度降低的影响不大，同时通过紫外光谱图也表明硅碳棒降解废水是有一定的效果。     

挤压预处理对杨木APMP浆纤维形态及制浆性能的影响

在相同的APMP制浆工艺条件下,以未挤压木片为对照样,考察了双螺杆挤压(TSE)和单螺旋挤压(MSD)对纸浆纤维形态及制浆性能的影响。研究结果表明:在相同制浆工艺下,挤压程度越高,纸浆的长纤维及纤维束含量越低。当加拿大游离度为250 mL时,TSE挤压所得纸浆含纤维束1.78%,相对MSD挤压降低了76.67%。此外,经TSE挤压所得纸浆的耐破强度和抗张强度均高于对照样和MSD挤压;而TSE挤压所得纸浆因长纤维含量较低,使得其撕裂强度低于对照样和MSD挤压。当加拿大游离度为250 mL时,TSE挤压所得纸浆白度为65.48%(ISO),较MSD挤压提高了9.14%(ISO),较对照样提高12.94%(ISO)。由于TSE挤压后木片浸渍时反应更充分,有更多的物质溶出,因此其所得纸浆得率(84.54%)低于MSD挤压(87.20%)和对照样(87.00%),且制浆过程产生废水的COD和SS值均较高。     

不同桉木化学机械法制浆性能的研究

研究了尾巨桉、巨尾桉、尾叶桉、蓝桉及小叶桉这5种桉木的材性特征及其预处理-碱性过氧化氢化学机械浆(P-RC APMP)制浆性能。结果表明:5种桉木的综纤维素质量分数在77.96%~81.36%之间,小叶桉最高,巨尾桉最低;木质素质量分数在23.18%~26.62%之间,尾叶桉的最高,巨尾桉最低;纤维平均长度在755~785μm之间,差异较小。采用P-RC APMP制浆方法,在H2O2用量5%,Na OH用量4.5%浸渍条件下,小叶桉的制浆得率最高,达86.7%,巨尾桉最低,仅为84.2%;在相同加拿大游离度(300 m L CSF)下,蓝桉浆的强度性能和光学性能最优,纸浆的抗张强度和白度分别达30.13(N·m)/g和82.5%(ISO),且所需磨浆电耗最低,仅1 188 k Wh/t,巨尾桉浆的强度性能和光学性能最差,纸浆的抗张强度和白度分别为16.9(N·m)/g和73.8%(ISO),且所需磨浆电耗最高,约为1 370 k Wh/t。     

层次分析-模糊综合评价法在制浆造纸水污染控制技术评估中的应用

制浆造纸工艺复杂,产生的废水量较大,影响到制浆造纸工业的可持续发展。水污染控制涉及制浆造纸过程中的每个工段,且每个工段水污染控制技术又各不相同。而不同技术对水污染控制的影响差别较大,但目前在管理实践中缺乏量化评价的方法。笔者构建了4个指标的准则层与11个指标的指标层的制浆造纸水污染控制技术评价体系,以制浆造纸生产过程中的漂白、白水循环回用、末端废水处理为例,引入层次分析法来确定指标权重值,再通过矩阵计算进行模糊数学评价,最后计算综合得分,对造纸水污染控制技术进行综合评估与优选。结果表明:一级指标中环境影响权重值最高,其次是运行管理,再次是技术性能,最低的为经济成本;二级指标中权重值排前4位的分别是废水减少量(0.227 5)、COD污染物减少量(0.184 3)、综合能耗(0.137 8)与资源消耗(0.114 7)。对于不同水污染控制技术,层次分析-模糊综合评价法综合得分有着明显差异,可以进行定量化排序,能有效地比较与优选现有的制浆造纸水污染控制技术。研究成果可使制浆造纸水污染控制技术评价方法更加规范,为技术政策制定和制浆造纸企业节能减排目标管理等提供有效理论支撑。     

杨树造纸的开发利用与可持续发展的途径

作者探讨了杨树造纸人工林取得成功必需的育林措施及可持续发展的内容与实现其目标的途径。加强杨树造纸工业原料林的培育和利用,采用APMP工艺制浆,能提高原料利用效率,扩大原科利用范围,控制环境污染．     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

qPCR quantification of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum from infected butternut trees under different release treatments

