3种初植密度桉树林分生长、材种出材量及经济效益动态分析

[目的 ]通过监测3种初植密度桉树人工林16 a的生长情况,分析其材种出材量及经济效益,为培育桉树中、大径材提供理论参考。[方法 ]收集和分析桉树人工林3种初植密度1 250、883、667株·hm-2 16 a的生长数据,计算材种出材量,同时分析平均生长量、内部收益率和净现值。[结果 ]密度1 250株·hm-2与密度883、667株·hm-2的胸径生长均差异显著(p 0.05);不同密度间林分蓄积量差异不显著(p 0.05)。中径材出材量及其年均出材量在7～12 a和第16年以密度883株·hm-2的林分最大,7～12 a密度667株·hm-2 1 250株·hm-2,第16年密度1 250株·hm-2超过密度667株·hm-2。密度883株·hm-2在第16年开始出现大径材。密度1 250株·hm-2的轮伐期为7 a,密度883、667株·hm-2均为9 a。9 a时密度1 250、883株·hm-2的净现值达到峰值,密度667株·hm-2在8 a时达到峰值,密度1 250、883、667株·hm-2的最大净现值分别为30 994、40 193、31 288元·hm-2,对应的内部收益率分别为37%、41%、42%。[结论 ]初植密度883株·hm-2有最高的净现值、内部收益率以及较高的生长潜力,667株·hm-2次之,1 250株·hm-2最低。     

两种不同更新方式巨尾桉生长及效益研究

采用随机区组设计对巨尾桉植苗林与萌芽林进行研究.结果表明:4~6 a龄植苗林保存密度、出材量及造林、采运、销售成本均大于萌芽林,而树高、胸径、单株蓄积、利润、年均利润及净现值小于萌芽林,两种更新方式林木的年均利润、净现值均先增大后减小,峰值出现在第5年,分别达7299.1元·hm-2·a-1、18166.5元·hm-2和7139.4元·hm-2·a-1、16073.4元·hm-2;6 a龄后植苗林连年生长量及经济效益逐渐大于萌芽林,且植苗林年均利润及净现值逐渐趋于平稳增长,而萌芽林生长后劲不足,其最佳主伐时间为5 a.     

顶果木人工林经济效益与成熟年龄研究

通过树干解析造材获得木材产量,采用动态和静态相结合的经济评价方法对桂中地区36年生顶果木人工林经济效益与成熟年龄进行研究。结果显示:顶果木36 a主伐时可获得木材845.7 m3·hm-2,木材销售收入889409.8元·hm-2。静态指标中,总利润达683642.2元·hm-2,投资利润率为9.23%,投资利税率为10.25%,投资回收期为35.02 a;动态经济指标的财务净现值为3972.0元·hm-2,财务内部收益率为13.22%。静态和动态经济指标均表明36 a的顶果木人工林造林项目盈利能力较强。造林项目敏感性分析表明,木材价格变化对经济效益的影响最明显,规格材盈亏临界价格为223.8元·m-3,财务净现值最大时作为经济成熟龄为18 a。     

马尾松造林密度效应研究

用造林密度试验林的 11a逐年观测资料 ,分析了造林密度对生长和经济效益的影响 ,结果表明 :A、B、C、D(16 6 7、3333、5 0 0 0、6 6 6 7株·hm- 2 ) 4种不同造林密度对林分生长、林分结构及出材量均有显著影响 ,其中林分胸径、单株材积 ,冠幅、冠高比随密度增大而减小 ,蓄积、高径比、自然稀疏强度随密度增大而增大 ,初始间伐期随密度增大而提前 ,造林密度对树高生长无显著影响 ;随着密度增大 ,林分总出材量、小径阶株数百分比及小径材出材量所占的比例增大 ,11年生林分C、D密度总出材量比A密度分别高 34 0 %、4 3 0 % ;经出材量、生产成本与产值核算 ,培育短周期工业用材林宜采用B～C间的密度 (3333～ 5 0 0 0株·hm- 2 ) ,培育大、中径材宜采用A～B(16 6 7～ 3333株·hm- 2 )间的密度。     

不同密度中幼龄湿地松人工林生长过程的经济效益分析

用１６ａ连续测定资料，分析了不同密度中幼龄湿地松人工林生长过程的经济效益状况．结果表明：密度对林木分化和产品结构的影响明显，密度越小，Ⅰ，Ⅱ级木株数所占百分比大，其大径材的出材量也高，反之林木分化明显，Ⅳ，Ⅴ级木所占比例增加，小径材出材量高；各密度林分在５ａ前投入大于产出，成本效益比小于１，净现值和收益率为负数，随着林分年龄增大，成本效益比、净现值和收益率逐年增加，其中成本效益比与净现值在１３～１４ａ达到最大值，收益率第９～１０年为最大，此后逐年下降；不同密度林分的总出材量、成本效益比、净现值和内部收益率以密度为３２００株／ｈｍ２的林分最高，其经济效益最佳．     

