望春玉兰精油化学成分研究

采用水中蒸馏法蒸取木兰科植物望春玉兰的花蕾（辛夷）和鲜花的精油，用ＧＣ面积归一化法和ＧＣ／ＭＳ定性法进行其化学成分的定性和定量研究。结果表明：望春玉兰花蕾含油量高达３．１％，有独特香气，主含α－蒎烯、桧烯、柠檬烯、桉叶油素、松油醇、依兰油烯和桉叶醇等成分，总量占全油９３％以上。鲜花含油量约０．２％，香气宜人，主含α－蒎烯、桧烯、月桂烯、桉叶油素、松油醇、乙酸松油酯和依兰油烯等成分，总量占全油９５％     

高阿丁枫鲜叶精油化学成分

从云南乡土树种高阿丁枫鲜叶中提取精油，经ＧＣ／ＭＳ／ＤＳ定性、定量分析，鉴定了其中４０个化学成分，为精油总量的９３．４１％，主要成分为蒎烯和水芹烯。经评香鉴定，该精油有一定利用价值。     

四川宜宾地区樟科十四种精油化学成分的研究

为开发四川省宜宾地区樟科植物精油资源,采用GC—MS与气相色谱保留指数定性,微机在线实时采样测定各成分相对含量。结果表明樟属的几种植物其根部精油都主含黄樟油素。樟属同种植物枝叶精油却有不同生化类型;鉴定确认樟树种中有芳樟叶油主含芳樟醇(66％),樟叶油主含1,8-桉叶油素(61％),臭樟叶油主含β—橙花叔醇(26％);黄樟种中有大叶芳樟叶油主含d-芳樟醇(90％),大叶脑樟叶油主含d-樟脑(65％)。而樟属肉桂叶油主含反—肉桂醛(90％),银木叶油主含樟脑(37％)、顺—甲基异丁香酚(21％)。木姜子属山苍子油主含橙花醛(28％)和香叶醛(42％)等等。这些资源精油化学成分,特别是具有强抗菌活性成分的鉴定,为香料工业提供优质单离香料之原料有着现实应用价值。     

侧柏不同部分精油化学成分的比较研究

取江苏徐州林场侧柏叶、木材、树皮和果壳等进行水蒸汽法蒸油,所得精油分别用气-质联用仪定性分析和毛细管色谱测定各组分的相对含量。结果表明,侧柏叶精油和果壳精油主要化学成分相似,有α-蒎烯、Δ~3-蒈烯、柏木脑等20多种单萜和倍半萜化合物,α-蒎烯是主成分,占全油的40％;侧柏木材精油主要含罗汉柏烯和柏木脑,分别占全油的45％和21％。侧柏树皮精油除了上述主要成分外,尚含约7％的α-侧柏烯和10％的β-水芹烯,主成分是α-蒎烯,Δ~3-蒈烯和罗汉柏烯分别占全油的14％,16％和13％。侧柏木材精油的品质冠于其余3种精油。侧柏精油化学成分同其它种柏木精油化学成分差别很大。因此,在植物分类上侧柏应属于侧柏(Platycladus[Biota])属,不应属于崖柏(Thuja)的亚属。     

缬草花油的提取与GC/MS测定

首次报道了缬草花经萃取－水蒸气蒸馏－萃取的提取缬草花芳香油的方法及芳香油的化学成分的ＧＣ／ＭＳ／ＤＳ分析测试。共分离出化合物４２个鉴定出其中４０个成分。主香成分为乙酸龙脑酯,水杨酸等３０个化合物,占芳香油总量的７６．９５％。     

雪岭云杉针叶叶绿素—胡萝卜素软膏精油化学组成的研究

雪岭云杉针叶叶绿素－胡萝卜素软膏中含精油１．５６％，其中主要成分为乙酸冰片酯，α－荣烯，和Δ＾３－蒈烯等。分离共鉴定出２５个化合物，占精油总量的９８．１９％。研究发现，雪岭云杉针叶片叶绿素－胡萝卜软膏的精油中含有大量的乙酸冰片酯，其量超过精油总量的一半，乙酸冰片酯是制造樟脑和香精的好原料。     

3个金柑品种果皮显微观察及精油组分分析

为给金柑精油的开发和利用提供参考,以滑皮、融安和遂川金柑的成熟果实为材料,使用石蜡切片法和气相色谱-质谱联用仪进行不同金柑品种果皮油胞的显微结构和精油组分的观察和分析。结果表明,滑皮金柑果皮油胞数量和大小与遂川、融安金柑存在明显差异;从3个品种果实果皮中鉴定了49种精油组分,包括烃类、醇类、醛类、酮类和酯类,3个品种中主要成分均以D-柠檬烯含量最高;滑皮金柑果皮中精油组分最多,但遂川和融安金柑果皮精油含量显著高于滑皮金柑。     

