坐标旋转订正对农田林网水热通量测算精度的影响

农田防护林的特殊结构使附近农田地表大气运动形成了特有的动力学和热力学效应,影响着周边物质和能量交换过程。坐标旋转订正方法的选择成为提高农田防护林水热通量测算精度的核心问题,选取2012年3月9日至5月7日共60 d的防护林网内农田的涡动相关观测数据,对相关湍流特征及能量闭合率等关键参数进行坐标旋转订正并进行比较,结果表明:(1)在整个试验过程中,采用平面拟合法进行坐标旋转时,当订正参数的计算周期小于15 d时,x-z平面内旋转角度有一定的波动,而在计算周期大于15 d后,则基本维持在-2.8°左右。采用二次旋转法订正的x-z平面内旋转角度受原始水平风向的影响始终很大;(2)2种坐标旋转方法对于三维风速的处理结果基本一致,在风速较大的情况下,需要考虑坐标旋转方法的选择对结果的影响。二次旋转方法订正后的垂直风速全部为零,平面拟合方法订正后的垂直风速接近于0;(3)平面拟合订正后摩擦风速基本与订正前一致,而二次旋转方法订正后的结果增大了将近5%;(4)平面拟合方法对显热通量及潜热通量的订正误差较小,二次旋转方法则分别将原始测得值提高了5%左右;(5)防护林网通量的能量闭合率经过平面拟合订正后提高了17%,而经过二次旋转法订正后则提高了30%。总之,坐标旋转方法可以对观测设备倾斜引起的误差进行订正,订正后的结果比订正前更精确。二次坐标旋转方法因为可以订正较短时间段内的单组数据,比较适用于下垫面情况变化较快时的观测;平面拟合方法适用于观测系统及其周围环境在整个测量过程中相对稳定时的观测。二次旋转方法对防护林网水热通量订正更好。     

湖南会同杉木人工林生态系统CO_2通量特征

利用开路式涡动相关系统与自动气象梯度观测系统2008年12个月的观测数据,研究会同13年生杉木人工林CO2通量特征。结果表明:13年生杉木人工林生态系统CO2通量日变化存在明显的季节差异,晴天平均碳汇持续时间表现为夏>春>秋>冬,平均日较差表现为夏>秋>春>冬,最大碳汇出现时间由早到晚依次为夏、秋、春和冬;1年中,月累积碳通量除1和2月为碳源外,其他各月均表现为碳汇,碳汇最大值出现在6月(-53.0gC·m-2);13年生杉木林的年碳汇总量为-255.3gC·m-2。白天CO2通量与光合有效辐射的关系可用Michaelis-Menten模型模拟(P<0.05),但模型参数随温度而异;夜间CO2通量与5cm土壤温度呈指数关系(P<0.05)。     

质量平衡法估测树干呼吸的理论与应用

介绍质量平衡法的理论、估测方法及其应用,并对其进行评价.质量平衡理论认为:一段树干组织产生的CO2,应该是CO2通量的总和,包括通过树皮向外扩散的CO2释放通量、该段树干液流中的CO2运输通量(流入和流出液流的CO2浓度之差)及液流中的CO2储存通量(液流中CO2浓度在时间上的变化量).应用质量平衡法测定树干呼吸的关键是要估测树干内部的CO2通量,即液流中CO2的储存、运输和扩散.对于液流中CO2的估测主要有2种方法:1)用仪器直接测定木质部液流中的CO2浓度;2)通过测定树干液流停止流动或相对很低时(夜间)树干的CO2释放通量与液流流动时(白天)树干CO2释放通量的差值,间接估测木质部液流中CO2浓度.质量平衡方法提供了一个更为精确地估测木本组织呼吸的方法,其结果更为合理.     

