杨梅树叶、皮、根部精油成分及其抗氧化活性物质

采用GC-MS技术结合Kovats保留指数(KI)对比法分析鉴定了采自南岭自然保护区的乌杨梅(Myrica rubravar.astropureaTsen.)叶、皮和根部芳香精油的成分,同时运用薄层层析(TLC)筛分法对其抗氧化活性物质进行了对比分析。杨梅树根和树皮精油的主要成分为5-羟基菖蒲烯(相对含量分别为74.66%和60.32%)和油酸(7.74%和11.39%),而树叶精油的主体成分为5-羟基菖蒲烯(30.44%)、石竹烯(11.61%)、异石竹烯(10.17%)、(E)-橙花叔醇(9.57%)和油酸(4.40%)。树根、树皮到树叶部位的次生代谢物明显出现越来越复杂的分化特性。5-羟基菖蒲烯是3个部位精油的主要抗氧化活性物质,但叶部精油中的倍半萜烯类物质也表现出一定的二苯代苦味酰(DPPH)自由基清除活性。     

宁夏哈巴湖自然保护区野生植物资源现状及开发利用前景

在传统野外调查方法的基础上,采用现代定位技术对宁夏哈巴湖自然保护区内的野生植物资源进行了详尽的调查,基本掌握该保护区内野生植物资源的现状,该自然保护区野生植物资源丰富,现有野生植物192种,占木本植物总数的77.42%,具有很好的开发利用前景。     

Micropropagation of Vitex negundo L. and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Analysis of Micropropagated Plants

A micropropagation protocol was established for a medicinal plant Vitex negundo. Genetic stability of micropropagated plants was investigated. Multiple shoots were induced from nodal explants cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 0.53 μM naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 11.0 μM benzyl aminopurine (BAP) along with additives (ascorbic acid, 283.9 μM; citric acid, 130.1 μM; and arginine, 143.6 μM). Shoots were further multiplied by repeated transfer of the mother explant. The shoots were further multiplied on MS medium + 0.57 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 6.6 μM BAP. The micropropagated shoots were pulse treated with 122.5 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), in liquid MS medium and then transferred to autoclaved soilrite. These rooted ex vitro. Shoots were also rooted in vitro on a half-strength MS medium + 2.45 μM IBA. The survival rate of in vitro rooted plantlets was poor during hardening compared to ex vitro rooted plantlets. About 95% of the ex vitro rooted, hardened plantlets survived in the field. Genetic stability of micropropagated plants was tested by using 25 random amplified polymorphic DNA primers. The cloned plants exhibited no variation in banding pattern in comparison with the mother plant.     

Influence of environment, fertilizer and genotype on shoot morphology and subsequent rooting of birch cuttings

Differences in rooting ability of birch (Betula pubescens J.F. Ehrh.) cuttings were observed as a result of differences in genotype and physiology of the stock plants. The uniformity in response among cuttings from micropropagated plants compared with cuttings from seed plants confirmed the advantage of using micropropagated plants to study environmental effects. Shoot morphology of the seed stock plants was influenced by both photoperiod and thermoperiod. A day/night temperature of 15/25 degrees C reduced stem elongation compared with a day/night temperature of 25/15 degrees C regardless of photoperiod, and a continuous light regime resulted in more shoots per plant in both temperature regimes than a 16-h photoperiod. A reduction in the supply of macronutrients did not influence shoot morphology, but increased rooting substantially and seemed to override the effects of environmental factors. In cuttings of seed plants, the highest rooting percentage and number of roots were obtained in a 16-h photoperiod with a day/night temperature of 15/25 degrees C. In micropropagated stock plants, there was a positive correlation between shoot length and number of leaves per shoot and topographical distribution of light within the plants, but there was no correlation between these parameters and rooting ability of the cuttings. A rooting temperature of 16 degrees C delayed the rate of root production compared with the rate at higher temperatures, but the final rooting percentage was the same over the range from 16 to 28 degrees C. Root branching increased with temperature. At all temperatures, there was a large increase in sucrose content at the base of the cuttings during rooting, whereas the concentration of nontranslocated sugars remained constant. The carbohydrate content at the base of cuttings from micropropagated stock plants was three times higher than at the base of cuttings from seed stock plants, but the higher carbohydrate content was not correlated with a higher rooting potential.     

Rooting of Hybrid Clones of Populus tremula L. × P. tremuloides Michx. by Stem Cuttings Derived from Micropropagated Plants

Propagation costs could be cut by replacing part of the micropropagation process with steps involving more traditional techniques. This study explored possibilities for improving existing vegetative propagation techniques for aspen using stem cuttings obtained from micropropagated plants. Vegetative propagation through stem cuttings was studied in 10 micropropagated hybrid aspen clones (Populus tremula L.     

Valerenic acid derivatives and valepotriates among individuals, varieties and species of Valeriana.