九嶷香杉精油的化学成分

采用气相色谱－质谱－计算机（ＧＣ／ＭＳＤ）联用技术．首次研究了九嶷香杉精油的化学成分，鉴定出３８种化合物．主要成分为柏木脑（ｃｅｄｒｏｌ）２４．８％，α－蒎烯（α－ｐｉｎｅｎｅ）１７．５％，柏木烯（α－ｃｅｄｒｅｎｅ）１３．２５％，γ－荜澄茄烯（γ－ｃｅｄｉｎｅｎｅ）７．５％，柠檬烯（ｌｉｍｏｎｅｎｅ）３．５５％，榄香烯（ｅｌｅｍｅｎｅ）３．２％．其次是α－檀香烯（α－ｓａｎｔａｌｅｎｅ），β－檀香醇（β－ｓａｎｔｎｌｏｌ），月桂烯酸（ｍｙｒｃｅｎｏｌ），１．８－桉叶素（１．８－ｃｉｎｅｏｌｅ）等化合物．此外，本文还报道了在杉木精油中首次发现的２１种化合物．     

檀香心材和边材的精油含量及成分差异

檀香心材是国际公认的天然高级香料的主要来源,亦是中国传统中药的重要原料。檀香心材的形成较为缓慢,资源奇缺,而其边材尚未加以利用。为了更好地开发利用檀香资源,实现高效利用,以21年生檀香木材为研究对象,采用乙醚浸提法分别提取了其边材和心材的精油,并应用气相色谱—质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对其组分及含量进行了对比分析。结果表明:檀香心材的精油含量显著高于边材(P0.001),其平均相对含量分别为4.44%和1.33%;檀香心材的α-檀香醇、β-檀香醇和总檀香醇的平均相对含量分别为46.95%、24.23%和75.97%,均显著高于边材,精油质量达到了檀香木油的贸易标准,而边材精油则未达到该标准;檀香边材精油亦含有檀香油的主要成分,且含有一些烷烃、醛和不饱和酸等成分,可加以利用。本研究结果不仅有助于增进了解檀香心材形成过程中的成分变化,而且可以为檀香边材资源的综合开发利用提供理论依据。     

什么是芳香植物

芳香植物是兼有药用植物和香料植物共有属性的植物类群。芳香植物除了它的药用价值外，它还含有香气成分，并且这种成分是可以作为精油被提取出来用于医药、食品加工、化妆品等各个行业中。这种精油正是天然香精香料的重要组成部分，由于天然香料有着合成香料无法替代的、独特的香韵，尚含有至今尚未阐明的、     

人工栽培缬草生长发育期精油及化学成分的变化规律研究

研究了人工栽培中国缬草生长发育各阶段的根精油含量及GC/MS/DS测试其化学成分变化规律；同时对不同部位、不同根龄、不同存放期与精油量及主成分关系进行研究，对缬草的开发研究、种植、生产都具有重要的实际意义。     

防治木材变色的植物精油优选

为了开发木材变色防治用的天然环保产品,选用19种植物精油,依据精油的挥发速率及其对培养基中变色菌的抑菌效力,筛选综合性能较优的精油产品。结果表明,植物精油的挥发速率为7.9~550.8g·m^-2·h^-1,迷迭香和丝柏精油挥发较快,而雪松、肉桂和安息香精油挥发较慢。随着植物精油的体积分数由0.01%提高至0.05%,其对可可球二孢和串珠镰刀菌的平均抑菌效力分别由19%和21%增加至50%和59%,抑菌性能明显增强。以抑菌效力为变量的聚类分析表明,肉桂、丁香花、柠檬草和百里香4种植物精油对两种变色菌表现出较优的抑菌特性,其在体积分数0.05%条件下的抑菌效力达到100%。综合考虑抑菌效力和作用持久性,肉桂、丁香花和柠檬草精油是防治可可球二孢和串珠镰刀菌的较优品种。     

Epoxysesquithujene, a novel sesquiterpenoid from Valeriana hardwickii var. hardwickii

Epoxysesquithujene, a new sesquiterpene epoxide has been characterized in the essential oil of Valeriana hardwickii var. hardwickii on the basis of chemical reactions and extensive NMR data. Fourteen other terpenoids have also been identified on the basis of GC-MS.     

杨梅树叶、皮、根部精油成分及其抗氧化活性物质

采用GC-MS技术结合Kovats保留指数(KI)对比法分析鉴定了采自南岭自然保护区的乌杨梅(Myrica rubravar.astropureaTsen.)叶、皮和根部芳香精油的成分,同时运用薄层层析(TLC)筛分法对其抗氧化活性物质进行了对比分析。杨梅树根和树皮精油的主要成分为5-羟基菖蒲烯(相对含量分别为74.66%和60.32%)和油酸(7.74%和11.39%),而树叶精油的主体成分为5-羟基菖蒲烯(30.44%)、石竹烯(11.61%)、异石竹烯(10.17%)、(E)-橙花叔醇(9.57%)和油酸(4.40%)。树根、树皮到树叶部位的次生代谢物明显出现越来越复杂的分化特性。5-羟基菖蒲烯是3个部位精油的主要抗氧化活性物质,但叶部精油中的倍半萜烯类物质也表现出一定的二苯代苦味酰(DPPH)自由基清除活性。     