长白山典型阔叶红松林土壤二氧化碳排放通量

随着大气CO2浓度的升高,主要由其引起的温室效应与对生物新陈代谢的影响变得越来越显著。森林生态系统在全球碳循环中扮演着重要的角色。为了评估和理解森林土壤CO2通量及其随空气和土壤温度的季节和昼夜变化规律,我们在长白山北坡典型阔叶红松林内利用静态箱技术进行了原位观测。实验在整个生长季(6月初至9月末)昼夜进行,利用气相色谱进行气体分析。结果表明: 长白山阔叶红松林土壤是大气二氧化碳源,其CO2通量具有明显的季节和昼夜变化规律。通量的变化范围是(0.30-2.42)μmol穖-2穝-1,平均值为0.98μmol穖-2穝-1。土壤CO2排放的季节规律表明,土壤CO2通量的变化与气温和土壤温度的变化有关。CO2平均通量的最大值出现在7月((1.27±23%)μmol穖-2穝-1),最小值出现在9月((0.5±28%)μmol穖-2穝-1)。土壤CO2的昼夜波动与土壤温度变化有关,而在时间上滞后于温度的变化。森林下垫面土壤CO2通量与土壤温度显著相关,与6cm深度土层温度相关系数最大。基于气温和土壤温度计算的Q10值范围为2.09-3.40。图2表3参37。     

安庆杨树林生态系统碳通量及其影响因子研究

以安徽安庆长江外滩地杨树林生态系统为研究对象,运用涡度相关技术进行长期CO2通量监测,得到2005年4月到2006年3月间生态系统碳通量的日动态变化过程:从7:30左右生态系统开始吸收CO2,午间13:30左右达到全天碳吸收最高峰,然后开始降低,到17:30左右生态系统逐渐转入碳排放;同时分析了生态系统碳通量与光合有效辐射(PAR)、温度、土壤热通量等环境因子的响应变化关系:PAR＞1 μmol·m-2·s-1时,在不同温度范嗣内,PAR与碳通量的响应关系不同;平均夜间碳通量与月平均气温呈线性相关;平均夜间碳通量与5 cm处土壤日平均温度呈指数相关;月平均碳通量与2 cm深处土壤热通量也呈指数相关.     

华北落叶松人工林土壤CO2和CH4通量的时间动态变化

采用静态箱—气相色谱(GC)法,对大青山地区华北落叶松人工林夏季(6～8月)土壤CO2和CH4通量进行原位测定,研究了夏季土壤温室气体通量和昼夜变化规律及其与温度的关系.结果表明:大青山华北落叶松人工林6、7、8月土壤CO2排放通量平均值分别为296.7、727.7、461.2 mg/m2·h;不同月份的CO2通量昼夜变化均呈现昼高夜低的现象.大青山华北落叶松人工林土壤为大气CH4的汇,6～8月土壤月均CH4吸收通量均值大小顺序为8月＞7月＞6月;各月CH4吸收通量昼夜变化表现为单峰型,最大吸收通量出现在白天.9:00和19:00这2个时间区域内进行土壤呼吸观测,经矫正后可以代表6～8月大青山华北落叶松人工林土壤CO2和CH4气体通量值.温度是影响CO2和CH4通量的重要因子.     

环剥对毛白杨树干表面CO2通量及其温度敏感性的影响

【目的】探明光合产物供应状况对树干表面CO2通量及其温度敏感性的影响机制。【方法】以10年生毛白杨人工林为研究对象,采用随机区组试验设计,通过环剥改变林木的光合产物供应状况,连续监测环剥点上部(AG)和下部(BG)的树干表面CO2通量(Es)和树干温度(Tstem)并拟合其温度敏感性(Q10),同时测定AG和BG非结构性碳水化合物含量的动态变化,比较生长季和非生长季的Es及其Q10对底物变化的不同响应。【结果】1)相比于对照树木(NG),环剥处理30天后,环剥导致生长季AG的Es升高57%和BG的Es降低43%,但在非生长季NG、AG和BG的Es差异不明显。2)环剥降低生长季AG和BG的可溶性糖浓度29%和15%,而非生长季环剥导致AG和BG的可溶性糖浓度分别降低15%和增加10%。3)不同季节Es和Tstem均存在较好的指数函数关系,但环剥会降低AG和BG的Tstem对Es变化解释率。4)环剥提高生长季和非生长季AG的温度敏感性(Q10)和树干基础呼吸速率(R15),但却同时降低BG的Q10和R15。【结论】环剥阻断了光合产物的输入,从而改变树体环剥点上、下部的可溶性糖含量,最终导致环剥点上部的树干表面CO2通量及其温度敏感性上升,而环剥点下部的树干表面CO2通量及其温度敏感性下降。毛白杨树干表面CO2通量及其温度敏感性对环剥的响应在不同季节(生长季和非生长季)存在明显差异。     