To investigate the variations of active compounds between species, varieties and individuals of Valeriana cultivated under the same environmental condition, the contents of valerenic acid derivatives and valepotriates in rhizomes and roots of different plant material were analysed by a HPLC method. Different species or varieties of Valeriana yielded 11.65-0.15 mg/g of valerenic acid derivatives, and 1.81-0.03 mg/g of valepotriates. The variation between individuals of one commercial cultivar of V. officinalis ranged from 12.34 to 3.01 mg/g of valerenic acid derivatives, and 3.67-0.92 mg/g of valepotriates. Individuals from self-pollinated mother plants, normal or regenerated, showed a similar variation. The variation of micropropagated plants was much less than the seed propagated plants. The ratio of mean values between valerenic acid derivatives and valepotriates was similar in all groups (3 < ratio < 8) except one group of micropropagated plants (ratio > 20).     

2种一枝黄花叶的挥发油化学成分和抑菌活性

我国野生的一枝黄花(Solidago decurens)为菊科一枝黄花叶属植物,生长于阔叶林缘、林下、灌丛中及山坡草地上,其全草是一种传统中药(中国植物志编辑委员会,1985;徐国钧,1997),但其挥发油成分未见研究报道.同时,加拿大一枝黄花(S.canadensis)也为菊科一枝黄花叶属植物,适应力强,是近年来在我国扩散较严重且难以有效控制的入侵有害植物.     

Evaluation of genetic fidelity among micropropagated plants of Gloriosa superba L. using DNA-based markers — a potential medicinal plant

Malabar glory lily (Gloriosa superba L.) is a medicinally potent plant species used for the production of alkaloid colchicine. With ever increasing demand, there is a pressing need to conserve it through biotechnological approaches. A large number of complete plantlets were obtained by direct regeneration from the non-dormant tuber explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) + 0.5 mg/l α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Large number of plants can be produced in vitro under aseptic conditions, but there is always a danger of producing somaclonal variants by tissue culture technology. Thus, the genetic stability of micropropagated clones was evaluated using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis. During the study a total of 80 (50 RAPD and 30 ISSR) primers were screened, out of which 10 RAPD and 7 ISSR primers produced a total of 98 (49 RAPD and 49 ISSR) clear, distinct and reproducible amplicons. The amplification products of the regenerated plants showed similar banding patterns to that of the mother plant thus demonstrating the homogeneity of the micropropagated plants. This is the first report that evaluates the use of genetic markers to establish genetic fidelity of micropropagated G. superba using RAPD and ISSR, which can be successfully applied for the mass multiplication, germplasm conservation and further genetic transformation assays for colchicine production to meet the ever increasing demand of this medicinally potent plant for industrial and pharmaceutical uses.     

House dust mites and their sensitivity to wood oils and volatiles

Allergic diseases such as bronchial asthma, perennial rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis caused by the house dust mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae, which are dominant species in homes, have recently become serious health problems. Reducing the number of and exposure to mites and mite allergens are the most important factors in preventing allergic diseases. Recently, the effects of essential oils of plants on house dust mites have received much attention with a view to producing natural mite-killing agents. Essential oils and their components of wood and their leaves have also received much attention. In this article, we summarize the biology of house dust mites, mite allergens, and their concentration in homes, and discuss the control of house dust mites by using plant and wood extractives, especially in relation to the influence of essential oils and volatiles from wood on house dust mites.     

Plant use and management in homegardens and swiddens: evidence from the Bolivian Amazon

Amazonian plant management is perhaps nowhere as intense as in homegardens and swiddens. A quantitative ethnobotanical study was conducted in Indigenous Territory and National Park Isiboro-Sécure, Bolivia, to investigate plant use and management in homegardens and swiddens by local Yuracaré and Trinitario ethnic groups. Ethnobotanical data of plants were obtained from 11 Yuracaré and 11 Trinitario participants through semistructured interviews. A total of 151 different cultivated or tolerated species was recorded, accounting for 21% of all inventoried plants considered useful to local Yuracarés and Trinitarios. The local use value of managed plants is almost twice that of wild plants. Managed plants score particularly higher than wild plants for medicinal, food and material applications. Most managed plants are herbs, followed by trees and shrubs. Nevertheless, managed trees have significantly higher overall use values than all other life forms. Managed trees tend to be particularly more appreciated as sources of food and materials, whereas herbaceous plants generally have a higher therapeutic value. Our results support observations made in literature that moderately humanized landscapes, and homegardens and swiddens in particular, are an important source of food and healing for forest people. Although people generally start managing plants in homegardens and swiddens because of their perceived usefulness, they are also favourable locations to experiment with the usefulness of (managed or wild) plants prevailing there. This particularly accounts for medicinal plants and it is argued that the use of managed plants in traditional medicine relates to (1) the high intensity of contact with theses species, and (2) their chemical defence strategy. To conclude, a number of policy recommendations are presented.     