The use of a molecular assay for quantifying conidia of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum, the fungal pathogen responsible of butternut canker, was investigated. Purified DNA from conidia collected on glass fibre filters of a passive rain collectors was quantified using a TaqMan real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. The qPCR assay could specifically discriminate the target species from all other North American known species of Ophiognomonia, and it was sensitive enough to repeatedly detect one conidium. A linear relationship between numbers of conidia and qPCR C_t values was determined, and used to assess the sporulation of the pathogen under trees that were released to promote their vigour. In total, 977 samples of field‐captured conidia from 49 trees, at two locations, and from two successive growing seasons were analysed. No significant difference of sporulation was observed under control and release treatments. However, our results demonstrated that qPCR assay was reliable for detecting and quantifying O. clavigignenti‐juglandacearum from environmental samples, which will be useful to assess further control methods for this disease.     

The potential of alley cropping in improvement of cultivation systems in the high rainfall areas of Zambia I. Chitemene and Fundikila

Three trials investigating the potential of alley cropping to improve the traditional systems of cultivation, chitemene and fundikila, in the Northern Province of Zambia are described. Flemingia congesta, Tephrosia vogelii, and Sesbania sesban, were grown in association with finger millet, groundnut, cowpea, and maize in various traditional cropping sequences. The indigenous species Tephrosia vogelii and Sesbania sesban were not able to withstand repeated pruning and the long following dry season, and were replaced with Calliandra calothyrsus, and Cassia spectabilis.Over a four year period, there was no benefit by alley cropping with any of the tree species on crop yields, and yields in alley crop treatments even dropped significantly below the control treatments in the fourth year, casting doubt on the potential of alley cropping for sustainable production. There was also no consistent effect on soil chemical characteristics in any of the trials. It was suggested that this lack of beneficial response to alley cropping was due to low tree biomass production low quality of prunings, and an inappropriate cropping sequence. There was no evidence that alley cropping contributed to enhanced nutrient recycling, despite substantial localised pools of soil nutrients, particularly in the chitemene, with which recycling could potentially occur.     

Toxicity of biocide GCSC-BtA on arthropod pests under different temperature conditions

The present research dealt with the toxicity of GCSC-BtA (Germany–China Scientific Cooperation-Bacillus thuringiensis-Abamectin), a new type biocide developed by conjugating a toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) with Abamectin from Streptomyces avermitilis, on arthropod pests under different temperature conditions. The results showed that GCSC-BtA possessed higher toxicity than B.t. crystal, Abamectin or Cypermethrin, with pest mortalities of 97.9, 93.7, 96.4, 82.3 and 96.7% for Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.) (Acari, Tetranychidae), Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thys., Thripidae), Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hom., Aphididae), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae) and Cameraria ohridella Deschka et Dimić (Lep., Gracillariidae), respectively. Toxicities of GCSC-BtA to T. cinnabarinus and P. xylostella decreased significantly at the older developmental stage with an exception that egg stage had the highest tolerance, in which LC₅₀s of GCSC-BtA were 0.0001, 0.0019 and 0.0708 mg/ml for nymph, adult and egg of T. cinnabarinus, and that 0.0399, 0.2035 and 0.9033 mg/ml for the 2nd instar larvae, 4th instar larvae and egg of P. xylostella, respectively. Also, the biocide was more effective to the lower stage of A. fabae than the higher one with LC₅₀s of 0.0023, 0.0086 and 0.0171 mg/ml against 1st instar nymph, 3rd instar nymph and adult, respectively. In general, toxicity of the new type of biocide was positively related to temperature against all the tested pests, except against T. cinnabarinus, where it was almost similar at the three temperature conditions. GCSC-BtA displayed significantly lower toxicities at 15/20°C than 20/25°C or 25/30°C against F. occidentalis, A. fabae, P. xylostella and C. ohridella. However, no significant difference was found in the toxicities against F. occidentalis, A. fabae and C. ohridella above 20°C, whereas toxicity against P. xylostella increased as temperature raised. Therefore, to achieve higher efficacy in the field, application rate and time should be devised according to these factors.