阔叶红松林土壤CO2,N2O排放和CH4吸收的研究

为研究凋落物对CO2,N2O排放和CH4吸收的影响,从2002年9月3日到2003年10月30日,采用静态密闭箱技术对长白山阔叶红松林两种类型土壤生态系统的CO2,N2O和CH4的通量进行测定。两种土壤类型分别为表层有凋落物覆盖和没有凋落物覆盖。研究结果表明,凋落物对CO2,N2O和CH4通量有显著性影响(P<0.05)。有凋落物样地的CO2,N2O和CH4通量的日变化趋势和无凋落物样地中三种气体的日变化趋势相似,且CO2,N2O和CH4的日通量峰值都出现在18:00。有凋落物样地的CO2,N2O和CH4通量的季节变化趋势和无凋落物样地中三种气体的季节变化趋势也相似,但在一年之中,CO2和CH4的峰值出现在六月,N2O的峰值却出现在八月。研究结果还表明有凋落物样地CO2,N2O的日排放通量和年均排放通量明显大于无凋落物样地中两种气体的排放通量,但有凋落物样地的CH4日吸收通量和年均排放通量却小于无凋落物样地的CH4吸收通量。     

寒温带兴安落叶松林土壤CO气体通量变化特征研究

潜在温室气体CO气体通量相关研究很少,多集中于热带、亚热带地区,大兴安岭兴安落叶松林作为我国北方寒温带最大的天然林,研究该森林土壤CO变化特征具有典型性与创新性。于2020年6—9月采用加拿大LGR-N 2O CO分析仪持续测定大兴安岭兴安落叶松林CO气体通量及土壤温湿度,分析大兴安岭兴安落叶松林土壤CO气体通量的变化特征及其与土壤温湿度的关系。结果表明:测定期内,寒温带兴安落叶松林CO呈现明显的单峰日变化特征,日峰值出现正午12∶00左右;CO气体通量月变化规律呈现由高到低的下降趋势。土壤温度日变化规律呈单峰变化特征,峰值呈现时间段为12∶00—15∶00之间。土壤温度日、月变化规律总体呈先升高后降低的趋势。土壤湿度的日变化规律呈先升后降的趋势,月变化受降雨影响无显著规律;兴安落叶松林土壤CO气体通量随着土壤温度升高而增大,呈现正相关关系,相关关系为:Y=7.2479 T 10-98.208(R 2=0.127,P<0.01);与土壤湿度无明显相关性,同气象因子有明显相关性(P<0.01)。     

华南地区4种典型人工林土壤CO_2和CH_4通量研究

采用静态箱/气相色谱分析技术对中国科学院鹤山丘陵综合开放试验站尾叶桉纯林(Eucalyptus urophylla,EUp)、厚荚相思纯林(Acacia crassicarpa,ACp)、10个树种混交林(Tp)和30个树种混交林(THp)4种林型的土壤CO2和CH4排放通量进行了原位测定,研究纯林和混交林对土壤温室气体排放的影响。结果表明:4种林型土壤都是CO2的源,但对CH4而言,可能是源,也可能是汇。CO2和CH4排放通量季节波动幅度较大;4种林型土壤CO2和CH4通量在湿季均维持较高水平;峰值均出现在湿季,旱季则趋于降低,且相对稳定。由于EUp和ACp纯林土壤微生物碳(Microbial Biomass Carbon,MBC)比混交林高,导致Eup(130.67 mg.m-2.h-1)和Acp(134.65 mg.m-2.h-1)土壤CO2通量显著高于Tp(111.39 mg.m-2.h-1)和THp(108.53 mg.m-2.h-1)。在4种林型中,尾叶桉和厚荚相思对土壤NO3-N和NH4-N快速吸收,土壤CH4排放通量较低。土壤温度、湿度、MBC、NO3-N和NH4-N都是影响土壤CO2和CH4...     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

qPCR quantification of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum from infected butternut trees under different release treatments