浅谈云南省野生淀粉植物资源的开发利用

介绍淀粉植物的传统利用与生物质能源产业的兴起。阐述云南丰富的野生淀粉植物资源及其识别方法、分布和高舍量的淀粉植物的种类扣用途。结合云南生物质能源产业发展思路，提出云南野生淀粉植物资源的挖掘与利用策略。     

陇南地区药用植物资源保护与开发利用

陇南地区的药用植物资源具有门类较全、分异明显等特点．然而市场需求增长过快、片面追求经济效益、公众保护意识不强滥采滥挖导致大量野生药用物种濒危甚至绝种．介绍了陇南地区药用植物资源的概况及保护与利用现状,并阐述了陇南地区药用植物资源可持续利用的战略措施．     

野生观赏植物资源在旅游产业中的应用--以河南太行山区为例

和常见城市园林植物相比,太行山旅游景区野生观赏植物形态独特、花繁色艳、养护成本低廉、观赏季节性明显。野生观赏植物应用原则为因地制宜、充分发挥资源优势。野生观赏植物应用方式为观赏利用与科普教育及植物文化建设相结合。     

实施《物权法》对野生植物保护的影响分析

针对野生植物资源产权不明确带来的管理困难、过度利用等问题,我国于2007年颁布了《物权法》,第一次对野生植物的产权问题进行阐述,野生植物产权问题的提出,将大大有利于野生植物的保护。但是,由于缺乏配套的管理措施,《物权法》的实施过程中很可能产生一些问题,本文分析了《物权法》对野生植物管理和保护产生的影响,并提出了相关的建议。     

野生观赏植物在湖南园林中的应用

给出了野生植物的定义.认为野生观赏植物分为由多年生植物和一、二年生植物组成的草本类植物和由乔木类、灌木类、丛木类、藤木类、匐地类组成的木本类植物.分析了野生园林植物在园林应用中存在着盲目开发、过度利用、缺乏从引种到栽培到推广的完整体系、科研设计生产单位缺乏交流等问题,提出了提高认识、克服偏见、建立完整体系、加强交流与合作、突出地方特色等发展对策.     

野生观赏植物在湖南园林中的应用

给出了野生植物的定义。认为野生观赏植物分为由多年生植物和一、二年生植物组成的草本类植物和由乔木类、灌木类、丛木类、藤木类、匐地类组成的木本类植物。分析了野生园林植物在园林应用中存在着盲目开发、过度利用、缺乏从引种到栽培到推广的完整体系、科研设计生产单位缺乏交流等问题，提出了提高认识、克服偏见、建立完整体系、加强交流与合作、突出地方特色等发展对策。     

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) essential oil yields affected by environmental and physiological changes

ABSTRACT

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) is one of the most abundant timber species in the United States and needles from this species contain essential oils (EOs) with antibacterial properties. Needles from trees of one loblolly pine clone were assayed for the EOs α-pinene, β-pinene, terpineol, limonene, and caryophyllene across a growing season. Results showed strong positive correlations among EOs, except for caryophyllene, with Pearson’s correlation values ranging from .66–.96. Simultaneously, physiological attributes of tree stomatal conductance, water stress, and environmental attributes including soil moisture, photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity were measured. The plants modulated the EO concentrations as a function of a changing environment season. The collection month had the largest effect on EO yields and highest yields were during the beginning of the growing season. Decreases in EOs were evident as the growing season progressed and as plants exhibited greater water stress, temperatures, solar radiation, and less stomatal conductance and soil moisture. Loblolly pine’s main constituents of EOs were tightly linked and were influenced by seasonal changes (i.e., month); still, environmental/physiological attributes exhibited significant effects on α-pinene, β-pinene, and limonene concentrations. Early spring conditions with ample water were most conducive to high concentrations of EOs.     

我国野生植物资源的利用分析及管理对策研究

在对目前我国野生植物资源利用的现状进行分析的基础上,着重阐述了野生植物经营利用在支撑我国中医药产业发展、解决三农问题和促进实现生物多样性价值方面的重要意义;进而对当前我国野生植物可持续利用方面存在的法律法规不健全、管理体制不顺、管理职能缺位、资源利用与培育关系认识不足等问题进行了剖析;同时提出了构建野生植物持续利用的法律保障机制、资源培育的激励机制、整体资源利用的宏观调控机制和市场诱导机制等具体管理对策。     

野生花卉资源样地调查法研究简报

报道了一种新的野生花卉资源样地调查样方法，即利用县级森林资源调查固定样地的调查成果，在固定样地中抽取并测设里生花卉资源查样地，该方法科学性较高，能达到调查成本低，效率高，精度有保证的目的，对野生经济植物资源调查具有推广价值和指导意义，文中对野生卉资源样地调查方法和蕴藏量估算作了简要介绍。     

云龙天池国家级自然保护区野生观赏植物资源调查研究

对云龙天池国家级自然保护区168科477属1 118种维管植物进行观赏性调查分析。结果表明,保护区内共有野生观赏植物94科208属342种,其中木本植物191种,草本植物151种。野生观赏植物中优势科包括杜鹃花科、蔷薇科,龙胆科、兰科和毛茛科。观花、观叶、观果和观姿态这几类植物分别占观赏植物总数的59.36%、22.22%、10.53%和7.89%。在园林应用上包括盆景类、花灌木类、花坛花镜和花丛类,分别占观赏植物总数的20.47%、16.96%、14.62%和12.87%。珍稀野生观赏植物5科7属9种,分别占区内野生珍稀濒危植物的55.56%、63.64%和64.29%。文中对保护区在野生植物资源的保护与利用前景方面进行了探讨。