植物精油对木材霉变菌的抑菌效力研究

【目的】植物精油是一类安全环保且具有抑菌特性的天然产物,在木材霉变防治领域的应用潜力很大。开展植物精油对我国常见木材霉菌及变色菌的综合抑菌效力的研究,可为天然环保型木材霉变防治剂的开发提供重要依据。【方法】配制经植物精油修正的马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基,通过评价霉变菌在培养基中的生长状况,对比分析19种植物精油对6种木材霉变菌的抑菌效力。【结果】在体积分数为0.05%的条件下,19种植物精油对黑曲霉Aspergillus niger、桔青霉Penicillam citrinum、绿色木霉Trichoderma viride、可可球二孢Botryodiplodia theobromae、串珠镰刀菌Fusarium moniliforme和链格孢霉Alternaria alternata的抑菌效力分别为0~100%、0~100%、0~100%、0~100%、11%~100%和20%~100%。聚类分析表明,肉桂、丁香花和百里香精油的综合抑菌效力最高,在体积分数0.05%的条件下对6种霉变菌的抑菌效力均达到100%,而尤加利、甜橙和松树精油的综合抑菌效力最低。相关分析表明,植物精油对6种霉变菌的抑菌效力之间均表现出显著相关性(P=0.01),其Pearson相关系数为0.777~0.959。【结论】不同植物精油的抑菌效力之间表现出较大差异,肉桂、丁香花和百里香精油是可以用于木材霉变防治的较优品种。     

Chemical variability of essential oils of Protium colombianum from two tropical life zones and their in vitro activity against isolates of Fusarium

There is considerable interest in finding replacements for the synthetic fungicides and preservatives that are currently used to control fungal pathogens; however, any alternative compounds must be safe and must prevent the development of microbial resistance. In this regard, essential oils have received special attention. Protium colombianum Cuatrecasas is an endemic tree found in tropical rainforests and possesses aromatic and resinous characteristics. To date, there have been no reports concerning the chemistry of this species, which belongs to a genus that represents an interesting source of essential oils that are occasionally used as antimicrobial agents. Therefore, the chemical composition of the essential oils found in P. colombianum collected from two life zones over a five-month period was analyzed using gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry. A total of 92 components, comprising 97.7–99.9 % of the total composition, were identified based on their mass spectra and the retention indices. Precedence markers were identified for each life zone, and seasonality affected the samples from one life zone when rainfall was maximum. The in vitro activity against Fusarium oxysporum isolates from carnation and chrysanthemum, as well as a Fusarium solani isolate from chrysanthemum, was tested by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration. Assays using essential oils and control substances showed that terpenoid and phenolic compounds are mainly responsible for the observed anti-fungal activity. These results suggest that P. colombianum essential oils exhibit cytotoxicity against Fusarium isolates and that the search for new sources of anti-fungal essential oils should include sources that contain different ratios of terpenoid and phenolic compounds.     

杉木心材精油对黑胸散白蚁的触杀毒性研究

以水蒸汽蒸馏法提取杉木心材精油,其精油得率为0.73％～0.79％.用毒土法进行杉木心材精油对黑胸散白蚁的触杀毒性试验,结果表明:杉木心材精油对黑胸散白蚁具有较强的触杀毒性,且其毒性的大小与处理时间和浓度有关;当其浓度为160m/L时,72 h内白蚁死亡率为100％.     

Analysis of essential oils from wild and micropropagated plants of damiana (Turnera diffusa)

Damiana is a medicinal plant with many traditional uses and a reputation as an aphrodisiac. Essential oils produced by this plant are used in traditional medicine, and for the preparation of liquors and tea. The composition of essential oils from wild damiana, plants grown with micropropagated methods involving cell suspension, and explants in solid medium, is presented. Relevant differences are observed in oils coming from wild and micropropagated plants, where micropropagated plants being more uniform with respect to quality and quantity. The most abundant constituents of the oils were caryophyllene oxide, caryophyllene, delta-cadinene, elemene and 1,8-cineol.     

Insecticidal activity of some essential oils against larvae of Spodoptera littoralis

Thirty-four essential oils were tested for insecticidal activity (fumigation or topical application) against larvae Spodoptera littoralis. Twenty essential oils applied by fumigation were highly toxic to the third instar of S. littoralis larvae. Two essential oils Nepeta cataria and Thuja occidentalis were highly toxic, with LC50< or =10.0 ml/m3. Five essential oils Salvia sclarea, Thymus mastichina, Origanum majorana, Pogostemon cablin and Mentha pulegium were toxic with LC50 between 10.1 and 20.0 l ml/m3. Twenty-three essential oils were highly toxic to the third instar of S. littoralis larvae after topical application. Eight essential oils Mentha citrata, N. cataria, S. sclarea, O. vulgare, O. compactum, Melissa officinalis, T. mastichina, and Lavandula angustifolia were highly toxic with LD50 < or =0.05 microl/larvae.