采收方式对马尾松与黄藤间种林分经济效益的影响

收集黄藤试验地采收资料和马尾松标准地调查数据,评价13 a经营期内5种采收方式对马尾松与黄藤间种林分经济效益的影响.结果表明:不同的初采年龄和采收间隔期对13 a黄藤人工林经济效益具有重要的影响,其中7 a初采和6 a间隔期的采收方式获得最高的经济效益,净现值、内部收益率和收益成本比分别为18 144元·hm-2、13.45%、1.32;黄藤间种后对19年生马尾松林分平均胸径、树高及株数产生不利影响,进而导致马尾松林分的纯收益和净现值比未间种时分别减少7 500 元·hm-2、3 000 元·hm-2;马尾松林分经济效益的减少可从间种黄藤所获得货币收入得到补偿,在5种采收方式下黄藤间种对整个林地产生的林地增益水平和净现值增量分别为3.07%～12.74%、514～2 407 元·hm-2.     

沙地樟子松人工林适宜造林密度研究

利用章古台沙地樟子松密度试验林8个密度水平、3个林龄段(13、21、32a)的观测资料,分析了造林密度对沙地樟子松人工林胸径、树高、蓄积量的生长和林分自然稀疏、径阶分布、材种出材量及经济效益的影响。结果表明:综合考虑樟子松人工林能否稳定、可持续地发挥防风固沙功能,确定沙地樟子松人工林的适宜造林密度为1 667~2 500株·hm-2,最佳株行距配置方式为2m×3m。     

集水造林不同密度林分生长研究

在黄土高原 ,集水造林与常规造林相比 ,林木的生长规律和林分的生产力水平有显著的差异 ,其产生的根本原因是集水造林通过增加植树带汇流量改善了林地土壤水分条件。通过对 4种密度 (84 0、1110、2 2 2 0和 3330株·hm- 2 )自然坡面集水造林的 15a生刺槐林及拍光坡面集水造林和常规造林 (密度同为 10 0 0株·hm- 2 )的 9a生刺槐林进行研究 ,表明林分密度越小 (集水面积越大 ) ,微型集水区产流率越高 ,则植树带汇流量越大。以密度为 84 0株·hm- 2 的林分植树带汇流量为 10 0 %计 ,则从小到大其余 3种密度的林分植树带汇流量分别占 93 6 0 %、81 77%和 84 4 3% ,密度最小的林分年均土壤含水率比密度最大的 2林分高约 2 0 %～2 5 % ;集水造林比常规造林植树带年汇流量多 30 %左右 ,土壤水分相差约 10 %。由于水分条件的差异和密度效应 ,各密度林分间及集水造林和常规造林间的树高、胸径和材积生长量差异显著 ,尤其生长总量最为明显 ,从小到大 4种密度林分 15a时树高分别为 12 10、10 31、8 4 5和 7 2 2m ,胸径分别达到 17 14、11 6 1、9 17和6 5 6cm ,林分蓄积量分别为 2 14 5 8、110 2 9、12 1 35和 84 0 3m3·hm- 2 ;集水造林和常规造林 9a时的树高生长分别达到 9 13和 7 0 4m ,胸径生长分别达到     

沙地樟子松人工林合理经营密度的研究

通过调查不同密度的沙地樟子松人工林胸径、树高、蓄积、干形等生长指标和松枯梢病的发病情况等健康指标,分析了密度对樟子松人工林生长与健康的影响。综合分析得出:亚湿润干旱区樟子松人工林的造林密度可以控制在1 250~2 500株·hm-2;当樟子松人工林林龄达到21 a时保留密度1 000株·hm-2左右;当林龄31 a时,密度控制为500株·hm-2左右。     

长白落叶松大径材定向培育技术的研究

对长白落叶松大径材定向培育的试验表明:25 a生长白落叶松间伐后8 a的生长变化以525株.hm-26、00株.hm-2的保留密度生长量最大,胸径年生长量在0.5-0.6 cm以上,年材积平均生长量在7.6 m3.hm-2以上;培育大径材的初植密度以2 500株.hm-2或3 300株.hm-2为宜。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.