The use of a molecular assay for quantifying conidia of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum, the fungal pathogen responsible of butternut canker, was investigated. Purified DNA from conidia collected on glass fibre filters of a passive rain collectors was quantified using a TaqMan real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. The qPCR assay could specifically discriminate the target species from all other North American known species of Ophiognomonia, and it was sensitive enough to repeatedly detect one conidium. A linear relationship between numbers of conidia and qPCR C_t values was determined, and used to assess the sporulation of the pathogen under trees that were released to promote their vigour. In total, 977 samples of field‐captured conidia from 49 trees, at two locations, and from two successive growing seasons were analysed. No significant difference of sporulation was observed under control and release treatments. However, our results demonstrated that qPCR assay was reliable for detecting and quantifying O. clavigignenti‐juglandacearum from environmental samples, which will be useful to assess further control methods for this disease.     

The potential of alley cropping in improvement of cultivation systems in the high rainfall areas of Zambia I. Chitemene and Fundikila

Three trials investigating the potential of alley cropping to improve the traditional systems of cultivation, chitemene and fundikila, in the Northern Province of Zambia are described. Flemingia congesta, Tephrosia vogelii, and Sesbania sesban, were grown in association with finger millet, groundnut, cowpea, and maize in various traditional cropping sequences. The indigenous species Tephrosia vogelii and Sesbania sesban were not able to withstand repeated pruning and the long following dry season, and were replaced with Calliandra calothyrsus, and Cassia spectabilis.Over a four year period, there was no benefit by alley cropping with any of the tree species on crop yields, and yields in alley crop treatments even dropped significantly below the control treatments in the fourth year, casting doubt on the potential of alley cropping for sustainable production. There was also no consistent effect on soil chemical characteristics in any of the trials. It was suggested that this lack of beneficial response to alley cropping was due to low tree biomass production low quality of prunings, and an inappropriate cropping sequence. There was no evidence that alley cropping contributed to enhanced nutrient recycling, despite substantial localised pools of soil nutrients, particularly in the chitemene, with which recycling could potentially occur.     

Toxicity of biocide GCSC-BtA on arthropod pests under different temperature conditions

The present research dealt with the toxicity of GCSC-BtA (Germany–China Scientific Cooperation-Bacillus thuringiensis-Abamectin), a new type biocide developed by conjugating a toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) with Abamectin from Streptomyces avermitilis, on arthropod pests under different temperature conditions. The results showed that GCSC-BtA possessed higher toxicity than B.t. crystal, Abamectin or Cypermethrin, with pest mortalities of 97.9, 93.7, 96.4, 82.3 and 96.7% for Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.) (Acari, Tetranychidae), Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thys., Thripidae), Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hom., Aphididae), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae) and Cameraria ohridella Deschka et Dimić (Lep., Gracillariidae), respectively. Toxicities of GCSC-BtA to T. cinnabarinus and P. xylostella decreased significantly at the older developmental stage with an exception that egg stage had the highest tolerance, in which LC₅₀s of GCSC-BtA were 0.0001, 0.0019 and 0.0708 mg/ml for nymph, adult and egg of T. cinnabarinus, and that 0.0399, 0.2035 and 0.9033 mg/ml for the 2nd instar larvae, 4th instar larvae and egg of P. xylostella, respectively. Also, the biocide was more effective to the lower stage of A. fabae than the higher one with LC₅₀s of 0.0023, 0.0086 and 0.0171 mg/ml against 1st instar nymph, 3rd instar nymph and adult, respectively. In general, toxicity of the new type of biocide was positively related to temperature against all the tested pests, except against T. cinnabarinus, where it was almost similar at the three temperature conditions. GCSC-BtA displayed significantly lower toxicities at 15/20°C than 20/25°C or 25/30°C against F. occidentalis, A. fabae, P. xylostella and C. ohridella. However, no significant difference was found in the toxicities against F. occidentalis, A. fabae and C. ohridella above 20°C, whereas toxicity against P. xylostella increased as temperature raised. Therefore, to achieve higher efficacy in the field, application rate and time should be devised according to these factors.